曼哈頓GMAT系列SC筆記

1、一、語法和語義 Grammar and Meaning 1. Grammar: Does the sentence adhere to the rules of Standard Written English? 2. Meaning: Does the sentence clearly indicate the authors intended meaning? Meaning Errors1. Choose your words Eg: right: The court declared that Jack must pay full damages Wrong: The court de

2、clared that Jack should pay full damagesexplanation: on the GMAT exam, the word” should” only mean “moral obligation”, something the court cannot impose.2. Place your words3. Match your words (主語和謂語在一起要有意義)4. Avoid Redundancy a. GMAT考試中很常見的一種累贅錯誤是在一個句子中使用了兩個意思重復的詞語。例如：The value of the stock rose by

3、a 10% increase . Right: The value of the stock rose by 10% b. 要注意時間的表達詞語。尤其是當一個時間表達未被劃線，或者兩個表達相同時間的詞語看起來不同練習：1. (choose word) No matter how much work it may require, getting a MBA degree turns out to be a wise investment. 替換：Even though it requires much work, 解析：原句要表達的意思是，不論主語花費的工作量有多大，它都是一個明智的投資 （m

4、ay是關(guān)鍵詞）； 而替換句中把may去掉，意思變?yōu)椤凹词顾蠛艽蠊ぷ髁?，它是一個明智的投資。因此替換句改變了原句的意思。Tip: 當劃線句中有情態(tài)動詞時，必須格外注意，如果選項中沒有對應(yīng)意思的情態(tài)動詞，那么一般為錯選。2. (place word)The driver took the people for a ride who had been waiting. 替換：the people who had been waiting for a ride.解析：雖然替換句更正了原句中who指代不明的情況，但是卻改變了作者的意思。正確修改為：The people who had been wa

5、iting were taken for a ride by the driver. 3. (choose word)Rising costs to raw materials may impel us to rise prices farther 替換：costs of raw materials may impale us to raise prices further. 解析：將”to” 換為”of”正確, 表示raw material花費的錢；raise替換rise正確，raise后面直接跟賓語，而rise通常用在沒有直接賓語的語境中，如interest rose in May. 將f

6、arther替換為further正確，farther指距離，further指某事的程度;然而，用impale替換impel是錯誤的，impale表示將某物釘在某物上4.（place word） She is the most dedicated gardener on the block, every day watering the more than 50 plants in her yard.替換：every day watering more than the 50 plants in her yard.原句的more than修飾50 plants，而替換句中more than 提到

7、the 50 plants前面，意思變?yōu)椋核粌H僅watering，而且還做其他的工作。9. Electronic devices can distract driver. 10. Many directors suspect that managers are attempting to conceal the extent of losses at the company. (累贅表達為have the suspicion, are suspicious about) 11. They are ready for whatever may happen. ( in readiness) 1

8、2. The senator read her speech hastily.（贅述為in haste, with haste.）13. A tasty cake will not last long in a room full of hungry children. (贅述為A cake that is tasty will not last for a long time in a room full of children who are hungry)技巧：主謂一致和代詞最容易辨別，所以有些情況下能幫助迅速判斷選項二、Subject and Verb -Agreement1. 只有a

9、nd可以使單數(shù)名詞變?yōu)閺蛿?shù)，其他的additive phrases (如 along with, together with, in addition to, as well as, accompanied by) 無此功能。 Eg: There are a desk and a toy around the corner2. Neithernor 和either or 采用就近原則3. GMAT中，collective nouns（集合名詞）almost always singular4. Indefinite pronouns: usually singular. 以one, -thing

10、, -body, 結(jié)尾的都是單三5. Subject phrase and clauses: always singular. Eg: Doing it means a lot to me. 6.三、Parallelism 平行結(jié)構(gòu)a. Definition: the comparable sentence must be structurally and logically similar.b. By spotting Parallel Markers to know whether one sentence requires a parallelism. Markers Structure

