曼哈頓GMAT系列SC筆記

1、一、語(yǔ)法和語(yǔ)義 Grammar and Meaning 1. Grammar: Does the sentence adhere to the rules of Standard Written English? 2. Meaning: Does the sentence clearly indicate the authors intended meaning? Meaning Errors1. Choose your words Eg: right: The court declared that Jack must pay full damages Wrong: The court de

2、clared that Jack should pay full damagesexplanation: on the GMAT exam, the word” should” only mean “moral obligation”, something the court cannot impose.2. Place your words3. Match your words (主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)在一起要有意義)4. Avoid Redundancy a. GMAT考試中很常見(jiàn)的一種累贅錯(cuò)誤是在一個(gè)句子中使用了兩個(gè)意思重復(fù)的詞語(yǔ)。例如：The value of the stock rose by

3、a 10% increase . Right: The value of the stock rose by 10% b. 要注意時(shí)間的表達(dá)詞語(yǔ)。尤其是當(dāng)一個(gè)時(shí)間表達(dá)未被劃線(xiàn)，或者兩個(gè)表達(dá)相同時(shí)間的詞語(yǔ)看起來(lái)不同練習(xí)：1. (choose word) No matter how much work it may require, getting a MBA degree turns out to be a wise investment. 替換：Even though it requires much work, 解析：原句要表達(dá)的意思是，不論主語(yǔ)花費(fèi)的工作量有多大，它都是一個(gè)明智的投資 （m

4、ay是關(guān)鍵詞）； 而替換句中把may去掉，意思變?yōu)椤凹词顾蠛艽蠊ぷ髁?，它是一個(gè)明智的投資。因此替換句改變了原句的意思。Tip: 當(dāng)劃線(xiàn)句中有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞時(shí)，必須格外注意，如果選項(xiàng)中沒(méi)有對(duì)應(yīng)意思的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，那么一般為錯(cuò)選。2. (place word)The driver took the people for a ride who had been waiting. 替換：the people who had been waiting for a ride.解析：雖然替換句更正了原句中who指代不明的情況，但是卻改變了作者的意思。正確修改為：The people who had been wa

5、iting were taken for a ride by the driver. 3. (choose word)Rising costs to raw materials may impel us to rise prices farther 替換：costs of raw materials may impale us to raise prices further. 解析：將”to” 換為”of”正確, 表示raw material花費(fèi)的錢(qián)；raise替換rise正確，raise后面直接跟賓語(yǔ)，而rise通常用在沒(méi)有直接賓語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)境中，如interest rose in May. 將f

6、arther替換為further正確，farther指距離，further指某事的程度;然而，用impale替換impel是錯(cuò)誤的，impale表示將某物釘在某物上4.（place word） She is the most dedicated gardener on the block, every day watering the more than 50 plants in her yard.替換：every day watering more than the 50 plants in her yard.原句的more than修飾50 plants，而替換句中more than 提到

7、the 50 plants前面，意思變?yōu)椋核粌H僅watering，而且還做其他的工作。9. Electronic devices can distract driver. 10. Many directors suspect that managers are attempting to conceal the extent of losses at the company. (累贅表達(dá)為have the suspicion, are suspicious about) 11. They are ready for whatever may happen. ( in readiness) 1

8、2. The senator read her speech hastily.（贅述為in haste, with haste.）13. A tasty cake will not last long in a room full of hungry children. (贅述為A cake that is tasty will not last for a long time in a room full of children who are hungry)技巧：主謂一致和代詞最容易辨別，所以有些情況下能幫助迅速判斷選項(xiàng)二、Subject and Verb -Agreement1. 只有a

9、nd可以使單數(shù)名詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)，其他的additive phrases (如 along with, together with, in addition to, as well as, accompanied by) 無(wú)此功能。 Eg: There are a desk and a toy around the corner2. Neithernor 和either or 采用就近原則3. GMAT中，collective nouns（集合名詞）almost always singular4. Indefinite pronouns: usually singular. 以one, -thing

