科技英語寫作-摘要

1、 Abstract 1 基本特性 2 時態(tài) 3 語態(tài) 4 語法修辭 5 一個典型示例 6 化學(xué)常用句式 定義：以提供文獻(xiàn)內(nèi)容梗概為目的， 不加評論和補(bǔ)充解釋，簡明、 確切地記敘文獻(xiàn)重要內(nèi)容的短文。 摘要是檢索機(jī)構(gòu)數(shù)據(jù)庫的重要 信息來源。1 基本特性 具有獨(dú)立性獨(dú)立性和自明性自明性，它是通篇文章的概括和總結(jié)，應(yīng)該反映文章的全貌，因此一篇英文摘要應(yīng)該用簡明、精煉、確切的文字向廣大讀者提供盡可能多的定性和定量的信息。 簡要陳述研究工作的宗旨與解決的問題，說明理論或?qū)嶒?yàn)方案，概述基本發(fā)現(xiàn)基本發(fā)現(xiàn)，并指出主要結(jié)論主要結(jié)論。切勿對結(jié)論做自我評價。綜述的摘要應(yīng)闡述評述的話題、范圍和評述的資料來源以及結(jié)論。

2、摘要應(yīng)確系反映文章的內(nèi)容。 摘要應(yīng)便于讀者明了這篇文章的性質(zhì)與范圍，有助于編者為存儲和檢索為存儲和檢索來確認(rèn)文章的關(guān)鍵特征。 雖然摘要不是文章本身的替代物，但摘要必須簡要、自明、足夠完整，可以文摘刊物的形式獨(dú)立存在。 摘要通常不分段，長短依文章的主題而異。不同學(xué)會和刊物的要求不完全相同。 摘要不要引證文獻(xiàn)、圖表，并不應(yīng)包括方程式、圖示或結(jié)構(gòu)式。 略號在摘要中首次使用時應(yīng)給出定義（正文首次使用仍需再次定義）。 基本類型： 報道性報道性，指示性，報道-指示性和 結(jié)構(gòu)式文摘 注意摘要與前言的區(qū)別，有關(guān)背景資料 （background information) 放前言中 摘要有幾種類型： inform

3、ative abstract indicative abstract informative-indicative abstract structured abstract 20世紀(jì)80年代出現(xiàn)的， 是報道性摘要的結(jié)構(gòu)化表達(dá) 摘要的內(nèi)容應(yīng)大致包括 IMRAD: Introduction, Methods, Results and Discussion獨(dú)立短文：獨(dú)立性 The first studies by Shuford et al. (Polym Eng Sci 1976,16,25) of the effect of draw ratio on the piezoelectric pro

4、perties of poly(vinylidene fluoride) films concluded that the effect of molecular orientation due to draw prior to film polarization was to increase greatly the piezoelectric response. Compare the results, according to the equations (1), (2), (3), (4), defining inhibition type is competitive one. EI

5、的文摘長度一般不超過150 words，或1500字母。 美國物理學(xué)會Style Manual, 不超過500個單詞。 對化學(xué)文摘兩個最基本的形式： 報道性文摘（informative abstract） It can and should briefly state the problem, the method used to study the problem, and the principal data and conclusions. 指示性文摘（indicative abstract） This type of abstract is designed to indicate t

6、he subject of a paper, making it easy for potential readers to decide whether to read the paper. 指示性文摘環(huán)境電分析化學(xué) 介紹了環(huán)境電分析化學(xué)的基礎(chǔ)、應(yīng)用和發(fā)展，并與其他分析技術(shù)進(jìn)行了比較。 報道-指示性文摘 電化學(xué)法研究和現(xiàn)場界面電容測量表明，電拋光時，銅、溶液界面存在n-型半導(dǎo)體固態(tài)膜。XPS檢測表明，該膜主要由Cu2O和Cu2OH2O 構(gòu)成。探討了銅在H3PO4溶液中電拋光機(jī)理。關(guān)于結(jié)構(gòu)式文摘 韓仲琪，李炳汝，王慶法. 醫(yī)學(xué)論文英文摘要格式 及其寫作問題. 編輯學(xué)報，2002，14（6）：4

7、12據(jù)統(tǒng)計，目前世界上約有60的核心生物醫(yī)學(xué)期刊采用結(jié)構(gòu)式摘要，但此種摘要不適合綜述之類的文章。結(jié)構(gòu)式文摘是按Objective（目的）、Methods（方法）、Results（結(jié)果）和Conclusions（結(jié)論）逐一闡述論文的梗概。在Objective項，可直接用動詞不定式的一般式主動語態(tài)，如To provide, To explore, ; Methods和Results 項，可用一般過去時（有時也用現(xiàn)在完成時）及其被動語態(tài)；Conclusions 則用一般現(xiàn)在時 Abstract Objective: Determination of components of meleumycin

8、of domestic products to improve the quality specification of meleumycin of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2005. Method: using liquid chromatography combined with mass spectrometry (LC/MS) to identify the eight major components of the reference substance of meleumycin, using this method, eight components

9、of twelve samples were qualified. Result: The contents of the components of midecamycin A1 and leucomycin A6 was 30%50% and 10%20% respectively, the contents of the rest components were lower, different manufactures produces have different components. Conclution: To revise the specification of meleu

10、mycin for quality control. meleumycin 麥白霉素，midecamycin 麥迪霉素 leucomycin 吉他霉素Objective動詞不定式開頭To investigate To study To explore To examine To determine To report To review 使用第一人稱時，用凡指的we, the author, the authors ,不用I。如：In this paper we conclude Methods用完整的句子，以被動句和過去時態(tài)為主。 Results用一般過去時陳述實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果。 Conclusio

11、ns集中表達(dá)作者的學(xué)術(shù)觀點(diǎn)。參見：劉雪立.醫(yī)學(xué)論文英文結(jié)構(gòu)式摘要的寫作，中國科技期刊研究，2003，14（4）：452 摘要的基本內(nèi)容與寫法 The Abstract should provide a brief summary of the main sections of the paper:Introduction, Materials and Methods, Results, and Discussion. An abstract can be defined as a summary of the information in a document. The Abstract sh

12、ould never give any information or conclusion that is not stated in the paper. The language should be familiar to the potential reader. Omit obscure abbreviations. Write the paper before you write the abstract. 1 基本特性 2 時態(tài) 3 語態(tài) 4 語法修辭 5 一個典型示例 6 化學(xué)常用句式2 時態(tài)以一般現(xiàn)在時為主，也使用一般過去時和 現(xiàn)在完成時 說法一：從理論上講： 一般現(xiàn)在時一般現(xiàn)

13、在時 通過科學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)取得的研究結(jié)果、結(jié)論，揭示自然界的客觀規(guī)律 一般過去時一般過去時 在一定范圍內(nèi)所觀察到的自然現(xiàn)象的規(guī)律性認(rèn)識，這種認(rèn)識也許有一定的局限性 現(xiàn)在完成時現(xiàn)在完成時 表明過程的延續(xù)性，雖某事件（過程）發(fā)生在過去，但強(qiáng)調(diào)對現(xiàn)實(shí)所產(chǎn)生的影響 說法二： EI 數(shù)據(jù)庫建議： 用過去時態(tài)敘述作者工作； 用現(xiàn)在時態(tài)敘述作者結(jié)論。說法三論文是通過科學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)揭示客觀真理。所取得的結(jié)果，無論是過去，還是現(xiàn)在或?qū)Ⅰ缍际侨绱?。故常用現(xiàn)在時表達(dá)。過去時“表達(dá)一件過去發(fā)生過的事，而且現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)完結(jié)了。”如文中指出發(fā)生的日期和時間是寫文章之前，必須用過去時，例：This was first known in 19

14、30. 許多論文，雖然是作者過去做的工作和得到的結(jié)論，然而這些工作和結(jié)論并不是達(dá)到“完結(jié)了”的階段，而是還會有人，也可能是作者本人，繼續(xù)研究下去，從而產(chǎn)生進(jìn)一步的改進(jìn)和完善。從這一角度出發(fā)，可以用現(xiàn)在完成時來描述已做過的工作，以表達(dá)這種延續(xù)性。例： Man has not yet discovered an effective cure for the common cold.（人類至今尚未發(fā)現(xiàn)一種有效治療感冒的方法。） 句中隱含著估計一段時間后也不會發(fā)現(xiàn)，但是將耒能否會有，尚有待事實(shí)來說明。（參見：周春暉編著. 科技英語寫作. 北京：化學(xué)工業(yè)出版社，2003） 舉例 一般現(xiàn)在時及其被動語態(tài)一

15、般現(xiàn)在時及其被動語態(tài) PET films uniaxially drawn in hot water are studied by means of conventional DSC and modulated DSC (MDSC). Variations of Tg with the water content and with the drawing are discussed in terms of the structure in these materials. The increments of Cp at Tg are also interpreted using a three

16、 phases model. The sources of noise in the instrument are discussed, and simple models and methods for reducing noise are presented. The instrument can be used for fast scanning calorimetry of submicrogram samples with sensitivity of 1 nJ/K and time solution of 5 ms. The method has been successfully

17、 tested on materials of known critical cooling rates. The data have been analyzed by the McMillan-Mayer theory to determine the enthalpic interaction coefficients.一般過去時及其被動語態(tài)一般過去時及其被動語態(tài)An analysis of the cure kinetics of several different formulations composed of bifunctional epoxy resins and aromat

18、ic diamines was performed. All kinetic parameters of the curing reaction were calculated and reported. Dynamic and isothermal DSC yielded different results. An explanation was offered in terms of different curing mechanism which prevail under different curing conditions. A mechanism scheme was propo

19、sed to account for various possible reactions during cure.現(xiàn)在完成時及其被動語態(tài)現(xiàn)在完成時及其被動語態(tài)The partial molar enthalpies of mixing of NaHSO4 and KHSO4 have been measured at 528K by dropping samples of pure compounds into molten mixtures of NaHSO4 and KHSO4 in Calvet calorimeter. From these values the molar enth

20、alpy of mixing has been deduced.The phase diagram of this system has been confirmed by conductometric and thermal analysis methods. By an optimization method the excess entropy of the liquid mixtures was also calculated. 應(yīng)理解為上述時態(tài)是撰寫摘要時常用的幾種時態(tài)，有時很難區(qū)分它們在含義上的嚴(yán)格差異。 上述3種說法并不矛盾，應(yīng)當(dāng)說是互相補(bǔ)充的。 這只是從語法功能的角度將其概念化

21、，實(shí)際寫作英文摘要時，這幾種時態(tài)并非完全不可互易。 1 基本特性 2 時態(tài) 3 語態(tài) 4 語法修辭 5 一個典型示例 6 化學(xué)常用句式 3 語態(tài) 目前，英文摘要仍以被動語態(tài)具多（見上例），這種語態(tài)“可以在主語部分集中較多的信息，起到信息前置，語義鮮明突出的效果。”【1】 主動語態(tài)也偶有出現(xiàn)，并有增長的趨勢，認(rèn)為“主動語態(tài)表達(dá)的語句文字清晰、簡潔明快，表現(xiàn)力強(qiáng)，動作的執(zhí)行者和動作的承受者一目了然，往往那給人一種干凈利落、涇渭分明的感覺?！薄?】 主動語態(tài) 舉例We report rheological data on anionic polyelectrolyte solutions of va

22、riable chain length and concentration, We have studied the dehydration under a t m o s p h e r i c p r e s s u r e f o r , NiNa4(PO3)6H2O ,between 25 and 700 by thermal analyses (TG, DTA), infrared spectrometry and X-ray diffraction. We find that one component (polyimide) controls the permeability v

23、alues and activation energies for helium permeation in the blends. To examine the effect of electric field on the aggregation structure of the particles, we observed light scattering of the suspension under an electric field, and found that the scattering pattern became anisotropic. We demonstrate t

24、he thermally activated nature of the-PMMA and -P(VDF-TrFE) relaxation, with activation energies of 29.3 and 13.5 kcal/mol, respectively. We refer to the lamellar thickening process as a type of secondary crystallization. 概括起來：作者告訴讀者論述怎樣的主題，可用現(xiàn)在時現(xiàn)在時, 用過去時及其被動語態(tài)過去時及其被動語態(tài)敘述實(shí)驗(yàn)方法與過程；表示實(shí)驗(yàn)前業(yè)已完成的動作（過去的過去），用

25、過去完成時過去完成時。例如：The crystallized samples had been polished before they were etched in a 0.5 HF solution at a temperature of 25 for 2 s .對實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果可用現(xiàn)在時現(xiàn)在時（表示客觀真理）或現(xiàn)在現(xiàn)在完成時完成時（已取得的階段性成果）。 科技論文英文摘要的人稱代詞與語態(tài) （中國科技期刊研究，2009，20（6）：1167） 根據(jù)較高影響因子的期刊，如: Journal of The American Mathematical Society Reviews of Modern

26、 Physics (20012005) ，構(gòu)建的語料庫，最常用的人稱代詞是： we 64.0% it 20.3% they 7.1%we 提倡使用第一人稱復(fù)數(shù)we作主語的主動語態(tài)，典型結(jié)構(gòu)是 we + 動詞 + 賓語 （1）表達(dá)研究內(nèi)容 we study investigate present examine construct introduce discuss perform（2）表達(dá)研究結(jié)果 we show prove find demonstrate obtain propose consider conclude（3）表達(dá)研究方法 we use calculate applyit i

27、t 作主語（1）被動語態(tài)作主語 it is shown/concluded/found/suggested it was found/concluded/shown（2）系表結(jié)構(gòu) it is possible/important to + 動詞 it appears（3）it + 主動態(tài)動詞 + 賓語 it follow that it 作賓語 it 起指代的作用 use it with it they 主要指代前文出現(xiàn)的名詞（指人或物） 1 基本特性 2 時態(tài) 3 語態(tài) 4 語法修辭 5 一個典型示例 6 化學(xué)常用句式 4 語法修辭 呂萍，曹云立.科技期刊英文摘要的編寫要求.編輯學(xué)報，200

28、3，15（1）：35(1) 力求簡潔 at a temperature of 250 to 300 at 250 to 300 at a high pressure of 2 kPa at 2 kPa has been found to increase increased from the experimental results, it can be concluded that the results show(2) 能用名詞作定語的不用動名詞作定語，能用形容詞作定語的不用名詞作定語 measuring accuracy measurement accuracy experiment r

29、esults experimental results 定語應(yīng)按如下的順序選擇： 形容詞 名詞 動名詞(3) 可直接用名詞或名詞短語作定語的情況下， 要少用 of 句型 accuracy of measurement structure of crystal measurement accuracy crystal structure(4) 可用動詞的情況盡量避免用動詞的名詞形式 Measurement of thickness of plastic sheet was made Thickness of plastic sheet was measured (5) 一個名詞不宜用多個前置形容

30、詞來修飾，可改用復(fù)合詞，兼用后置定語 thermal oxidation apparent activation energy apparent active energy of thermo-oxidation (6) 句子的語法結(jié)構(gòu)正確、語意清楚、邏輯合理 The influence of dispersant in inverse suspension polymerization on the configuration of products are investigated 存在的問題：1 謂語用的是復(fù)數(shù) 2 冠詞的使用，帶有泛指性 可修改為 The influence of th

31、e dispersant agent on the configuration of the products in the inverse suspension polymerization was investigated. （7）切勿偷換主語（復(fù)合句在 and 前后并非 同一主語）Twenty tablets of enoxacin were weighed accurately and calculated the everage tablet weight. Enoxacin of 20 tablets was accurately weighed and the averaged

32、tablet weight was calculated. 1 基本特性 2 時態(tài) 3 語態(tài) 4 語法修辭 5 一個典型示例 6 化學(xué)常用句式 5 一個典型示例 A detailed study of the melting behavior of oriented isotactic polypropylene has been carried out using differential scanning calorimetry. The orientation in isotactic polypropylene was produced by extruding it in solid

33、 phase. At extrusion ratio (ER ) greater four, two melting peaks were observed. With increasing ER, the lower temperature peak was found to shift to higher temperature. The corresponding shift in the higher temperature peak was much less. It is shown that these peaks originate in the melting of crys

34、talline species having different degrees of crystal disorder and stereo-block character. 此例回答了如下四個問題： 回答做了什么? （研究工作范圍） 用DSC 研究聚丙烯的熔融行為 回答怎樣做的? （實(shí)驗(yàn)要點(diǎn)） 固體拉伸取向 回答結(jié)果如何? （主要結(jié)果） 兩個熔融峰及其隨拉伸比的變化 回答原因何在? （結(jié)果的解釋,結(jié)論） 存在不同晶體 1 基本特性 2 時態(tài) 3 語態(tài) 4 語法修辭 5 一個典型示例 6 化學(xué)常用句式6 化學(xué)常用句式 （1）研究范圍 （to be）carried out performed

35、made conducted (to be) studied investigated (to be) describeddeal withelucidated givenpresenteddevelopedemployedderivedpreparedsynthesizedmonitoreddeterminedmeasuredobservedrecordedexaminedcharacterizedidentifiedtestedcalculatedproposedused to study used to establishevaluateddiscussed (2) 實(shí)驗(yàn)要點(diǎn)（to be

36、） prepared by the reaction of with synthesized via reacting obtained via condensation by means of by using by the use of using as over a wide range of over a broad composition rangeover most of the range of over the entire rangecovered the ranges from to in the range of in the temperature range from

37、 to with a variety of contentscontaining percent or more in the presence of in the absence of （3）主要結(jié)果主動語態(tài)（或被動語態(tài)）的表達(dá)形式（見上 例 ）用That 從句從句表示實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果 The results indicate that The results show that The results demonstrate that The results reveal that 由由It 引起的引起的that 從句從句 It was shown that It can be seen that It was found that It was discovered th