11、s ExamplesAndX and YBothand Both X and YOr X or YEither or Either X or YNotbut Not X but YNot only but alsoRather than X rather than YFrom to From X to YAnd, But, Or are the most important markersc. And. 注意事項 If you join 2 clauses with and, you can put an optional comma before the and. Doing so is e

12、specially recommended when the clauses are long, independent, or both.Eg: I really like candy, and I eat them often. Treat any linking verbs as parallelism markers. Make the subject and object paralleld. Parallelism Elements1. 主句的謂語動詞可以引發(fā)一系列單詞，第二個平行結(jié)構(gòu)的be動詞和介詞可以省略比如， 1. He wants to clean the house, w

13、ash cloth, and go shopping. 2. Cities are stressing the arts as a means to greater economic development and investing millions of dollars in cultural activities. 3. The railroad can either lose more money or solve its problems. 4. 從句平行這類結(jié)構(gòu)必須從從句的連接詞開始,以消除歧義比如，After I retire, I want to live in place w

14、here I can breath clean air and where the tax is low. e. Certain idioms demand parallelism as a result of their structure. f. Superficial Parallelism vs. Actual Parallelism 在將一個語法結(jié)構(gòu)化成（結(jié)構(gòu)）平行前，必須先搞清楚其各要素在邏輯上是否平行。例如，Joy dedicates himself in new job, going to work early, lunching regularly, and leaving

15、office lately. Going, lunching, 和 leaving 是對dedicates的一個解釋說明,其邏輯主語為Joy。 根據(jù)這個句子的meaning, 不能將dedicate 和后面三個動詞當成是一系列并列平行的動作。Problem Set 1. Researchers have found a correlation between exercise and good grades.2. Although we were sitting in the bleachers, the baseball game was as exciting to us as to th

16、e people 3. Many teachers choose to seek employment in the suburbs rather than face low salaries in the city4. A good nights sleep not only gives your body a chance to rest, but also energizes you.5. The joint business venture will increase employee satisfaction and improve relations between A and B

17、.6. The museum displays the work of a wide variety of artists, from those who are world-renowned to those who are virtually unknown. 7. The experiences we have (錯：when children) in children influence our behavior in adulthood. 11. The band chosen for the annual spring concert appealed to both the st

18、udent body and the administration. both A and B12. Tobacco companies, shaken by a string of legal setbacks in the United States, but which retain strong growth prospects in the developing world, face an uncertain future. 正確修改：which have been shaken by a string13. Voters want to elect a president who

19、 genuinely cares about health care, the environment, and the travails of ordinary men and women, and who has the experience, wisdom, 14. The consultant is looking for a café where there are comfortable chairs and that provides free internet access. 修改：通過and可以看出此句應(yīng)為兩個名詞性從句的平行，所以 that has comfort

20、able chairs 應(yīng)為最優(yōu)表達四、Pronouns原則（做題思路）：1. 先行詞必須存在，即我們要指代的那個先行詞必須在句子中以名詞的形式存在。（警惕名詞作形容詞的陷阱） 例如：The park rangers discussed measures to prevent severe wildfire, which could be dangerous to it. It原本應(yīng)該指代park， 但是park放在ranger前面作為一個定語成分，不是名詞。2. 先行詞和指代詞的搭配必須有意義（whether the antecedent and pronoun agree logicall

21、y）。 例如, Although the term” supercomputer” may sound exaggerated, it is simply an fast mainframe that can execute trillions of calculations every second. 找到先行詞，the term” supercomputer”, 但把它放到這句話的第二部分中后發(fā)現(xiàn)沒有意義。 正確修改：it simply refers to an fast···Note: GMAT通常會利用我們“想當然”的思維方式來設(shè)置陷阱，比如此題中，我們當

