!!!!牛津上海版英語九年級上冊全書語法知識匯總

1、G9 GRAMMAR現(xiàn)在完成時I. 現(xiàn)在完成時的概念。表示過去發(fā)生的動作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果 She has been ill for three days. （她病了三天了。）表示從過去某一時間開始一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作或狀態(tài)。 We've known each other since we were children. （我們從小就認(rèn)識。） I have been a member of the Party for 10 years. II. 構(gòu)成：”助動詞have, has + 過去分詞”現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)的肯定句、否定句和疑問句形式（以work為例）：人稱肯定否定疑問回答第一人稱I

2、have seen the UFO.We have travelled around the world.I havent seen the UFO.We havent travelled around the world.Have you seen the UFO?Have you travelled around the world?Yes, I have./ No, I havent.Yes, we have./ No, we havent.第二人稱You have been to England.You havent been to England.Have you been to E

3、ngland?Yes, I/we have. No, I /we havent.第三人稱He/She has been to Beijing.They have given concerts all over the world.He/ She hasnt been to Beijing.They havent given concerts all over the world. Has he/ she been to Beijing?Have they given concerts all over the world?Yes, he/she has.No, he/she hasnt.Yes

4、, they have.No, they havent.注：規(guī)則動詞的過去分詞的構(gòu)成與過去是相同，不規(guī)則動詞的過去分詞見附表。練. 把下面變否定句、一般疑問句并作肯定和否定回答。1. I have done my homework.否定句：_一般疑問句：_回答：_2. The plane has arrived.否定句：_一般疑問句：_回答：_III. 現(xiàn)在完成時用法歸納1. 現(xiàn)在完成時表示過去發(fā)生的動作現(xiàn)已完成，對現(xiàn)在造成的影響和結(jié)果。(此種用法謂語動詞用結(jié)束性動詞) 如： The plane has arrived.常用的時間狀語和副詞：already (已經(jīng)) 用于肯定句中，位置比較靈活

5、，但通常放在have/ has 與過去分詞之間如： I have already done my homework.yet (還，仍然，已經(jīng)) 用于否定句和疑問句的句末。如： Has she finished cooking yet? 他做完飯了嗎？練：I have already done my homework. (變?yōu)榉穸ň?_ever (曾經(jīng))，句中，多用于疑問句如： Have you ever been to Shanghai?never (從不) ，本身否定 ；before (以前)，句尾，獨(dú)立用；just (剛剛)，用于肯定句中，常用在助動詞和過去分詞之間。如：I have ju

6、st heard the news. 我剛剛聽到消息。2. 完成時可用于表示某時間段里完成的動作，常與today, these days, recently等時間狀語連用。如： Have you seen her these days? 譯： _Have you been to the library today? 譯：_Have you read the book recently? 譯：_3.現(xiàn)在完成時表示過去已經(jīng)開始，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，可能延續(xù)到將來的動作和狀態(tài)。常與表示過去某一時刻延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的一段時間狀語連用。如：a. for + 一段時間：for two hoursb. since + 時

7、間點(diǎn)：since 1999, since last yearc. since + 一段時間+ ago: since two days agod. since + 從句（用過去時）e. up to now, till now, until now, so farf. in the past two years, in the last few daysg. recently, lately如： Miss Zhao has taught math for five years. His mother has worked in the shop since 1990. The Greens hav

8、e lived in London since three years ago.注：其中在a,b,c,d 這四種結(jié)構(gòu)中，謂語動詞必須為延續(xù)性動詞。如： I have had this book for one and a half years. (這本書我已買了一年半了！) 不能用buy4. 短暫性動詞怎樣和表示一段時間的狀語連用。英語中的短暫性動詞，也叫做終止性動詞、瞬間動詞或非延續(xù)性動詞，只表示一時的動作，在肯定句式中不能與表示延續(xù)的時間狀語連用。常見的短暫性動詞有：go, come, leave, find, buy, arrive, give, stop, join, marry, d

9、ie, begin, start, borrow, close, open, lend等。eg. I have bought this book for three months. (×)非延續(xù)性動詞與一段時間連用時可采用下列三種方法：（1）將非延續(xù)性動詞轉(zhuǎn)化為延續(xù)性動詞。 leave- have (has) been away fromclose- be closed join- have (has) been (in)begin/start- be on buy- have (has) hadgo- be there die- have (has) deadfinish- be

10、over come (arrive)- have (has) been hereborrow- have (has) kept begin to work- have (has) worked open- have (has) been open get up- have (has) been up put on have (has) on come back- have (has) been back gone (left)- been away joined been got to know known（2）時間狀語的變化：把表時間的狀語“for”變?yōu)椤皵?shù)詞+ 時間名詞+ago”的短語形式

11、。（即：將時間狀語改為過去時間，并用一般過去時代替現(xiàn)在完成時）如： 他參軍五年了。（判斷正誤）He has joined the Army for five years. ( )He has been in the Army for five years. ( )He joined the Army five years ago. ( )他離開濟(jì)南三年了。He has left Jinan for three years. ( )He has been away from Jinan for three years.He left Jinan three years ago.(3) 句子模式的

12、變化。用句型“It is + 一段時間+ since從句”（從句中的謂語動詞用非延續(xù)性動詞的一般過去式表示）如：The old man died two years ago.= The old man has been dead for two years.= It is two years since the old man died.5. have been to/ have gone to/ have been in 三種結(jié)構(gòu)的區(qū)別（1）have been to 去過某地(現(xiàn)已離開)，可以與ever, never, once, twice等連用。（2）has gone to 去某地了，說

13、話時某人已離開此地，在去某地的路上或已在某地，總之現(xiàn)在還未回來。此句型一般用于第三人稱。（3） have been in 表示已在某地呆了多久，若該地為小地方則用at。翻譯： 你以前去過北京嗎？_ 吉姆已經(jīng)去了倫敦。_格林一家在中國已經(jīng)兩年了。_6. 現(xiàn)在完成時與一般過去時的區(qū)別：(1) 側(cè)重點(diǎn)不同：現(xiàn)在完成時是與現(xiàn)在有關(guān)的時態(tài)，屬現(xiàn)在時態(tài)范疇，它側(cè)重于過去的動作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響。而一般過去時是一種過去時態(tài)，側(cè)重于表示過去的動作，與現(xiàn)在無關(guān)。如： Yesterday I went to the zoo. (僅說明昨天去了動物園，與現(xiàn)在無關(guān)) Li Lei has read the book.

14、(說明李磊了解那本書的內(nèi)容)（2）連用的時間狀語不同：一般過去時常與ago, yesterday, last, in 2000, just now等連用。而現(xiàn)在完成時與already, yet, still, just, so far, in the last/ past, before, ever, never, since, for等時間狀語連用。注 現(xiàn)在完成時不可與yesterday, last week, two days ago等過去時間狀語連用。被動語態(tài)語態(tài)是動詞的一種形式，它表示主語和謂語的關(guān)系。語態(tài)有兩種：主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)。如果主語是動作的執(zhí)行者，或者是說動作是由主語完成的，

15、要用主動語態(tài)；如果主語是動作的承受者，或者是說動作不是由主語而是由其他人完成的，則用被動語態(tài)。 一、被動語態(tài)各時態(tài)構(gòu)成表TENSE主動語態(tài)被動語態(tài)一般現(xiàn)在時beVVsamisare+ pp一般將來時will+ Vwill be +pp 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時amisare+ Vingamisare+ being+ pp一般過去時waswere Vedwaswere+ pp一般完成時havehas+ pphavehas+ been+ pp過去完成時had+ pphad+ been+ pp過去進(jìn)行時waswere+ Vingwaswere being+ pp情態(tài)動詞can+ Vcan+ be+ ppOur c

16、lassroom is cleaned everyday.A new shop was built last year. This book has been translated into many languages.A new hospital will be built in our city. Young trees must be watered often. My bike is being repaired by Tom now. There are twenty more trees to be planted. 二、主動句變?yōu)楸粍泳渌裱?個步驟： 1.把原主動句中的賓語

17、變?yōu)楸粍泳涞闹髡Z2.把動詞變?yōu)楸粍有问郊碽e +過去分詞，并注意其人稱和數(shù)隨主語的變化，而動詞的時態(tài)則保持不變。3.原主動句的主語如需要則放在by后面以它 的賓格形式出現(xiàn)（注代詞的賓格），如不需要則可省略。 4.其它的成分（定語、狀語）不變。 三、不用被動語態(tài)的情況1) 不及物動詞或動詞短語無被動語態(tài)（即多數(shù)的瞬間動詞）：appear, die(死亡),disappear（消失）, end (vi. 結(jié)束), fail, happen, last, lie, remain, sit, spread, stand比較： rise, fall, happen是不及物動詞；raise, seat是及

18、物動詞。(錯)The price has been risen.(對) The price has risen.(錯) The accident was happened last week.(對) The accident happened last week.(錯) The price has raised.(對) The price has been raised.(錯) Please seat.(對) Please be seated.要想正確地使用被動語態(tài)，就須注意哪些動詞是及物的，哪些是不及物的。特別是一詞多義的動詞往往有兩種用法。解決這一問題唯有在學(xué)習(xí)過程中多留意積累。2) 不能

19、用于被動語態(tài)的及物動詞或動詞短語：fit, have, hold, marry, own, wish, cost, notice, watch agree with, arrive at / in, shake hands with, succeed in, suffer from, happen to, take part in, walk into, belong toThis key just fits the lock. Your story agrees with what had already been heard.3) 系動詞無被動語態(tài)（keep除外）：appear, be b

20、ecome, fall, feel, get, grow, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, turnIt sounds good.4) 帶同源賓語的及物動詞，反身代詞，相互代詞，不能用于被動語態(tài)：die, death, dream, live, lifeShe dreamed a bad dream last night.5) 當(dāng)賓語是不定式時，很少用于被動語態(tài)。(對) She likes to swim.(錯) To swim is liked by her.四、 使用被動語態(tài)應(yīng)注意的幾個問題： 1. 不及物動詞無被動語態(tài)。 Wh

21、at will happen in 100 years? The dinosaurs disappeared about 65 million years ago. 2. 有些動詞用主動形式表示被動意義。 This pen writes well. This new book sells well. 3. 感官動詞或使役動詞使用省略to的動詞不定式，主動語態(tài)中不帶to ，但變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時，須加上to 。 例：make somebody do somethingsomebody+ be +made to do something see somebody do something somebod

22、y +be +seen to do something A girl saw my wallet drop when she passed by.My wallet was seen to drop by a girl when she passed by. The boss made the little boy do heavy work.The little boy was made to do heavy work by the boss. 4. 如果是接雙賓語的動詞改為被動語態(tài)時，直接賓語(物)作主語，那么動詞后要用介詞，這個介詞是由與其搭配的動詞決定。 He gave me a b

23、ook.A book was given to me by him. He showed me a ticket.A ticket was shown to me by him. My father bought me a new bike. A new bike was bought for me by my father. 5. 一些動詞短語用于被動語態(tài)時，動詞短語應(yīng)當(dāng)看作一個整體，而不能丟掉其中的介詞或副詞。 We cant laugh him. He cant be laugh by us. He listens to the radio every day. The radio is

24、 listened to by him every day. The nurse is taking care of the sick man. The sick man is being taken care of by the nurse.副詞副詞的分類 副詞主要用來修飾動詞，形容詞，副詞或其他結(jié)構(gòu)。1、表頻率的副詞常見的頻率副詞有：always,often,usually,sometimes,never,ever,hardly,seldom.它們一般在系動詞、情態(tài)動詞和助動詞之后，行為動詞之前.He always goes to school on foot. She has never

25、 been to Beijing. She is often late for work.2、表示方式的副詞與方式相關(guān)的副詞，這類詞通常由形容詞+ly轉(zhuǎn)化而來。如safely,quietly,quickly，politely loudly， luckily ，happily ，easily ，carefully ， slowly ， suddenly以及fast,late,hard,early等。此類副詞位于動詞之后，如果是及物動詞一般位于賓語之后。The children are dancing happily. They work hard.The students did their h

26、omework carefully.3程度副詞與程度相關(guān)的副詞有：very , much , only, quite , as, too, toofor, tooto do, well, almost, even, a little , enough , rather, a lot , so,such , badly, nearly , further , really , widely , hardly , a bit等。它們一般位于被修飾的詞前面，但enough要放在被修飾的詞后面。I can hardly know her name.The cake is so deliciousHe

27、was badly hurt .He worked hard enough.4 表時間、地點(diǎn)、方向的副詞（1）與時間相關(guān)的副詞有: ago ,already, before, early, long, late, just, now, once, soon,since, today, tomorrow ,tonight ,yesterday, yet等。它們通常位于句末，有些也可位于句中如：already等。Theyll come back soon. He lived here ten years ago .They have finished the work already.=They

28、have already finished the work.（2）與地點(diǎn)、方向相關(guān)的副詞經(jīng)常位于動詞之后與動詞搭配構(gòu)成短語動詞。outside, inside , upstair ,here ,there ,home, near, come back , turn left , go out5疑問副詞和關(guān)系副詞（1）常用的疑問副詞：when,where ,why ,how,how old, how long, how soon, how often, how far等以及perhaps,maybe,instead等,通常用于句首。Maybe/Perhaps he is at home. Ho

29、w did you go there ?When was he born ? How often do you see a movie ?How soon will your father come back?（2） 關(guān)系副詞主要有四個,即when, where, why，how等。關(guān)系副詞常用來引導(dǎo)從句。1. 副詞的位置和排序（一）、副詞的位置： 1） 在動詞之前。 2） 在be動詞、助動詞之后。 3） 多個助動詞時，副詞一般放在第一個助動詞后。 注意： a. 大多數(shù)方式副詞位于句尾，但賓語過長，副詞可以提前，以使句子平衡。 We could see very clearly a stran

30、ge light ahead of us. b. 方式副詞well，badly糟、壞，hard等只放在句尾，如：He speaks English well. （二）、副詞的排列順序： 1） 時間，地點(diǎn)副詞，小單位的在前，大單位在后。 2） 方式副詞，短的在前，長的在后，并用and或but等連詞連接。 Please write slowly and carefully. 3） 多個不同副詞排列：程度+地點(diǎn)+方式+時間副詞。 注意：副詞very 可以修飾形容詞，但不能修飾動詞。 改錯：(錯)I very like English. (對)I like English very much. 注意：

31、副詞enough要放在形容詞的后面，形容詞enough放在名詞前后都可。 I don"t know him well enough. There is enough food for everyone to eat. There is food enough for everyone to eat. 副詞的用法1).作狀語修飾動詞，位于動詞后。He walked quietly into his bedroom. It is raining hard .2).作狀語修飾形容詞，位于形容詞前。You have a very nice watch. The machine is too

32、heavy.3).作狀語修飾另一副詞，位于另一副詞前。有時候也修飾整個句子You walked too slowly,I couldnt wait for you. Unfortunately ，he was out.4).作表語，位于系動詞之后。How long will she be away? Is your mother in ?5).作賓語補(bǔ)足語，位于賓語之后。Ask him in . I saw him out .6).作定語，位于名詞后。the girl here the boy over there the man upstairs on ones way home副詞的比較等

33、級1、副詞比較等級的構(gòu)成（1）副詞的比較等級與形容詞相似，也有比較級和最高級。（2）絕大多數(shù)的副詞比較級和最高級都是在其前面加上more和most構(gòu)成的，有少數(shù)單音節(jié)和個別雙音節(jié)的副詞是在末尾加er , est 構(gòu)成。slowly- more slowly- most slowly carefully-more carefully most carefully fast-faster-fastest （3）還有一些副詞的比較級和最高級是不規(guī)則的。例如：well-better-best badly-worse-worst far-farther/further-farthest/furthest

34、much more-most little-less-least little-less-least2、副詞比較等級的用法（1）副詞的同級比較用 (not)as+副詞原級+as .Jim did the work as well as Lilei. I cant run as fast as you .（2）兩者之間進(jìn)行比較常與than連用。He speaks English better than you . Tom works harder than Jim .(3)表示三者、三者以上之間的比較用副詞最高級，用不用定冠詞the皆可，通常有一個表示范圍的短語。例如：The boy write

35、s most carefully of the four. Jim did worst in the exam in his class yesterday.一、 兼有兩種形式的副詞1) close與closelyclose意思是"近"； closely 意思是"仔細(xì)地"He is sitting close to me. Watch him closely.2)late 與latelylate意思是"晚"； lately 意思是"最近"You have come too late. What have you b

36、een doing lately?3)deep與deeplydeep意思是"深"，表示空間深度；deeply時常表示感情上的深度，"深深地"He pushed the stick deep into the mud. Even father was deeply moved by the film.4)high與highlyhigh表示空間高度；highly表示程度，相當(dāng)于muchThe plane was flying high. I think highly of your opinion.5)wide與widelywide表示空間寬度；widely

37、意思是"廣泛地"，"在許多地方"He opened the door wide. English is widely used in the world.6)free與freelyfree的意思是"免費(fèi)"；freely 的意思是"無限制地"You can eat free in my restaurant whenever you like. You may speak freely; say what you like.易混點(diǎn)清單一、how long,how often,how soon，how far的用法區(qū)別

38、1. how long“多長”，詢問動作在時間上所持續(xù)的長度。其答語部分或劃線部分可能是：1）“for + 時間段”，有時可能沒有介詞for。如：-How long did he wait for you here？- For two hours. It took him 20 minutes to finish his homework. (對話線部分提問)How long did it take him to finish his homework?2）“since + 具體時間”，“since + 時間段 + ago”或者“since + 從句”。如：-How long are you

39、feeling like this? -Since last night.3）表示時間的betweenand,fromto等介詞短語。如：They were playing football from 9:00 to 10:00 yesterday. (對話線部分提問)How long were they playing football yesterday?另外，how long也可以詢問某事物的具體長度。如：-How long is the desk？ -1.2 meters. 1.2米。2. how soon“多久，多快”，詢問動作在將來要經(jīng)過多長時間才會發(fā)生。其答語部分或劃線部分可能是

40、：in + 時間段。如：Hes going to Zhengzhou in two days. (對話線部分提問)How soon is he going to Zhengzhou？3. how far“多遠(yuǎn)”，詢問路程、距離。如：How far is it from here to school? 4.how often 指每隔多久，主要用來對頻度副詞或狀語(如：once a week, three times a month 等)提問。如A：How often does he come here? B：Once a month. A：How often do you visit your

41、mother? B：Once a week.二、hard和hardly的區(qū)別(一)、hard可用作形容詞或副詞：1. 當(dāng)hard用作形容詞時，意為“困難的、堅(jiān)固的、努力的”等。例如：Its hard for old people to change their ways. Steel is harder than wood. 2. 當(dāng)hard用作副詞時，意為“努力的、困難的、猛烈地”等。例如：Does Tom work hard at his lessons? Its raining hard outside now. Dont go out. (二)、hardly只能用作副詞，意為“幾乎沒有

42、、幾乎不”。例如：I can hardly see anything on the blackboard. My father hardly ever watches TV. 3、 much too和too much區(qū)別（一）(too) much 中心詞是much1相當(dāng)于形容詞，意為“more than enough”，用在不可數(shù)名詞前面作定語或在系動詞后面作表語。如： Americans eat too much meat in my opinionI drank too much cola last nightThe work is too much for her She's a

43、fraid the trip will be too much for me2相當(dāng)于名詞，在句子中作主語或賓語。如： Too much was happening all at onceYou have given me too much 3相當(dāng)于副詞，在句子中作狀語。如：You work too muchShe talks too much（二）(much) too 中心詞為toomuch too的用法比較簡單，只用作副詞作狀語，但它不單獨(dú)使用，在句子中要修飾形容詞或副詞，但不修飾動詞。如： You are much too kind to meIt's much too coldY

44、ou are driving much too fast【練習(xí)】1.we should not eat junk food .A.too much B.much too C.too many D.much too (A)2. it's _ hot in august in Nanjing . 3. A .many too B . much too C . very too D .to much (B)4. We don't have _ time to work every year. 5. A much too B so many C too much D too many

45、(C)四、also ,too, as well ,either, neither 意思 區(qū)別1)also表示"也"是比較正式的用詞, too 是普通用詞,口語中用的多,使用時應(yīng)注意: also 一般用于句子中,其位置在行為動詞之前,動詞to be之后。如有助動詞或情態(tài)動詞，一般應(yīng)在助動詞或情態(tài)動詞后，為了強(qiáng)調(diào)，也可放在前面。例如： I also went. You are also wrong. too常置于句末，前面可用逗號，如置于句中，其前后均有逗號。例如 He is a singer ,too. He,too,is a singer. 注意: also,too只能用于

46、肯定句。 2) either neithereither 表示“也”，只能用在否定句中，必須放在句末。例如： He didn't go there. I didn't either. neither表示"兩者都不"。 In neither case can I agree. Neither of them wants to stop for a rest 3) as well as 作并列連詞相當(dāng)于not onlybut also和no lessthan，但not onlybut also側(cè)重在后項(xiàng)，as well as 和no lessthan 側(cè)重在前項(xiàng)

47、。例如： We must learn to look at problems all-sidedly, seeing the reverse as well as the obverse side or things. A true man should be practical as well as far-sighted. 在否定句中，as well as 的位置不同，句意往往有很大差別。比較下面的句子： He, as well as she, will not come. He will not come as well as she.（否定前者，肯定后者） Henry, as well

48、 as his brother, doesn't work hard. Henry doesn't work hard as well as him brother.as well as 連接的應(yīng)是平等成分，都作主語或都作賓語等。例如： She was there as well as me. （誤） She was there as well as I .（正）五、already、yet、still的區(qū)別1）already是"已經(jīng)",用在肯定句中,用在完成時中比較多,比如I've already been to London.2）yet是"

49、;還"用于否定句,如I haven't gone there yet.此外yet還有"但是"的意思,有時可以和but互換,比如The authorities claim that the situation in the area has been under control, yet the fact is not the case.(當(dāng)局聲稱此地區(qū)局勢已得到控制,但事實(shí)并不是那么回事.)3） still是"仍然",如He should have been killed in the accident, but he is still

50、 alive.(他本應(yīng)在事故中喪生,但他活著.)六、ago和before的區(qū)別1.ago表示“從現(xiàn)在起的若干時間以前”，意思是“距今以前”，需和過去時或過去進(jìn)行時連用。before泛指“從過去起的若干時間以前”，意思是 “距過去某時以前”“與其（毋寧）”，常和完成時連用，尤其在間接引語中，如： His parents died ten years agoHe said that his parents had died ten years before I have never been there beforeI visited him three days ago, but he had

51、gone to Shanghai a week before2.如果不具體表明多少時間以前，只用before不用ago，意為“從前、以前”。before仍以副詞的形式置于被修飾語后，常與完成時候過去時連用。如： Have you seen this film before? He asked me whether I had been to the Great Wall before 3.表示在某一點(diǎn)時間或事件以前時，只用before不用ago，這種用法是將before當(dāng)作介詞或連詞使用。ago不具有這一功能。如： They will come back before six o'cl

52、ock It is hoped that this will be finished before the year 1995另外，before在句中的含義較多。不少句子中，before雖然引導(dǎo)的也是一個時間狀語，但是譯成漢語時卻不必譯為“在以前”。 a.如果before引導(dǎo)的從句動作發(fā)生得晚或慢，可譯成“才”。這是主句主語或是名詞、代詞，或用it作形式主語 He had almost knocked me down before he saw meIt will be hours before he arrives You must sow before you can reapb.如果強(qiáng)調(diào)

53、從句動作發(fā)生之前，主句動作已發(fā)生，可譯成“未就”或“還沒有就”。 Before I could get in a word he had measured meLu Ban built nine pavilions, but before he could finish the tenth, he heard a cock crowingc.有些句子中的before可譯為“先然后”、“先再”。 Dont count the chickens before they are hatched 不要樂觀得太早。 Be pupil before you become a teacher先做學(xué)生，再做先

54、生。 有些句中的before還可譯為“在內(nèi)”、“趁”、“沒”。 They arrived before I expectedStudy hard before it is too lateI had better go now before it is too late . I will be through this book before three days have passedbefore sbknew it 一類習(xí)慣說法，常譯為“不知不覺就”、“還沒弄清就”、“不知怎么地就”，如Time passed quickly and three months went by before Aqiao knew itHe fell from the tree before he knew it 4.加強(qiáng)