10、, -body, 結(jié)尾的都是單三5. Subject phrase and clauses: always singular. Eg: Doing it means a lot to me. 6.三、Parallelism 平行結(jié)構(gòu)a. Definition: the comparable sentence must be structurally and logically similar.b. By spotting Parallel Markers to know whether one sentence requires a parallelism. Markers Structure

11、s ExamplesAndX and YBothand Both X and YOr X or YEither or Either X or YNotbut Not X but YNot only but alsoRather than X rather than YFrom to From X to YAnd, But, Or are the most important markersc. And. 注意事項(xiàng) If you join 2 clauses with and, you can put an optional comma before the and. Doing so is e

12、specially recommended when the clauses are long, independent, or both.Eg: I really like candy, and I eat them often. Treat any linking verbs as parallelism markers. Make the subject and object paralleld. Parallelism Elements1. 主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可以引發(fā)一系列單詞，第二個(gè)平行結(jié)構(gòu)的be動(dòng)詞和介詞可以省略比如， 1. He wants to clean the house, w

13、ash cloth, and go shopping. 2. Cities are stressing the arts as a means to greater economic development and investing millions of dollars in cultural activities. 3. The railroad can either lose more money or solve its problems. 4. 從句平行這類(lèi)結(jié)構(gòu)必須從從句的連接詞開(kāi)始,以消除歧義比如，After I retire, I want to live in place w

14、here I can breath clean air and where the tax is low. e. Certain idioms demand parallelism as a result of their structure. f. Superficial Parallelism vs. Actual Parallelism 在將一個(gè)語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)化成（結(jié)構(gòu)）平行前，必須先搞清楚其各要素在邏輯上是否平行。例如，Joy dedicates himself in new job, going to work early, lunching regularly, and leaving

15、office lately. Going, lunching, 和 leaving 是對(duì)dedicates的一個(gè)解釋說(shuō)明,其邏輯主語(yǔ)為Joy。 根據(jù)這個(gè)句子的meaning, 不能將dedicate 和后面三個(gè)動(dòng)詞當(dāng)成是一系列并列平行的動(dòng)作。Problem Set 1. Researchers have found a correlation between exercise and good grades.2. Although we were sitting in the bleachers, the baseball game was as exciting to us as to th

16、e people 3. Many teachers choose to seek employment in the suburbs rather than face low salaries in the city4. A good nights sleep not only gives your body a chance to rest, but also energizes you.5. The joint business venture will increase employee satisfaction and improve relations between A and B

17、.6. The museum displays the work of a wide variety of artists, from those who are world-renowned to those who are virtually unknown. 7. The experiences we have (錯(cuò)：when children) in children influence our behavior in adulthood. 11. The band chosen for the annual spring concert appealed to both the st

18、udent body and the administration. both A and B12. Tobacco companies, shaken by a string of legal setbacks in the United States, but which retain strong growth prospects in the developing world, face an uncertain future. 正確修改：which have been shaken by a string13. Voters want to elect a president who

19、 genuinely cares about health care, the environment, and the travails of ordinary men and women, and who has the experience, wisdom, 14. The consultant is looking for a café where there are comfortable chairs and that provides free internet access. 修改：通過(guò)and可以看出此句應(yīng)為兩個(gè)名詞性從句的平行，所以 that has comfort

20、able chairs 應(yīng)為最優(yōu)表達(dá)四、Pronouns原則（做題思路）：1. 先行詞必須存在，即我們要指代的那個(gè)先行詞必須在句子中以名詞的形式存在。（警惕名詞作形容詞的陷阱） 例如：The park rangers discussed measures to prevent severe wildfire, which could be dangerous to it. It原本應(yīng)該指代park， 但是park放在ranger前面作為一個(gè)定語(yǔ)成分，不是名詞。2. 先行詞和指代詞的搭配必須有意義（whether the antecedent and pronoun agree logicall