22、然理解作者的意思（即原句中的i指的是supercomputer,），但是這在語法結(jié)構(gòu)卻是錯誤的。一定要形成一個習慣：把指代詞換成前面的antecedent，看看是否能得到一個有意義有邏輯的句子。3. Antecedent and pronoun must agree in number, 兩者在數(shù)量上一致4. 最容易出錯的五個第三人稱代詞：it, its, they, their, them 這五個代詞指代同名同物！5. a. 在GMAT中，this，these, that, those 不能單獨指代名詞。 例如，This is great 這種表達在GMAT里是模糊的。b. This, th

23、ese, that, those可以作為形容詞放在名詞前面進行指代例如：New” nano-papers” incorporate fibers that give these materials strength.c. 以下單詞可以獨立使用來替代名詞：it, they, them（指代同名同物）; 如果想使用that 或 those, 必須modify that or those to make them new copies例如：The money spent by her parents is less than that spent by her children. “ spent b

24、y her children” 來修飾that，以此結(jié)合來代替名詞然而，在使用that 或者those的時候，必須要與其前面的先行詞在數(shù)量上保持一致例如：Some people believe that the benefits of a healthy diet outweigh that of regular exercise. 代詞that使用錯誤，因為先行詞benefits是復數(shù)，因此應(yīng)該用thoseWrong: Her products are unusual; many consider these unique.Right: Her products are unusual; m

25、any consider them unique. 7. 模糊歧義的情況及其修正第一種情況：先看一個例子：Researchers claim to have developed new” nano-papers” incorporating tiny cellulose fibers, which they allege give them the strength of cast iron. 我們一般會想當然的認為they指代researchers, them指代nano-papers. 然而，類似這種指代的混亂轉(zhuǎn)換在GMAT中是不允許！修改方法之一是同時去掉這兩個代詞 ,which all

26、egedly give these materials the strength of cast iron, according to the researchers. 第二種情況：一個句子中只有一個代詞，然而其前面卻有多個名詞的情況。英語本身允許這種“模糊“的存在，因此，GMAT也會允許潛在意義上的代詞模糊。例子1：Supernovas destroy their immediate environments in vast explosions, but by synthesizing heavy chemical elements, they provide the universe w

27、ith the possibility of biochemistry-based life as we know it.Supernovas是第一個句子的主語，they也出現(xiàn)在第二句主語的位置上，我們很清楚的知道they指代supernovas, 即supernovas是provide的發(fā)出者。GMAT允許這種情況的指代存在。例子2： The board is investigating the compensation packages of several executives in order to determine how much they may have been impro

28、perly awarded. GAMT會認為they的使用是正確的。更嚴謹?shù)谋磉_是用these executives 替代they主語是一個句子里最重要的名詞，因此就像這個句子展示的，主語一般會成為最好的先行詞。7. 如果做題時遇到兩個選項完全一樣，除去一個選項用了代詞，另一個選項用的是原詞，那么優(yōu)先選擇后一個練習：1. Jim may not be elected CEO by the board because he does not meet its standards. Its可以用作集合名詞的代詞五、Modifiers 1. 形容詞和副詞。 a. 形容詞只修飾名詞和代詞，副詞可以修飾

29、除名詞和代詞以外的任何句子成分。b. GMAT中經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)的兩種修飾組合：adj+adj+n.(兩個形容詞同時修飾一個名詞) 和 adv+adj+n. （副詞修飾形容詞、形容詞修飾名詞）。 這兩種組合表達的意思不一樣。比如：wrong: James Joyce is Maxs supposedly Irish ancestor. Right：James Joyce is Maxs supposed Irish ancestor. 雖然我們不確定James是不是Max的祖先，但我們確定的是James(一個愛爾蘭著名作家)一定是愛爾蘭人，那么第一句用supposedly來修飾irish便是錯誤的。c

30、. corresponding, frequent, independent, rare, recent, seeming, separate, significant, supposed, usual, 這些是在GMAT里出現(xiàn)過的、后面加“l(fā)y”變成副詞的形容詞 2. Position of Noun Modifiers 當我們看到名詞性修飾詞組時，先問問自己它修飾的名詞是誰。然后確保這個修飾符合“touch rule” 原則a. 如果modifiers挨著另一個名詞，misplaced modifiersEg: Jim biked along an old dirt road to get

31、 to his house, which cut through the woods. b. 如果我們想修飾的名詞不在句子里，dangling modifiers.Eg: Resigned to the bad news, there was no commotion in the officeResigned作為過去分詞修飾組，后面應(yīng)該有一個具體的人修正：Resigned to the bad news, the officer made no commotion.c. GMAT考試中，經(jīng)常會設(shè)置一個現(xiàn)在分詞形式的modifier在句子開頭(opening modifier)，制造dangl

32、ing的情況。AUnlike noun modifiers, the verb modifiers do not have to touch the subjectB. Avoid long sequences of modifiers that modify the same noun. Putting two long modifiers in a row before or after a noun can lead to awkward or incorrect phrasings. 典型例子Eg: wrong: George Carlin, both shocking and ent

33、ertaining audiences across the nation, who also struggled publicly with drug abuse, influenced and inspired a generation of comedians. 錯誤之一就是noun modifier-“who”沒有緊鄰主語。Better: Both shocking and entertaining audiences across the nation, George Carlin, who also struggled publicly with drug abuse, influ

34、enced and inspired a generation of comedians. Best: Both shocking and entertaining audiences across the nation, George Carlin influenced and inspired a generation of comedians, even as he struggled 3. Noun Modifiers with Relative Pronouns a. Which（只能修飾物） that（不能修飾人） who whose（可人可物） whom where when b

35、. which or whom 有時候會跟著介詞， 比如：the canal through which water flows; the senator for whom we work forc. who is used as the subject of the verb in a relative clause, whereas whom is used as the object of the verb or of a preposition. Eg: The security guard who we met was nice whomd. 當被修飾的名詞是修飾句的賓語時， 引導詞

36、that 或 whom 可以被省略比如：The movie(that) we watched last night was touchinge. where只能被用來修飾具體存在的地點名詞，如area, site, country. 不能修飾抽象名詞， 如condition, situation, case, circumstances. 用in which 來修飾這些名詞。在表示發(fā)現(xiàn)、理論、現(xiàn)象等等的內(nèi)容時，用that引導賓語的同位語從句是比較好的結(jié)構(gòu)。從句可以很清楚地說明現(xiàn)象、理論的內(nèi)容，避免大量的介系詞、代詞，使句子簡單清晰。4. Essential vs. Non-Essential

37、Noun Modifiers (限制性非限制性)名詞修飾要么是必要的，要么是不必要的先來體會一個例子： Essential: The mansion painted red is owned by Lee. Non-essential: This mansion, painted red, is owned by Lee.第二句中，this已經(jīng)告訴我們那一幢大廈是Lee的，我們不需要再加上painted red去辨別。5. Verb Modifiers 作用：修飾動詞， 用來回答解釋主語的動詞，比如“how, when, where, why. Etc.” 最基本的動詞修飾語是副詞。6 Whi

38、ch vs. Present Participle ing Which 只能用來指代前面緊鄰的名詞，永遠不能指代前面整個句子例子：Wrong: Crime has recently decreased in our community, which has led to a rise in property values. 是這件事促成了property values的增加，而不是our community，此處用which顯然不合邏輯。修改：The recent decrease in crime has led to the rise of property values. The cri

39、me has decreased recently in our community, leading to a rise in property values. (this use of ing form works best when we want to express the result of the main clause)練習：5. Mary buys cookies made with SugarFree, an artificial sweetener, which tastes as sweet as the corn syrup that her brother love

40、s but where there are fewer calories than in an equivalent amount of corn syrup.“an artificial sweetener”作為同位語名詞修飾sugargree,正確；“which tastesloves” 這個從句修飾sugarfree, 作為一個noun modifier, 根據(jù)touch rule，它應(yīng)該緊鄰sugarfree, 但是通常允許在這兩者中間插入一個同位語；“where there are corn syrup” 錯誤，原因有二：1，sugarfree不能用where來修飾，應(yīng)該用that

41、或which, 2. 不與前一個從句平行。 所以應(yīng)該修改為which contains fewer calories than does an8. People, who talk loudly on their cell phones in crowded trains, show little respect for other passengers. 分析：作者想要表達的意思是，那些大聲打電話的人對其他旅客一點都不尊重。而原文的表達結(jié)構(gòu)傳達出的意思是，人們，說話大聲，對旅客一點不尊重。即它沒有突出是“什么樣的”人對其他旅客不尊重。因此，要去掉逗號，變成限制性定語從句。七、Verb Ten

42、se, Mood and Voice動詞語氣：作者對某一動作的理解及對策。陳述語氣和虛擬語氣。動詞語態(tài)：指示誰做了某一動作。主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)1. Simple Tenses. GMAT typically prefers the simple tenses. 2. Progressive Tense: a. 用一般現(xiàn)在時表達客觀規(guī)律或現(xiàn)象，或定義。不要用現(xiàn)在進行時b. 在GMAT考試中，不能用現(xiàn)在進行時表示未來的動作，雖然這樣的表達在口語中是可以的3. Make the tense reflect authors meaning.4. The Perfect Tenses: a. Prese

43、nt Perfect: Still in EffectForm: have/has+ past participle第一種情況：描述一個動作從過去開始，一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在例子：This country has enforced the strict law for thirty years. 第二種情況：過去發(fā)生的動作雖然現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)停止了，但是它的影響一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，這個時候也用現(xiàn)在完成時例子：The child has drawn a picture on the wall. 這個孩子已經(jīng)不再畫了，但是那副畫還在墻上。 The child draw a picture on the sand, b

44、ut the ocean has erased it. 孩子過去在沙灘上畫了幅畫，但是海水已經(jīng)把它沖蝕了（過去開始沖蝕，影響持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在）現(xiàn)在完成時與since連用，表示一個動作或其影響持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在。例如：Since 1986 no one has broken that world record. b. Past Perfect: the earlier actionForm: had+ participle我們并不總是使用過去完成時來描述earlier actions。只有當我們需要澄清、強調(diào)過去一系列動作發(fā)生的順序時才需要用這個時態(tài)。如果這一系列動作的發(fā)生次序已經(jīng)很清楚，那么不需要使用這個時

45、態(tài)。例子：Richard drove to the store and bought some ice cream. Antonio drove to the store, and Cristina bought some ice cream. 在這個例子中，兩個主句被and鏈接，作者不是在強調(diào)這些動作發(fā)生的順序（盡管drove可能先于bought發(fā)生）。被and 和but鏈接的主句不要求使用過去完成時例子：right: Laura locked the deadbolt before she left for work.我們當然知道locked 先于left 發(fā)生，但before已經(jīng)清楚的表

46、明了這兩個動作發(fā)生的順序，因此這里不需要再使用過去完成時。 “after”同樣晚發(fā)生的那個動作并不是必須要用一個simple past 時態(tài)表達出來，可以使用一個日期時間來表示。例如：By the 1945, the USA had been at war for seven years. 5. Perfect Tenses: only when necessary如果一個動作發(fā)生在過去并且持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在（或其影響），用現(xiàn)在完成時；如果在過去，一個動作先于另一個發(fā)生，同時我們需要澄清或強調(diào)這兩個動作的時間順序，那么用過去完成時。否則，堅持使用simple tense6.Tense Sequence

47、 通常的順序要么是present+future，要么是 past+conditional Right: The scientists believe that the machine will be wonderful.Right: The scientist believed that the machine would be wonderful8. The Subjunctive Mood 1. 不可能或不真實2. 建議、愿望和要求（that引導）這兩種用法分別對應(yīng)兩類虛擬語氣：hypothetical subjunctive & command subjunctive 第一種：H

48、ypothetical subjunctive這種形式原則上發(fā)生在有if, as if, 或 as though的情況下。1、表示與現(xiàn)在事實相反的情況：從句：If+主語+過去時(Be動詞用were)主句：主語+ should/would/might/could+do：2、表示與過去事實相反的情況從句：If+主語+had+done主句：主語+should/would/might/could+haveEg: 1 If I had got there earlier,I should/would have met her. 如果我早到那兒，我就會見到她。（事實：去晚了）2If he had take

49、n my advice, he would not have made such a mistake. 如果他聽我的勸告的話，就不會犯這樣的錯誤了。（事實：沒有聽我的話） “ If.Then” Constructions 這種結(jié)構(gòu)可以有多種時態(tài)搭配的方式，以下是最常見的五種 General Rule with no uncertainty If Jack eats pizza, then he becomes ill. (If present, then present) 這種類型等同于：Whenever Jack eats pizza, he becomes ill. General Rul

50、e with some uncertainty If Jack eats pizza, then he may become ill. (if present, then can or may)在這里，can 或者 may 表明一個不確定的結(jié)果 Particular Case(in the future) with no uncertaintyIf Jack eats pizza tomorrow, then he will become ill. (if present, then future) Unlikely Case(in the future)If Jack ate pizza t

51、omorrow, then he would become ill (if hypothetical subjunctive, then conditional)Could, should, might, would Case That Never Happened( in the past) If Jack HAD EATEN pizza yesterday, then she WOULD HAVE BECOME ill.( if past perfect, then conditional perfect)GMAT中有ifthen 結(jié)構(gòu)的歸入以上五種，注意的是，GMAT的SC里不允許把wo

52、uld 或者should 放在if部分的句子里。第二種：The Command Subjunctive這種類型的虛擬語氣在GMAT中比第一種更重要。伴隨著發(fā)令詞(bossy verb)的出現(xiàn)而使用（告訴人們做什么）基本形式：Bossy Verb+ That+Subject+Command subjunctive 例子：The agency REQUIRED that Gary BE ready before noon. We PROPOSE that the school board DISBAND這兩個句子中，be 和 disband是命令語氣。原則：1.第三人稱的動詞不以S結(jié)尾2.To b

53、e 必須是be, 不能是is，are, am Common Verbs that take only the Command Subjunctive when indicating desire：Demand, dictate, insist, mandate, propose, recommend, request, stipulate, suggest Verbs that take only the infinitive：advise, allow, forbid, persuade, want 例子：We allow him to be here. Verbs that take ei

54、ther the command subjunctive or the infinitive：ask, beg, intend, order, prefer, urge, requireWe require that he be here, OR We require him to be here Prohibit take other constructionRight: The agency prohibited Jack from working on weekends. 避免在whether后面使用命令虛擬語氣，例如9. Active and Passive Voice .只有當動作的

55、發(fā)出者存在時，才可以用by+doing； through 和 because of 用來表達做一件事依靠的工具或原因另外，不是必須要在一個復合句里保持active 或者passive.例如：The launch took place excellent and was seen on television練習： Has escaped應(yīng)該改為一般過去時，因為這個escape發(fā)生在過去某一具體時間點上（episode ten years ago）兩種修改：live, 或者 had livedWake up這個momentary action發(fā)生在rang之前，因此要用had woke up.但是

56、，我們可以說She was already awake when the phone rang. 因為awake是一個描述狀態(tài)的形容詞八、Comparison對比是平行結(jié)構(gòu)的一種。最常見、最重要的對比標記詞是“Like, Unlike, As, Than”。 見到以上詞匯，要下意識的找出被對比的兩種事物來1. Like VS. Asa. Like是個介詞. 因此它后面必須跟名詞、代詞、或者名詞短語。永遠不能把從句或者一個介詞短語放在Like后面！例子：Like her brother, Ava aced the test, （like+noun phrase）需要注意的是，like可以跟動名詞：Like swimming, skiing is a great exercise.b. As 既可以當做介詞也可以當做連詞（用來對比兩個句子） 在GMAT中，as和Like表達的意思是一樣的Right: