弦論對偶性及規(guī)范場對稱性(稿件)

1、規(guī)范場對稱性及弦論對偶性胡良深圳市宏源清實業(yè)有限公司摘要：對稱性(物理定理)表達了定律在各種變換條件下的不變性,體現(xiàn)為守恒量例如:空間具有 旋轉(zhuǎn)對稱性，其角動量一定是守恒的；空間具平移對稱性,其動量一定是守恒的等等。如果 沒有對稱性，物理定律將變動不定。在任意參照系變換操作下，物理定理保持不變。從弦論所具有的對偶性來看，在緊致的額外維度下，其額外維度的尺寸(r)與額外維度的 空i'可尺寸(1/r)是等價的。如果r很小，那么1/r在數(shù)值上就會很大；換句話說，如果考慮額 外的卷曲空間，一個很小的空間與一個很大的空間，在物理上是等效的。關鍵詞：對稱性，對偶性，能量，普朗克空間，光速，普朗克常

2、數(shù)，光子，對稱性破缺。分類號：0412,0413paes:03. 30. +p;98. 80.-k;04. 60. cf; 11. 90. +t;r05. 45. jn; 06. 30. dr;作者簡介：總工，高工，專家。專注于正確的物理學知識普及。energy constants theoryhu liangshenzhen hongyuanqing industrial co. , ltd, shenzhen 518004, chinaenergy constant (with hu expressed) dimension is 1/ (3) 1/ (3)廠(-3), is a phys

3、ical constant, equivalent to the size of vp * c" (3). energy constants (hu) is the smallest unit of cnergy, which is equivalent to the enorgy of elementary particles.key words: energy, planck space, speed of 1 ight, planck ? s constant, photon, symmetry breaking.paes:03. 30. +p;98. 80. -k;04. 6

4、0. cf;ll. 90. +t;r05. 45. jn; 06. 30. dr;1引言1 introduction對于任一個封閉的慣性體系來說,對稱性(物理定理)表達了定律在各種變換條件下的不變 性,體現(xiàn)為守恒量例如:空間具有旋轉(zhuǎn)對稱性，其角動量一定是守恒的；空間具平移對稱性, 其動量一定是守恒的等等。如果沒有對稱性，物理定律將變動不定。在任意參照系變換操作 下，物理定理保持不變。從弦論所具有的對偶性來看，在緊致的額外維度下，其額外維度的尺寸(r)與額外維度的 空間尺寸(1/r)是等價的。如果r很小，那么1/r在數(shù)值上就會很大；換句話說，如果考慮額 外的卷曲空間，一個很小的空間與一個很大的空

5、間，在物理上是等效的。for any closed inertial system, the symmetry (physical theorem) expresses the invariance of the law under various transforination conditions, such as: the space has rotational symmetry, its angular momentum must be conserved; space withtranslation symmetry, its momentum must be conservati

6、on and so on. if there is no symmetry, the laws of physics will fluctuate the physical theorem remains the same under any framesformation.from the duality of the chord theory, the dimension (r) of the extra dimension is equivalent to the spatial dimension of the additional dimension a/ r in the comp

7、act additional dimension, and can be abbreviated as 1 / r price. if r is smal 1, then1 / r will be very large in value; in other words, if you consider the extra curl space, a smal1 space with a large space, is physically equivalent.2物質(zhì)波的本質(zhì)2 material wave and energy constant對于任一個封閉的慣性體系來說，其能量是守恒的，其能

8、量的各種屬性也是守恒的。任一 慣性體系都具有自已的內(nèi)稟屬性，具有相同內(nèi)稟屬性的慣性體系，屬于等價的慣性體系。但 現(xiàn)實中，每一個慣性體系的時空背景都有所不同。對于光子來說，其量綱是： t"(o)*i/ 廠(-1)*(i)r(o)*r (-1)* r(o)*tr t j)。其大小是w。等價于：1/ 廠(0)*(l)r (-l)*l71)t70)*l71)r(-l)*lp*cl. 等價于:廠(o)*(i)r(-i)j*r廠(o)*i/(i)r(-i)*lp*f*x, 等價于：1/ 廠(0)*(2)廠(-2)*l*f*x.等價于：1/(2)*lp*f* 入.等價于: * i j (2)&qu

9、ot;*l * lp*f* x . 等價于： *f * l(2)" (2) (2) * 入.等價于： *u*c * l(2) /(2) (2) * 入.可見,其中，光子的質(zhì)量是：也*c； 光子的動能是：入"(1 )*lp*c*k /(2)*l (2), 等價于：vp* c"/入。for any closed in ertial system, its en ergy is con served, and its various properties of energy are al so conserved. any inertial sys tem has it

10、s own int rinsic at trib ute, with the same intrinsic attribute of the inertial system, belonging to the equivalent inertia system. but in reality, the background of each inertia system is different.for photons, the dimensionis： r(o)*r t，(-1)*廣(o)*i/ t“(-i)*i/(i)(o)*i/( 1)t" (-1) o its size is:

11、vp*c" (3)。equivalent to: 1/ (1)t“(0)*i/ t" (t)*!/ 廠(0)*l/ (1)t，(t)*l*c equivalent to: if (1)t，(0)*l/ (1)廠(-1)*1/ (1)廠(0)*1/ (1)t，(t)*lp* 入.equivalent to:l*(2)t"(0)*l"(2)t*(2)*lp*f* x .equivalent to:l(2)*c“ (2)*lp*f* x .equivalent to:入"(2)*l(2) / 入"(2)*c" (2)*l*f* 入

12、.equivalent to:入"(2)*lp*f*lp" (2)/ 入"(2)*c“ (2)* 入.equivalent to: (l)*lp*c*lp“ (2)/ 入"(2)*c" (2)* 入.it can be seen that the mass of the photon is:入 *lp*c:the kinetic energy of the photon is:入"(l)*lp*c*l(2)/入"(2) *c" (2),equivalent to: vp* c (3)/ x 0對于n個基本粒子組成的

13、慣性體系來說，當其對稱性沒有破缺時，其量綱也是：廠(0)*(l)r(-l)*r 廠(o)*i/(1)t'(-1)*i/(1)t，(o)*1/(1)t 7-1);而其大小是：vn*s" (3)。該慣性體系擁有的慣性空間,量綱是(3) r(0), 大小用vn表達；該慣性體系擁有的三維(x軸y軸z軸)空間速度,量綱是1/(3)廠(-3), 大小用s" (3)表達；該慣性體系含有的基本粒子總量，用n表達。此外：£mvp; sowl;s wc .可見，慣性體系能量大小是:l73)r(o)*r(3)r(-3)i,即：vn* s73)= vp* l(3) * n o而：

14、s=f*l ( s二f*入)，其中，s表達該慣性體系在真空中的最大一維空間速度；f“表達該 慣性體系的最大頻率(內(nèi)稟屬性)；入.表達該慣性體系的最小波長(內(nèi)稟屬性)；f表達該慣 性體系的頻率(內(nèi)稟屬性)；入表達該慣性體系的波長(內(nèi)稟屬性)?？梢姡簒 * (d* xn *s* x/ (2) / x * (2)* s"(2*x.其中，該慣性體系的質(zhì)量是："存s;該慣性體系的動能是:*入n*s * 入(2) /(2)時.等價于：vn * so"。值的注意的是:對于n個基本粒子組成的慣性體系來說，當其對稱性破缺時，根據(jù)對偶性， f則轉(zhuǎn)化為該慣性體系的頻率,即，圍繞相應的另

15、一慣性體系運行的頻率；x則轉(zhuǎn)化為該慣性 體系的波長，即，圍繞相應的另一慣性體系運行的軌道周長。其中：f*入二s.for the in ertial system of n el emen tary particles, when i ts symmetry is not broken, its dimension is also: 1/ (1)t，(0)*l/ (l)t (t)*1/ (1)t" (0)*l" (1)t" (t)* l (1)t (0)*l (1)t (-1); and i ts size is:vn * s (3)o the inertial s

16、pace possessed by the inert ial system is l (3) t (0) , and the size is expressed by vn.the spatial velocity of the three-dimensionaj (x axis y axis z axis) possessed by the inertial system is expressed as 1/廠(-3), andthe size is expressed by s"(3); the inertial system contains the basic partic

17、les quantity, expressed in n.in addition: vnvp; s" wc'(3)； swc .tt can be seen that the inertial system energy size is: 1/(3) t (0)*l"(3)t (-3), which is: vn *(3)= v* c"(3)* n。and: s=fnln ( s二f* 入),where s expresses the maximum one-dimensional spatial velocity of the inertial syst

18、em in vacuum. fn expresses the maximum frequency of the inertial system. x n expresses the minimum wavelength of the inertial system, f express the frequency of the inertial system. x express the wavelength of the inertial system. 可見：(1) * a n *s * 入(2)/入八(2)* s*(2) *x.wherein the mass of the inerti

19、al system is:入"(1)* 入 “*s；the kinetic energy of the inertial system is: (1)* 入 n*s*入/入"(2)*s，(2).equivalent to: vu * s (3) /入。from the macroscopic point of view, for the inertial system of n elementary particles, when its symmetry is broken, according to the duality, f is transformed into

20、the macroscopic frequency of the inertial system (around the frequency of the corresponding inertiol systen】); x is transformed into the macroscopic wavelength of the inertial system (the orbital circumferenee running around the corresponding inertial system). among them: f* 入二s3質(zhì)能公式及波動性的本質(zhì)3 qualita

21、tive formula and the nature of volatility對于光子(最小的慣性體系)來說：根據(jù)質(zhì)能公式:emc" (2), m表達質(zhì)量,量綱是1/(3)廠(-1)。根據(jù)能量常數(shù)理論：e=m*c* (2)*lp,或 e=lp"(3)*fp*c"(2)*lp ,或 e=l(3)*c“ (2) *lp*fp,或 e=l(3)*c，(3),或 e二vp*c" (3).根據(jù)波動方程:ek二h*f； h表達普朗克常數(shù),量綱是1/(3)t"(0)*i/ (2)r(-2)o 根據(jù)能量常數(shù)理論：e二h*f* 入，或 e二h*c,或 e=v

22、p*c72)*c,或 e=vp*l(3).from the quality of the formula and the volati1ity of view:for photons (minimum inertial system):according to the qualitative formula: ek二m*c (2), m express quality, dimension is i/(3)t"(t)according to the energy constants theory:e=m*c" (2)*1如or e=k(3)*fp*l(2)*lp ,or e

23、=l(3) *l (2) * l*fp, or e=l(3) *l (3), or e=vp*c* (3). according to the wave equation: ek二h*f； h express planck's constant,dimension is 1/(3)t“(0)*!/(2)t“(-2)。according to the energy constants theory:e=h*f* x, or e二h*c, or e=vp*c" (2)*c, or e=vp*c (3).對于n個基本粒子構成慣性體系來說：根據(jù)質(zhì)能公式：ek=m*c72), m表達質(zhì)

24、量,量綱是1/(3)廠(-1)。根據(jù)能量常數(shù)理論:ek=m*c" (2)*lp,或 e二m“*s" (2) * 入 n,或 e二入“* 入“*s*s" (2)*入“ 或 e二入(3) *s,3)，或 e=v*s*(3).從波動性來看：em*f； h表達普朗克常數(shù),量綱是1/(3)廠(0)*(2)t7-2),其大小 是，vk.根據(jù)能量常數(shù)理論:e二n*h*f*入，或e二n*vp*c" (2)*f*入,或 e二n*vp*l(2)*c,或 e二n*vp*l(3),或 e二v*s"(3)。for the n fundamental particles

25、constitute the inertial system:according to the qualitative formula: ek二m*c (2), m express quality, dimension is i/(3)t"(-1)according to the energy constants theory:ek二m*c" (2)*1如，or e二mn*s"(2) * x n, or e=入 n* 入 n*s*s"(2) * x nor e=x/(3) *s"(3) , or e=vn*s*(3).from the poin

26、t of view of volatility: ek二n*h*f； h express planek's constant, dimension is 1/(3) t" (0) *!/廠(-2) , the size is, vp*c* (2).according to the theory of energy constants:e=n*h*f* x , or e=n*vp*c" (2)*f* 入,or e二n*vp*c'(2)*c, or e二n* vp*l (3) , or e二v*s(3)。4二維全息與對偶性4two - dimensional h

27、olography and duality對于二個慣性體系來說，其相互運動的軌跡，可用圓錐曲線表達。圓錐曲線(二次曲線) 包括有：橢圓(其中，圓為橢圓的特例)，拋物線及雙曲線，可與二次方程對應。圓錐曲線(二次曲線)又可表達為：到定點(焦點)的距離與到定直線(準線)的距離之 商是常數(shù)e (離心率)的點的軌跡。具體來說，當0e<l時，為橢圓；例如，地球圍繞太陽運行。當滬0吋，為一點，例如：體現(xiàn)了二個慣性體系合并為一個更大的慣性體系。當e二1時，為拋物線；例如，光子相對于另一個慣性體系的運行。當e>l時，為雙曲線。例如，正反粒子。從代數(shù)觀點來看，在笛卡爾平面，二元二次方程圖像又稱為二次曲

28、線。根據(jù)判別式的不同, 包含有：橢圓、雙曲線、拋物線及各種退化情形。光子具有對偶性。因為：從橢圓的一個焦點發(fā)出的光，經(jīng)過橢圓反射后，其反射光線將匯聚到橢圓的另一個焦點上。從雙曲線的一個焦點發(fā)出的光，經(jīng)過雙曲線反射后，其反射光線的反向延長線將匯聚到雙 曲線的另一個焦點上。從拋物線的焦點發(fā)出的光，經(jīng)過拋物線反射后，其反射光線將平行于拋物線的對稱軸。 -束平行線垂直于拋物線的準線，向拋物線的開口射進來，經(jīng)拋物線反射后，反射光線將匯 聚在拋物線的焦點。from the perspective of two-dimensional holographic:for the two inertial sys

29、tems, the trajectory of their mutual movement can be expressed by a conic curve conic curve (quadratic curve) ineludes: ellipse (where the circle is an exception to the ellipse), parabolic and hyperbolic, can correspond to the quadratic equation.the conic curve (quadratic curve) can be expressed as

30、the trajectory of the point where the distance from the fixed point (focal point) is the distance from the fixed line (line) is the point of the constant e (eccentricity).specifically,when 0 <e <1, it is an ellipse; for example, the earth is running around the sun.when e = 0, for a little, for

31、 example: embodies the two inertial systems merged into a larger inertial systemwhen e = 1, it is a parabola; for example, the operation of the photon relative to another inertial systemwhen e> 1, it is hyperbolic. for example, positive and negative particles-from the algebraic point of view, in

32、the cartesian plane, the bin ary quadratic equalion image is also cal led the quadratic curve according to the different discriminant, contains: elliptical, hyperbolic, parabolic and a variety of degradation.photons have duality. because:the light emitted from a focal point of the ellipse is reflect

33、ed by the ellipse and its reflected 1ight converges to another focal point of the ellipse.the 1 ight emitted from a focal point of the hyperbola is reflected by the hyperbola and the reverse exte ns ion its reflected 1 ight con verges to an other focal point of the hyperbolathe light emitted from th

34、e focus of the parabola, after parabolic reflection, the reflected light will be parallel to the parabolic axis of symmetry.a beam of parallel lines perpendicular to the parabola of the line, to the parabolic ope ning of the in cid ent, the parabo 1 ic ref lec ti on, the reflected 1 ight wi 11 con v

35、erge in the parabolic focus.5結論5 conclusion對于n個基本粒子組成的慣性體系來說，當其對稱性沒有破缺時，其量綱也是：1/(1)匸(0)* r(-l)*c 廠(0)* t"(-l)* t"(0)* t 7-1)；而其大小是：vn* s73)。該慣性體系擁有的慣性空間,量綱是1/(3) r(0), 大小用vn表達：該慣性體系擁有的三維(x軸y軸z軸)空間速度,量綱是(3)r(-3)l， 大小用s" (3)表達；該慣性體系含有的基本粒子總量，用n表達。此外：vnmvp; s"(3)w(t(3)； s wc .可見，慣性體

36、系能量大小是:tr(3)r(o)<r(3)r(-3),即：x* s73)= vp* l(3)* n。而：s=fn*ln ( s=f* x ),其中，s表達該慣性體系在真空中的最大一維空間速度；fn表達該 慣性體系的最大頻率(內(nèi)稟屈性)；入n表達該慣性體系的最小波長(內(nèi)稟屈性)；f表達該慣 性體系的頻率(內(nèi)稟屬性)；入表達該慣性體系的波長(內(nèi)稟屬性)o可見：入"*入n *s*入(2)/入"(2)* s*入.其中，該慣性體系的質(zhì)量是：入八(1)*祐;該慣性體系的動能是：(i)*s”b(2)/(2)s(2等價于：v j s"/ 對于n個基本粒子組成的慣性體系來說，

37、當其對稱性破缺時，根據(jù)對偶性，f則轉(zhuǎn)化為該 慣性體系的頻率,即，圍繞相應的另一慣性體系運行的頻率；x則轉(zhuǎn)化為該慣性體系的波長, 即，圍繞相應的另一慣性體系運行的軌道周長。其中：f* x =s.for the inertial system of n elementary particles, when its symmetry is not broken, its dimension is also: 1/ t" (0)*i/ 廠(t)*i/ 廠(0)*!/ 廠(t)* 1/(1)t" (0)*l" (1)t" (t) ； and its size is:vn* s"(3)。the inertial space possessed by the inertial system is it"(0), and the size is expressed by vn.the spatial velocity of the threedimensional (x axis y axis z axis) possessed by the inertial system is expressed as