21、y）。 例如, Although the term” supercomputer” may sound exaggerated, it is simply an fast mainframe that can execute trillions of calculations every second. 找到先行詞，the term” supercomputer”, 但把它放到這句話(huà)的第二部分中后發(fā)現(xiàn)沒(méi)有意義。 正確修改：it simply refers to an fast···Note: GMAT通常會(huì)利用我們“想當(dāng)然”的思維方式來(lái)設(shè)置陷阱，比如此題中，我們當(dāng)

22、然理解作者的意思（即原句中的i指的是supercomputer,），但是這在語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)卻是錯(cuò)誤的。一定要形成一個(gè)習(xí)慣：把指代詞換成前面的antecedent，看看是否能得到一個(gè)有意義有邏輯的句子。3. Antecedent and pronoun must agree in number, 兩者在數(shù)量上一致4. 最容易出錯(cuò)的五個(gè)第三人稱(chēng)代詞：it, its, they, their, them 這五個(gè)代詞指代同名同物！5. a. 在GMAT中，this，these, that, those 不能單獨(dú)指代名詞。 例如，This is great 這種表達(dá)在GMAT里是模糊的。b. This, th

23、ese, that, those可以作為形容詞放在名詞前面進(jìn)行指代例如：New” nano-papers” incorporate fibers that give these materials strength.c. 以下單詞可以獨(dú)立使用來(lái)替代名詞：it, they, them（指代同名同物）; 如果想使用that 或 those, 必須modify that or those to make them new copies例如：The money spent by her parents is less than that spent by her children. “ spent b

24、y her children” 來(lái)修飾that，以此結(jié)合來(lái)代替名詞然而，在使用that 或者those的時(shí)候，必須要與其前面的先行詞在數(shù)量上保持一致例如：Some people believe that the benefits of a healthy diet outweigh that of regular exercise. 代詞that使用錯(cuò)誤，因?yàn)橄刃性~benefits是復(fù)數(shù)，因此應(yīng)該用thoseWrong: Her products are unusual; many consider these unique.Right: Her products are unusual; m

25、any consider them unique. 7. 模糊歧義的情況及其修正第一種情況：先看一個(gè)例子：Researchers claim to have developed new” nano-papers” incorporating tiny cellulose fibers, which they allege give them the strength of cast iron. 我們一般會(huì)想當(dāng)然的認(rèn)為they指代researchers, them指代nano-papers. 然而，類(lèi)似這種指代的混亂轉(zhuǎn)換在GMAT中是不允許！修改方法之一是同時(shí)去掉這兩個(gè)代詞 ,which all

26、egedly give these materials the strength of cast iron, according to the researchers. 第二種情況：一個(gè)句子中只有一個(gè)代詞，然而其前面卻有多個(gè)名詞的情況。英語(yǔ)本身允許這種“模糊“的存在，因此，GMAT也會(huì)允許潛在意義上的代詞模糊。例子1：Supernovas destroy their immediate environments in vast explosions, but by synthesizing heavy chemical elements, they provide the universe w

27、ith the possibility of biochemistry-based life as we know it.Supernovas是第一個(gè)句子的主語(yǔ)，they也出現(xiàn)在第二句主語(yǔ)的位置上，我們很清楚的知道they指代supernovas, 即supernovas是provide的發(fā)出者。GMAT允許這種情況的指代存在。例子2： The board is investigating the compensation packages of several executives in order to determine how much they may have been impro

