現(xiàn)在完成時被動語態(tài)小結(jié)和專項練習

1、學習必備歡迎下載現(xiàn)在完成時（ The present perfect tense）的用法小結(jié)一、構(gòu)成：助動詞have / has p.p（動詞的過去分詞）二、用法：現(xiàn)在完成時既涉及過去，又聯(lián)系現(xiàn)在。用法一：表示過去發(fā)生或已經(jīng)完成的某一動作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果。常與 just（剛剛），already（已經(jīng)），never（從來沒有），ever（曾經(jīng)），before（以前），yet（仍然），once（一次），twice （兩次），many times（很多次），how many times （多少次），so far（迄今為止），during the past（ last） three years（

2、最近三年來）等連用。 副詞的位置： just 常用于肯定句中，放在 have / has 后， He has just come . never 表示否定 , 放在 have / has 后 , He has never visited the Great Wall. ever 用于疑問句中 ,句型為 : Have / Has 主語 ever 過去分詞？“曾經(jīng)過嗎？”用于詢問某人過去的經(jīng)歷。 Have you ever been to the farm？ before 用于句末， The woman has never heard of that before. yet 用于句末或not 之后

3、 .Has the train arrived yet? No, not yet. already 用于肯定句 , have / has 之后或句末 .We have already finished it. so far 用于句首或句末 . So far, we have visited the moon.用法二：表示過去已經(jīng)開始，一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作或狀態(tài)。時間狀語有： for表示一段時間的詞語 I have taught English for 19 years。 since表示過去時間點的詞語 He has been at this school since 1986.since表示過

4、去的時間狀語從句I have lived here since I was born. since一段時間 ago. I have known him since 20 years ago.三、現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)中可以和表示一段時間狀語（for ， since， how long, all ones ）life連用的動詞必須是表示延續(xù)的情況或動作的動詞，即延續(xù)性動詞。如：be，have，know ，live ，work ，study，learn，teach，keep，speak，talk ， draw， wait ， wear，walk ， sleep， drive， write ， do， cle

5、an 等。I have been a teacher for nearly 20 years. How long has he lived here?四、延續(xù)性動詞的現(xiàn)在完成時可和包括“現(xiàn)在” 在內(nèi)的（到說話時仍未結(jié)束）表示一段時間的狀語連用。如 thismorning ， today， this week， these daysHe has been to Beijing three times this year. He has written two letters this morning（.說話時間在上午） He wrote two letters this morning.（說話時

6、間在下午或晚上）五、英語中還有一些動詞的意義決定它們所表示的動作不能延續(xù),只是一瞬間就結(jié)束的動作,這類動詞叫做“非延續(xù)性動詞” ，常見的有： come，go， arrive， reach， see， hear， close， open，leave， begin， start， lose， buy， fall ， join ，die， get up， become， borrow ， lend， find ， finish ， receive 等。這些動詞可用于現(xiàn)在完成時，說明某個動作的結(jié)果還存在，但不能和表示一段時間的狀語（how long ，for ， since）連用。He has com

7、e back.（） He has come back for two hours.（×） 但在否定句中，非延續(xù)性動詞也可用表示一段時間的狀語來修飾，如I haven t heard from my father for a long time. We haven t seen him since 1999.六、當終止性動詞（非延續(xù)性動詞）與表示一段時間的狀語（how long ， since， for， all one改正錯句的方法有如下幾種:（ 1）用副詞 ago 把現(xiàn)在完成時的句子改為一般過去時.s life）相矛盾時,He has come back for two weeks

8、.（錯）改為:He came back two weeks ago（.正）I have lost my bike for ten days.（錯）改為:I lost my biketen days ago.（正）（ 2）用“ It is / has been時間 since一般過去時態(tài)”句型來改寫。He has joined the League for 3 years. （錯） It is 3 years since he joined the League.I have bought the book for 5 days.（錯） It is 5 days since I bought t

9、he book.（正）He has died for 20 years. （錯） It is 20 years since he died. （正）（ 3）用“時間has passed since一般過去時態(tài)”句型來改寫。He has left home for 20 years.改為 :Twenty years has passed since he left home.He has lost his pen for 2 days. 改為 :Two days has passed since he lost his pen.（ 4）用系表結(jié)構(gòu)來改寫.He has died for 20 ye

10、ars. 改為 : He has been deadfor 20 years.The factory has opened since 1999. 改為 :The factory has been opensince 1999.How long has he left?改為 :How long has he been away?（ 5）用相應(yīng)的延續(xù)性動詞替代非延續(xù)性動詞。H e has bought the book for two weeks.改為 :He has had the book for two weeks.常見的相應(yīng)轉(zhuǎn)換形式如下:borrow / lend keep, buy h

11、ave, finish / end be over, arrive /come / go / move / reach /get to be in /at / be here /be there, begin / start be on , open be open , close be closed, die be dead , leavebe away（ from ）,go to school 學習必備歡迎下載be in school / be a student, get up be up, fall asleep be asleep , fall ill be ill, get to

12、know know, lose be lost, become be, return / come back / get back be back, join be in / be amember, join the army be in the army /be a soldier, receive / get a letter have a letter , catch / get a cold have a cold, begin to study study, 他參軍已有三年 .He has joined the army for three years. （錯）改為 :He has

13、been in the army for three years / since three years ago.He has been a soldierfor three years / since three years ago.He joined the army three years ago.It is three years since he joined the army.Three years has passed since he joined the army.七、如何通過與一般過去時做比較,進一步掌握現(xiàn)在完成時?一般過去時和現(xiàn)在完成時的動作都發(fā)生在過去,但意義卻不同 .

14、（ 1） 一般過去時只表示過去的動作或狀態(tài),和現(xiàn)在不發(fā)生關(guān)系?，F(xiàn)在完成時表示過去發(fā)生的某一動作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響,強調(diào)的是現(xiàn)在。如 :I learned ten English songs（說明過去學過,現(xiàn)在是否記得 ,不是本句的內(nèi)容）I have learnt ten English songs.（ learn 發(fā)生在過去 ,但強調(diào)我現(xiàn)在懂英語歌曲）I cleaned the blackboard half an hour ago. （只說明“擦”和其發(fā)生的時間） I have cleaned the blackboard.（說明現(xiàn)在黑板是干凈的）The teacher has written

15、 some new words on the blackboard （黑板上現(xiàn)在有單詞）（ 2）一般過去時可以和表示過去的時間狀語連用,如 :yesterday, last year, three days ago, just now, 等。現(xiàn)在完成時不能和表示過去的時間狀語連用,其時間狀語可以是since ,for , just, ever, never, before, already, yet , so far,all one s等life,即在原形后加 ed（ d）。已學近80 個不規(guī)則動詞的過去分詞約八、規(guī)則動詞的過去分詞和它的過去式相同有半數(shù)也和它的過去式相同,分類如下 ,利于記憶

16、 :原形中的元音字母有變化:get-got-got,sit sat-satwin-won-wonspit- spat- spatshine shone- shonefind- found- found hold-held-heldmeet- met-met stand- stood-stoodunderstand-understood-understoodfeed- fed-fedhang-hung-hung原形中的輔音字母有變化:make-made-madespill-spilt-spilthave/ has-had-hadbuild-built-builtsend-sent-sent le

17、nd- lent- lentspend-spent-spent在原形后加 t 或 d:spoil-spoilt-spoilt learn-learnt-learntmean-meant-meanthear-heard-heardpay-paid-paidsay-said-said lose-lost-lostlay-laid-laid原形中的元音字母和輔音字母都有變化:feel-felt-feltsmell-smelt-smeltspell-spelt speltkeep-kept-keptsleep-slept-slept sweep-swept-sweptleave-left-leftse

18、ll-sold-soldtell-told-told catch-caught-caughtteach-taught-taught buy-bought-boughtbring-brought-brought think-thought-thoughtwear-wore-worn與原形相同 :hit-hit-hit hurt-hurt-hurtlet-let-letput-put-putread-read-readset-set-set shut-shut shutcost-cost-costcut-cut-cut還有些不規(guī)則動詞的過去分詞與過去式不相同,為便于記憶 ,也分類如下 :1) 原形

19、中的元音字母有變化 :ring-rang-rung sing-sang-sung drink-drank-drunk swim-swam-swum begin-began-begun sink-sank-sunk2) 在原形上加 en:eat-ate-eaten fall-fell-fallen ride-rode-ridden write-wrote- written be-was/were-been rise-rose-risen forget-forgot-forgotten3) 在原形上加 n:see-saw-seen give-gave-given drive-drove-drive

20、n take-took-taken mistake-mistook-mistaken draw-drew-drawn blow-blew-blown grow-grew-grown know-knew-known show-showed-shown throw-threw-thrown4) 在過去式上加 n:steal-stole-stolenbreak-broken brokenchoose-chose-chosenspeak-spoke-spokenwake-woke-woken6) 與原行相同 :come-came-come run-ran-run become-became-becom

21、e7) 原形、過去式和過去分詞都不相同的:do-did-donego-went-gonefly-flew-flownlie-lay-lain學習必備歡迎下載個別動詞有兩個過去式和過去分詞,一個為規(guī)則變化,另一個為不規(guī)則變化:learnlearned-learnedshineshined-shinedsmellsmelled-smelledlearnt-learntshone-shonesmelt-smeltwakewaked-wakedspellspelled-spelledwoke-wokenspelt spelt現(xiàn)在完成時專項練習1. 現(xiàn)在完成時的結(jié)構(gòu)： _2. 至少寫出 10 個短暫性動

22、詞和其對應(yīng)的延續(xù)性動詞：_典型例題解析一 . 選擇填空1.() Mr. Dong _ actually _ in Kowloon Walled City since he was very young.A. have livedB. has livedC. have liveD. has living2.()-Do you know Yao Ming very well?-Of course !.I _a lot of news about him on TV so far.A. readB. am readingC. have readD. reads3.()- Now Nanjing is

23、 so beautiful that I can t recognize it whenk. I came bac-Yes. Great changes _ in the past ten years.A. has taken placeB. have taken placeC. took placeD. take place4.()-Where is my English book ? -I _it here but I can t find it now.A. puttedB. have just putC. was puttingD. am putting5.()It s 7:30. I

24、 can t believe you _ cooking dinner yet, Sandy.A. didn t start B. haven t startedC. don t startD. won t start6.() Mother _me a new coat yesterday. I _ it on. It fits me well.A. had made have triedB. made have triedC. has made triedD. made tried7.() “ He _to draw horses already” . “ When _ he learn?”

25、 “ Last year ”A.learned has B. learned did C. has learned has D. has learned did8.() Tom _up into the tree. Look, he _ high up there !A. has get is B. has climbed was C. got was D. climbed is9.() _ you _ the text _ ? Yes, we _ it two hours ago.A. Did copy yet didB. Have copied already haveC. Have co

26、pied yet didD. Did copy ever had10.() -Have you got the plan ready _?-No,_.A. already , not yetB. yet , not yet C. already , I havenD. evert , not yet二 . 用動詞的正確形式填空1. We _(study ) in Little Star English since two years ago.2. - _Oxfam Trailwalker _(be) one of Hong Kong s biggest-raisingfundevents si

27、nce 1981?-Yes , it_.3. Tsunami _(not happen) in the south-east of China recently.4. My father _ (read) the novel twice.5.- The door is open. Who _ (open) it? Do you know?-Sorry, I don t know.6.- She _(buy) a Hello Kitty for you , hasn t she?-Yes, she _.She _(buy) it in Sanrio Puroland last summer.7.

28、 This is the nicest park I _(see).8. -Are you sure you_(lose) your dictionary?- Yes, I _(look) for it everywhere , but I still can t find it.9. The children _ (enjoy) themselves in the party last Sunday morning.10. They _ (study) English for a long time.三 . 對下列句子劃線部分提問：1.Miss Brown has taught Englis

29、h for 15 years.(改為一般疑問句句，并作肯定回答）_2.The soldiers have already planted some trees on the river bank. （改為否定句）_3.He has planted some trees in front of his house._學習必備歡迎下載4.Daniel has collected some Chinese stamps._5.The two Australian teachers have visited that village twice._6.My friend has been away f

30、or about a month._7.Millie hasn't come because he is ill._8.She will be back in two days.( 用 for two days改寫 )_四 .句型轉(zhuǎn)換1.The dress is very beautiful. I want to buy it very much. ( 同義句 )The dress isbeautifulI want to buy it very much.2.He can help us because he has organized a charity show before.

31、(對劃線部分提問 )_ _ he _ us?3.I wonder who can join in this party. ( 同義句 )I wonder who can _ this party.4.To join the Riding Club is fun. (用 it 改寫 )_ is _ _ the Riding Club.5. We learnt Japanese last year. (同義句 )Japanese _ _ _ _ _ _ .6.I have known Sandy since three years ago. ( 對劃線部分提問 )_ you _ Sandy?7.T

32、hey borrowed the book three days ago.（同義句）They _ the book _three days.8.He is watching TV now. (用 at that time 改寫 )He _ TV at that time.9.I ll show my friend these photos when I come back同.(義句 )I ll show these photosmy friendI come back.10.Millie spent at least 50 yuan on the dictionary. ( 同義句 )Mill

33、ieat least 50 yuanthe dictionary.Millieat least 50 yuanthe dictionary.The dictionaryMillie at least 50 yuan.五 . 根據(jù)漢語提示完成句子1你最近收到你爸爸的來信了嗎？_ you _ _ your father _ ?2. 我已經(jīng)很長時間沒有拜訪過我姑姑了。3. Simon 曾經(jīng)去過幾次中國。Simon _ _ _ China for _ _ _.4. 他們已經(jīng)去電影院了。5. Smith 夫婦還沒有回來。The Smiths _ _ _ _.被動語態(tài)（ the Passive Voice

34、)用法小結(jié)一語態(tài)語態(tài)是表示主語和謂語的關(guān)系的。如果主語是動作的執(zhí)行者，動詞要用主動語態(tài)；如果主語是動作的承受者，動詞就要用被動語態(tài)。二被動語態(tài)的基本結(jié)構(gòu)be + 過去分詞（人稱 .數(shù). 時態(tài)的變化都體現(xiàn)在助動詞be 的變化上）三. 被動語態(tài)適用情況1 當我們不知道動作的執(zhí)行者時； 2 我們不必提出動作執(zhí)行者時； 3 要強調(diào)動作承受者時； 4 出于行文的需要四. 主動句與被動句的轉(zhuǎn)換主動句的結(jié)構(gòu)：主語+謂語+賓語+其它成分學習必備歡迎下載被動句的結(jié)構(gòu)：賓語 +be +動詞過去分詞 +by +主語 (賓格 ) +其它成分可以省略e.g.People use English freely. 主(動句

35、）English is used (by people)freely. (被動句）五被動語態(tài)的幾種時態(tài)（時態(tài)是表示行為動作和狀態(tài)在各種時間條件下的動詞形式）一般現(xiàn)在時結(jié)構(gòu)：主語 am / is / are +過去分詞e.g.主動句： She cleans her room every day.被動句： Her room is cleaned (by her) every day. 肯(定句）否定句： Her room isn t cleaned (by her) every day.一般疑問句： Is her room cleaned (by her) every day?注意：被動句的 be

36、 助動詞的變化應(yīng)按被動句中新主語的人稱和數(shù)而變化，其時態(tài)應(yīng)與主動句的時態(tài)一致2.一般過去時結(jié)構(gòu)：主語 was / were +過去分詞e.g.主動句： The workers made the VCD last week.被動句： The VCD was made by the workers last week.肯(定句 )否定句 :The VCD wasn t made by the workers last week.一般疑問句： Was the VCD made by the workers last week?3. 一般將來時結(jié)構(gòu)：主語 will be + 過去分詞e.g. 主動句：

37、 My father will send me to America soon.被動句：肯定句： I will be sent to America by my father soon.否定句： I won t be sent to America by my father soon.一般疑問句： Will you be sent to America by your father soon?4. 現(xiàn)在完成時結(jié)構(gòu)：主語 have / has +been + 過去分詞e.g.主動句 : The boy has finished the work.被動句 :肯定句 : The work has b

38、een finished by the boy.否定句 :The work hasn t been finished by the boy.一般疑問句 :Has the work been finished by the boy?六. 被動語態(tài)中的特殊情況1.不及物動詞帶介詞和介詞賓語時，在變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時，仍然要帶上介詞。e.g. The students listen to the teacher carefully in class.被動句： The teacher is listened to carefully by the students in class.e.g. They lo

39、ok after the new students in the school.被動句： The new students are looked after by them in the school.2.當動詞帶有復合賓語 (有賓補 ), 并且賓補是省去 “ to的”動詞不定式時， 在被動語態(tài)中應(yīng)加上 “ to。”例如：使役動詞（ make /let /have）或感官動詞 （hear ,see, listen to ,look at ,find ,watch,feel等）e.g. They make us do all the work.被動句： We are made to do all

40、 the work by them.e.g. We often hear her sing songs.被動句： She is often heard to sing songs by us.e.g. I saw him walk to school.學習必備歡迎下載被動句： He was seen to walk to school by me.當動詞帶有復合賓語 (賓補 )，其賓補是帶有 “to的”動詞不定式時，和一般的被動句變化一樣。e.g. Lily asks me to help Lucy.被動句： I am asked to help Lucy by Lily.3.當動詞帶雙賓語時

41、 (一個賓語是指人，一個是指物 )，將其中指人的賓語提前作被動句的主語時，另一個賓語按順序照抄下來；如是將指物的賓語提前作被動句的主語，在被動句中則指人賓語前應(yīng)加 “to或”“for ”。常見的動詞有 teach ,give ,pass ,show ,buy,tell e.g. They give me some apples.被動句： I am given some apples by them.Some apples are given to me by them.e.g. He told the child some stories.被動句： The child was told som

42、e stories by him.Some stories were told to the child by him.被動句： We are taught English by Jack.English is taught to us by Jack.e.g.She bought me a book.被動句： I was bought a book by her.語(法正確 ,不用 )A book was bought for me by her.沒有被動語態(tài)的動詞1.表示狀態(tài)或特征的及物動詞如cost, fit, have 等沒有被動形式.2.大多數(shù)系動詞：be , feel ( 摸起來

43、)， sound(聽起來 )， look( 看起來 )， smell( 聞起來 ) ,taste（嘗起來）等詞無被動語態(tài)，它們的主動形式表示被動意義。 he skirt feels very soft.這件裙子摸起來很柔軟。 Many changes have happened in our hometown. The film lasted for 3 hours.注意： growRice is grown in South China.The rice grows very well.sellAll the books were sold out yesterday.This kind o

44、f books sells well.被動語態(tài)專項練習請寫出被動語態(tài)的基本結(jié)構(gòu)：_+其它 +by sb.A. 一般現(xiàn)在時的被動語態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)：is /am/are + 及物動詞的過去分詞1 Football（ play） all over the world 。2 Many trees（ plant ） in North China.3 Rice（ grow ） in South China.4 A camera（ use） for taking photos5 Ioften（ ask） to do this work.B.一般過去時的被動語態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)：was /were+及物動詞的過去分詞其它 +by

45、 sb.1.The house（ build ） in 1978.2.All the students_(ask) to bring a kite with them last Sunday3.The car(clean)by Dad yesterday.4.I（ tell ） to wait for him right here.5.Whenthe present（ give） to him by his mother ？C. 含有情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)：情態(tài)動詞can / may / must / should + be +及物動詞的過去分詞+其它 +by sb.1. Chocolate

46、may(send) to him as a present.學習必備歡迎下載2.Computers should（ look ）after well.3.Can this kind of machine（ mend） by Uncle Wang?4.No stars can（ see） in the day-time by us.5.Must the old people _ (speak) to politely?D. 你能試著做一做含有其它時態(tài)的被動語態(tài)嗎？1. The letter(write) by Lin Tao now.2. The bridge(finish) next mont

47、h.3. The CD-ROMs(sell) already.4. The blackboard(clean) when I came in.一、選擇題()1._ a new library _ in our school last year?A. Is; builtB. Was; builtC. Does; buildD. Did ; build()2. An accident _ on this road last week.A. has been happenedB. was happenedC. is happenedD. happened()3.Cotton （棉花） _ in the southeast of China.A. is grownB. are grownC. growsD. grow()4.So far,