28、perly awarded. GAMT會(huì)認(rèn)為they的使用是正確的。更嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)谋磉_(dá)是用these executives 替代they主語(yǔ)是一個(gè)句子里最重要的名詞，因此就像這個(gè)句子展示的，主語(yǔ)一般會(huì)成為最好的先行詞。7. 如果做題時(shí)遇到兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)完全一樣，除去一個(gè)選項(xiàng)用了代詞，另一個(gè)選項(xiàng)用的是原詞，那么優(yōu)先選擇后一個(gè)練習(xí)：1. Jim may not be elected CEO by the board because he does not meet its standards. Its可以用作集合名詞的代詞五、Modifiers 1. 形容詞和副詞。 a. 形容詞只修飾名詞和代詞，副詞可以修飾

29、除名詞和代詞以外的任何句子成分。b. GMAT中經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)的兩種修飾組合：adj+adj+n.(兩個(gè)形容詞同時(shí)修飾一個(gè)名詞) 和 adv+adj+n. （副詞修飾形容詞、形容詞修飾名詞）。 這兩種組合表達(dá)的意思不一樣。比如：wrong: James Joyce is Maxs supposedly Irish ancestor. Right：James Joyce is Maxs supposed Irish ancestor. 雖然我們不確定James是不是Max的祖先，但我們確定的是James(一個(gè)愛(ài)爾蘭著名作家)一定是愛(ài)爾蘭人，那么第一句用supposedly來(lái)修飾irish便是錯(cuò)誤的。c

30、. corresponding, frequent, independent, rare, recent, seeming, separate, significant, supposed, usual, 這些是在GMAT里出現(xiàn)過(guò)的、后面加“l(fā)y”變成副詞的形容詞 2. Position of Noun Modifiers 當(dāng)我們看到名詞性修飾詞組時(shí)，先問(wèn)問(wèn)自己它修飾的名詞是誰(shuí)。然后確保這個(gè)修飾符合“touch rule” 原則a. 如果modifiers挨著另一個(gè)名詞，misplaced modifiersEg: Jim biked along an old dirt road to get

31、 to his house, which cut through the woods. b. 如果我們想修飾的名詞不在句子里，dangling modifiers.Eg: Resigned to the bad news, there was no commotion in the officeResigned作為過(guò)去分詞修飾組，后面應(yīng)該有一個(gè)具體的人修正：Resigned to the bad news, the officer made no commotion.c. GMAT考試中，經(jīng)常會(huì)設(shè)置一個(gè)現(xiàn)在分詞形式的modifier在句子開(kāi)頭(opening modifier)，制造dangl

32、ing的情況。AUnlike noun modifiers, the verb modifiers do not have to touch the subjectB. Avoid long sequences of modifiers that modify the same noun. Putting two long modifiers in a row before or after a noun can lead to awkward or incorrect phrasings. 典型例子Eg: wrong: George Carlin, both shocking and ent

33、ertaining audiences across the nation, who also struggled publicly with drug abuse, influenced and inspired a generation of comedians. 錯(cuò)誤之一就是noun modifier-“who”沒(méi)有緊鄰主語(yǔ)。Better: Both shocking and entertaining audiences across the nation, George Carlin, who also struggled publicly with drug abuse, influ

34、enced and inspired a generation of comedians. Best: Both shocking and entertaining audiences across the nation, George Carlin influenced and inspired a generation of comedians, even as he struggled 3. Noun Modifiers with Relative Pronouns a. Which（只能修飾物） that（不能修飾人） who whose（可人可物） whom where when b

35、. which or whom 有時(shí)候會(huì)跟著介詞， 比如：the canal through which water flows; the senator for whom we work forc. who is used as the subject of the verb in a relative clause, whereas whom is used as the object of the verb or of a preposition. Eg: The security guard who we met was nice whomd. 當(dāng)被修飾的名詞是修飾句的賓語(yǔ)時(shí)， 引導(dǎo)詞

36、that 或 whom 可以被省略比如：The movie(that) we watched last night was touchinge. where只能被用來(lái)修飾具體存在的地點(diǎn)名詞，如area, site, country. 不能修飾抽象名詞， 如condition, situation, case, circumstances. 用in which 來(lái)修飾這些名詞。在表示發(fā)現(xiàn)、理論、現(xiàn)象等等的內(nèi)容時(shí)，用that引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)的同位語(yǔ)從句是比較好的結(jié)構(gòu)。從句可以很清楚地說(shuō)明現(xiàn)象、理論的內(nèi)容，避免大量的介系詞、代詞，使句子簡(jiǎn)單清晰。4. Essential vs. Non-Essential

37、Noun Modifiers (限制性非限制性)名詞修飾要么是必要的，要么是不必要的先來(lái)體會(huì)一個(gè)例子： Essential: The mansion painted red is owned by Lee. Non-essential: This mansion, painted red, is owned by Lee.第二句中，this已經(jīng)告訴我們那一幢大廈是Lee的，我們不需要再加上painted red去辨別。5. Verb Modifiers 作用：修飾動(dòng)詞， 用來(lái)回答解釋主語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞，比如“how, when, where, why. Etc.” 最基本的動(dòng)詞修飾語(yǔ)是副詞。6 Whi

38、ch vs. Present Participle ing Which 只能用來(lái)指代前面緊鄰的名詞，永遠(yuǎn)不能指代前面整個(gè)句子例子：Wrong: Crime has recently decreased in our community, which has led to a rise in property values. 是這件事促成了property values的增加，而不是our community，此處用which顯然不合邏輯。修改：The recent decrease in crime has led to the rise of property values. The cri

39、me has decreased recently in our community, leading to a rise in property values. (this use of ing form works best when we want to express the result of the main clause)練習(xí)：5. Mary buys cookies made with SugarFree, an artificial sweetener, which tastes as sweet as the corn syrup that her brother love

40、s but where there are fewer calories than in an equivalent amount of corn syrup.“an artificial sweetener”作為同位語(yǔ)名詞修飾sugargree,正確；“which tastesloves” 這個(gè)從句修飾sugarfree, 作為一個(gè)noun modifier, 根據(jù)touch rule，它應(yīng)該緊鄰sugarfree, 但是通常允許在這兩者中間插入一個(gè)同位語(yǔ)；“where there are corn syrup” 錯(cuò)誤，原因有二：1，sugarfree不能用where來(lái)修飾，應(yīng)該用that

41、或which, 2. 不與前一個(gè)從句平行。 所以應(yīng)該修改為which contains fewer calories than does an8. People, who talk loudly on their cell phones in crowded trains, show little respect for other passengers. 分析：作者想要表達(dá)的意思是，那些大聲打電話(huà)的人對(duì)其他旅客一點(diǎn)都不尊重。而原文的表達(dá)結(jié)構(gòu)傳達(dá)出的意思是，人們，說(shuō)話(huà)大聲，對(duì)旅客一點(diǎn)不尊重。即它沒(méi)有突出是“什么樣的”人對(duì)其他旅客不尊重。因此，要去掉逗號(hào)，變成限制性定語(yǔ)從句。七、Verb Ten

42、se, Mood and Voice動(dòng)詞語(yǔ)氣：作者對(duì)某一動(dòng)作的理解及對(duì)策。陳述語(yǔ)氣和虛擬語(yǔ)氣。動(dòng)詞語(yǔ)態(tài)：指示誰(shuí)做了某一動(dòng)作。主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)1. Simple Tenses. GMAT typically prefers the simple tenses. 2. Progressive Tense: a. 用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表達(dá)客觀規(guī)律或現(xiàn)象，或定義。不要用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)b. 在GMAT考試中，不能用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示未來(lái)的動(dòng)作，雖然這樣的表達(dá)在口語(yǔ)中是可以的3. Make the tense reflect authors meaning.4. The Perfect Tenses: a. Prese

43、nt Perfect: Still in EffectForm: have/has+ past participle第一種情況：描述一個(gè)動(dòng)作從過(guò)去開(kāi)始，一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在例子：This country has enforced the strict law for thirty years. 第二種情況：過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作雖然現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)停止了，但是它的影響一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，這個(gè)時(shí)候也用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)例子：The child has drawn a picture on the wall. 這個(gè)孩子已經(jīng)不再畫(huà)了，但是那副畫(huà)還在墻上。 The child draw a picture on the sand, b

44、ut the ocean has erased it. 孩子過(guò)去在沙灘上畫(huà)了幅畫(huà)，但是海水已經(jīng)把它沖蝕了（過(guò)去開(kāi)始沖蝕，影響持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在）現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與since連用，表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作或其影響持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在。例如：Since 1986 no one has broken that world record. b. Past Perfect: the earlier actionForm: had+ participle我們并不總是使用過(guò)去完成時(shí)來(lái)描述earlier actions。只有當(dāng)我們需要澄清、強(qiáng)調(diào)過(guò)去一系列動(dòng)作發(fā)生的順序時(shí)才需要用這個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)。如果這一系列動(dòng)作的發(fā)生次序已經(jīng)很清楚，那么不需要使用這個(gè)時(shí)

45、態(tài)。例子：Richard drove to the store and bought some ice cream. Antonio drove to the store, and Cristina bought some ice cream. 在這個(gè)例子中，兩個(gè)主句被and鏈接，作者不是在強(qiáng)調(diào)這些動(dòng)作發(fā)生的順序（盡管drove可能先于bought發(fā)生）。被and 和but鏈接的主句不要求使用過(guò)去完成時(shí)例子：right: Laura locked the deadbolt before she left for work.我們當(dāng)然知道locked 先于left 發(fā)生，但before已經(jīng)清楚的表

46、明了這兩個(gè)動(dòng)作發(fā)生的順序，因此這里不需要再使用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。 “after”同樣晚發(fā)生的那個(gè)動(dòng)作并不是必須要用一個(gè)simple past 時(shí)態(tài)表達(dá)出來(lái)，可以使用一個(gè)日期時(shí)間來(lái)表示。例如：By the 1945, the USA had been at war for seven years. 5. Perfect Tenses: only when necessary如果一個(gè)動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去并且持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在（或其影響），用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)；如果在過(guò)去，一個(gè)動(dòng)作先于另一個(gè)發(fā)生，同時(shí)我們需要澄清或強(qiáng)調(diào)這兩個(gè)動(dòng)作的時(shí)間順序，那么用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。否則，堅(jiān)持使用simple tense6.Tense Sequence

47、 通常的順序要么是present+future，要么是 past+conditional Right: The scientists believe that the machine will be wonderful.Right: The scientist believed that the machine would be wonderful8. The Subjunctive Mood 1. 不可能或不真實(shí)2. 建議、愿望和要求（that引導(dǎo)）這兩種用法分別對(duì)應(yīng)兩類(lèi)虛擬語(yǔ)氣：hypothetical subjunctive & command subjunctive 第一種：H

48、ypothetical subjunctive這種形式原則上發(fā)生在有if, as if, 或 as though的情況下。1、表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的情況：從句：If+主語(yǔ)+過(guò)去時(shí)(Be動(dòng)詞用were)主句：主語(yǔ)+ should/would/might/could+do：2、表示與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的情況從句：If+主語(yǔ)+had+done主句：主語(yǔ)+should/would/might/could+haveEg: 1 If I had got there earlier,I should/would have met her. 如果我早到那兒，我就會(huì)見(jiàn)到她。（事實(shí)：去晚了）2If he had take

49、n my advice, he would not have made such a mistake. 如果他聽(tīng)我的勸告的話(huà)，就不會(huì)犯這樣的錯(cuò)誤了。（事實(shí)：沒(méi)有聽(tīng)我的話(huà)） “ If.Then” Constructions 這種結(jié)構(gòu)可以有多種時(shí)態(tài)搭配的方式，以下是最常見(jiàn)的五種 General Rule with no uncertainty If Jack eats pizza, then he becomes ill. (If present, then present) 這種類(lèi)型等同于：Whenever Jack eats pizza, he becomes ill. General Rul

50、e with some uncertainty If Jack eats pizza, then he may become ill. (if present, then can or may)在這里，can 或者 may 表明一個(gè)不確定的結(jié)果 Particular Case(in the future) with no uncertaintyIf Jack eats pizza tomorrow, then he will become ill. (if present, then future) Unlikely Case(in the future)If Jack ate pizza t

51、omorrow, then he would become ill (if hypothetical subjunctive, then conditional)Could, should, might, would Case That Never Happened( in the past) If Jack HAD EATEN pizza yesterday, then she WOULD HAVE BECOME ill.( if past perfect, then conditional perfect)GMAT中有ifthen 結(jié)構(gòu)的歸入以上五種，注意的是，GMAT的SC里不允許把wo

52、uld 或者should 放在if部分的句子里。第二種：The Command Subjunctive這種類(lèi)型的虛擬語(yǔ)氣在GMAT中比第一種更重要。伴隨著發(fā)令詞(bossy verb)的出現(xiàn)而使用（告訴人們做什么）基本形式：Bossy Verb+ That+Subject+Command subjunctive 例子：The agency REQUIRED that Gary BE ready before noon. We PROPOSE that the school board DISBAND這兩個(gè)句子中，be 和 disband是命令語(yǔ)氣。原則：1.第三人稱(chēng)的動(dòng)詞不以S結(jié)尾2.To b

53、e 必須是be, 不能是is，are, am Common Verbs that take only the Command Subjunctive when indicating desire：Demand, dictate, insist, mandate, propose, recommend, request, stipulate, suggest Verbs that take only the infinitive：advise, allow, forbid, persuade, want 例子：We allow him to be here. Verbs that take ei

54、ther the command subjunctive or the infinitive：ask, beg, intend, order, prefer, urge, requireWe require that he be here, OR We require him to be here Prohibit take other constructionRight: The agency prohibited Jack from working on weekends. 避免在whether后面使用命令虛擬語(yǔ)氣，例如9. Active and Passive Voice .只有當(dāng)動(dòng)作的

55、發(fā)出者存在時(shí)，才可以用by+doing； through 和 because of 用來(lái)表達(dá)做一件事依靠的工具或原因另外，不是必須要在一個(gè)復(fù)合句里保持active 或者passive.例如：The launch took place excellent and was seen on television練習(xí)： Has escaped應(yīng)該改為一般過(guò)去時(shí)，因?yàn)檫@個(gè)escape發(fā)生在過(guò)去某一具體時(shí)間點(diǎn)上（episode ten years ago）兩種修改：live, 或者 had livedWake up這個(gè)momentary action發(fā)生在rang之前，因此要用had woke up.但是

56、，我們可以說(shuō)She was already awake when the phone rang. 因?yàn)閍wake是一個(gè)描述狀態(tài)的形容詞八、Comparison對(duì)比是平行結(jié)構(gòu)的一種。最常見(jiàn)、最重要的對(duì)比標(biāo)記詞是“Like, Unlike, As, Than”。 見(jiàn)到以上詞匯，要下意識(shí)的找出被對(duì)比的兩種事物來(lái)1. Like VS. Asa. Like是個(gè)介詞. 因此它后面必須跟名詞、代詞、或者名詞短語(yǔ)。永遠(yuǎn)不能把從句或者一個(gè)介詞短語(yǔ)放在Like后面！例子：Like her brother, Ava aced the test, （like+noun phrase）需要注意的是，like可以跟動(dòng)名詞：Like swimming, skiing is a great exercise.b. As 既可以當(dāng)做介詞也可以當(dāng)做連詞（用來(lái)對(duì)比兩個(gè)句子） 在GMAT中，as和Like表達(dá)的意思是一樣的Right: