英語國家概況(英國部分Unit3)

1、Do You Know?Focus InDo You Know?What is the impact of the British Empire on world history?Do You Know? Be familiar with the history before the Norman Conquest Understand the feudal system after the Norman Conquest Learn about the history of the English Reformation and Renaissance Know the English Ci

2、vil War and its consequences Know the major advancements in the Industrial Revolution Be familiar with the Victorian Age Be familiar with the situation of Britain in the two world warsFocus InRoman rule ReformationThe decline of feudalismPrehistoric timesNorman ConquestAnglo-Saxon ruleCivil War and

3、RestorationBritain since WWIIBritain in and between the two World WarsEnglish RenaissanceVictorian BritainGeorgian Britain Early men came from the European continent and settled leaving behind tools dating back to the lower Paleolithic (early Stone Age) around 700,000 years ago. Stone circles, tombs

4、 and tools from the Neolithic Age (which began from around 4,400 BC) have been found all over the British Isles. The Stonehenge near Salisbury was an ancient temple built in several stages between about 3,000 BC and 1,300 BC.1. IberiansStonehenge The Celts were tribes that invaded from Europe after

5、about 800 BC. They had covered most of the British Isles by 500 BC. The Celts were highly skilled craftspeople with developed knowledge of how to make stronger weapons and tools with iron: the start of the Iron Age. The Celts living in Britain were known as Britons.2. Celts The first Roman invasion

6、of the lands took place in 55 BC under war leader Julius Caesar. A well-planned invasion by 40,000 to 50,000 Roman legions took place in the summer of AD 43. It was a massive force for those days, and the British tribes were no match for them. Despite some revolts, the Romans subdued much of Britain

7、 in the short space of forty years.1. Roman InvasionMap of Roman Britain Romans pushed north, and built the network of straight roads across the country, most of which can still be followed today. They pushed north into Scotland and built a gigantic wall, Hadrians Wall, to control the frontier. Othe

8、r marks the Roman Empire made on Britain include villas, forts, baths, and aqueducts, which can be found all over Britain today. In AD 410 Roman Emperor Constantine finally removed 2. Roman occupationHadrians Wallthe whole garrison of Britain to defend the Rhine frontier from attack. They never retu

9、rned to Britain, but left behind a rich legacy including Christianity, words with Latin origins, Roman numbers, the solar calendar, laws, and a legal system.2. Roman occupation1. Anglo-Saxon conquest Angles, Saxons and Jutes, three Germanic tribes from the northwestern Europe, invaded England in abo

10、ut AD 449. The Angles settled in the eastern, central, and northern portions of England laying foundations for the later kingdoms known as East Anglia, Mercia, and Northumbria. The Saxons also settled in England cultivating the later kingdoms of Sussex, HeptarchySussex, Wessex, and Essex. The Jutes

11、settled in Kent and the Isle of Wight. The Anglo-Saxons eventually formed seven separate kingdoms known as the Heptarchy. King Arthur was a legendary British leader of the late 5th and early 6th centuries, who, according to Medieval histories and romances, led the defence of Romano-Celtic Britain ag

12、ainst Saxon invaders in the early 6th century. The Round Table is King ArthursThe Round TableArthurs famed table in the Arthurian legend, around which he and his Knights congregate. As its name suggests, it has no head, implying that everyone who sits there has equal status.2. King Arthur From about

13、 AD 793, the Vikings from Denmark, Norway or Sweden (known as Danes) began to invade Britain. After a time of plunder and raids, they began to settle in northern and eastern England including York (called Jorvik by the Vikings) as an important centre. Alfred the Great fought against the Vikings and

14、kept control of the south of England. However, Alfred the Great3. The Viking invasionHowever, the Vikings later defeated the Saxons and there were several Danish kings of England before the Saxon kings Edward the Confessor and Harold.3. The Viking invasion1. William I Rule over England fluctuated be

15、tween the Saxon and Danish/Norwegian descendants for the first half of the 11th century. In 1066 when Edward the Confessor died, Harold, Englands foremost magnate and brother-in-law of the late King, ascended the throne. However, William of Normandy (Edwards cousin), and Harald of Norway all had a c

16、laim to the throne. Invasion was the result of this situation. King Harold defeated Harald at the Battle of Stamford Bridge in late September, but fell in battle against William in October at Hastings, a town on the south coast of England. This was the defining moment ofBattle at Hastingswhat is now

17、 known as the Norman Conquest. William was eventually crowned king on Christmas Day, 1066 and was styled William I.1. William I After the Norman Conquest, William I initiated many major changes. He undertook church reform taking command over the administration of church affairs, and established sepa

18、rate ecclesiastical courts; commissioned the compilation of the Domesday Book (1086), William I(1086), a survey of Englands productive capacity similar to a modern census. He also ordered many forts and castles, among them the Tower of London, to be built across England. His conquest also led to Nor

19、man French replacing1. William Ireplacing English as the language of the ruling classes for nearly 300 years. Under William I, feudalism was strengthened in England and evolved into the manorial system, in which a bound peasantry was subject to the rule of landlords. 1. William I2. Henry II Henry II

20、 was the founder of the Angevin, or Plantagenet, one of the ablest and most remarkable of the English kings. Henrys most significant achievement lay in his development of the structure of royal justice. He clearly established the superiority of the royal Henry IIcourts over private, feudal jurisdict

21、ions. Procedural advances included the greatly extended use of writs and juries. Henry was also engaged in consolidating his possessions. He recovered the northern counties of England from Scotland and undertook an expedition to Ireland, where he temporarily consolidated the conquests earlier made.2

22、. Henry II1. Magna Carter King John suffered the loss of Normandy and numerous other French territories. Back in England, he antagonised the feudal nobility and leading Church figures to the extent that in 1215, they led an armed rebellion and forced him to sign the Magna Carta to impose legal limit

23、s on the Kings personal powers. Magna Carta, or the Great Charter, contains sixty-three chapters. Many of the chapters defined the Kings feudal rights over his vassals, preventing the King from arbitrarily collecting revenue from the barons.King John2. Birth of Parliament During Henry IIIs reign, Si

24、mon de Montfort summoned the first elected Parliament in 1265. The franchise in parliamentary elections for county constituencies was uniform throughout the country, extending to all those who owned the freehold of land to an annual rent of 40 shillings. In the boroughs, the franchise varied across

25、the country; individual boroughs had varying arrangements. This set the scene for the so-called “Model Parliament” of 1295 adopted by Edward I.Model Parliament3. Conquest of Wales In 1282, King Edward I finally conquered the last remaining native Welsh principalities in north and west Wales. To appe

26、ase the Welsh, Edwards son (later Edward II), who had been born in Wales, was made Prince of Wales in 1301. The tradition of bestowing the style “Prince(ss) of Wales” on the heir of the British Monarch continues to the present day.4. The Hundred Years War The Anglo-Norman king had once possessed lar

27、ge tracts of land in France, but most of it was lost during King Johns reign. In the 14th century when England and France both developed into strong nation states, conflicts inevitably led to wars which intermittently spanned from 1337 to 1453, known as the Hundred Years War. It began when Edward II

28、I Hundred Years War evolutionEdward III (13271377) invaded Flanders in 1337 in order to assert his claim to the French crown. By 1422, the English and their Burgundian allies controlled Aquitaine and all France north of the Loire, including Paris. A turning point came in 1429, when Joan of Arc raise

29、d the English siege of Orlans. The French king Charles VII conquered Normandy and then retook Aquitaine in 1453, leaving the English in possession only of Calais.4. The Hundred Years War5. Wars of the Roses Two years after the ending of the Hundred Years War, a series of dynastic civil wars were sta

30、ged between the houses of Lancaster and York for the English throne, which both claimed through descent from Edward III. The wars were named for theWars of the RosesIII. The wars were named for the emblems of the two houses, the white rose of York and the red of Lancaster. The Lancastrian Henry Tudo

31、r defeated and killed Richard at the Battle of Bosworth Field on 22 August 1485, ending the Wars of the Roses. Henry was then proclaimed king styled5. Wars of the RosesHenry VII and was soon to found the House of Tudor, which marks the end of the medieval period and the beginning of Englands modern

32、times.1. Henry VIII Henry VIII is one of the most famous and controversial kings of England. His fickle passions and demand for a male heir led him to marry six women, including two divorced, two beheaded, one who died in delivery, and one who survived him. In 1527 Henry pursued a divorce from Cathe

33、rine to marry Anne Boleyn, but Pope C l e m e n t V I I d e n i e d h i m a nHenry VIII1. Henry VIIIannulment. He decided that the English church should separate from Rome. This allowed Henry to marry Anne in 1533 and more importantly established himself head of an independent Church of England, whi

34、ch had wide-ranging consequences.2. Bloody Mary Mary I became Queen and tried to convert the country back to the Catholic Church, killing many people who refused: for this reason she is often known as Bloody Mary.Bloody Mary3. Elizabeth I The religious issue which had divided the country since Henry

35、 VIII was in a way put to rest by the Elizabethan Religious Settlement, which created the Church of England in much the same form we see it today. Much of Elizabeths success was in balancing the interests of the Puritans (radical Protestants) and “die-hard” Catholics. By Queen Elizabeths death in 16

36、03, England had passed through one of the greatest periods of its history a period of flowering literature and activeElizabeth I3. Elizabeth Iexploration; a period that saw England, united as a nation, become a major European power with a great navy; a period in which English commerce and industry p

37、rospered and English colonisation was begun.English Renaissance The Elizabethan Era witnessed the English Renaissance, the cultural and artistic movement, which is associated with the pan-European Renaissance that originated in northern Italy in the 14th century. Poets such as Edmund Spenser and Joh

38、n Milton produced works that demonstrated an increased interest in understanding English Christian beliefs; playwrights, such as Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare, composed theatrical representations of the English understanding on life, death, and history. Near the end of the Tudor Dynast

39、y, philosophers like SirEnglish RenaissanceThomas More and Sir Francis Bacon published their own ideas about humanity and the aspects of a perfect society, pushing the limits of metacognition at that time.Edmund SpenserHave you heard of Edmund Spenser? Edmund Spenser was an English poet best known f

40、or “The Faerie Queene”, an epic poem and fantastical allegory celebrating the Tudor Dynasty and Elizabeth I. He is recognized as one of the premier craftsmen of Modern English verse in its infancy, and one of the greatest poets in the English language.Edmund SpenserWilliam ShakespeareDo you want to

41、know more about William Shakespeare? William Shakespeare was born in 1564 in the English town of Stratford-upon-Avon. In 1582, when Shakespeare was 18, he married Anne Hathaway, who was 26. Shakespeare had joined a well-known acting group called Lord Chamberlains Company. This group had the best act

42、or (Richard Burbage), the best theater (the Globe), and the best writer (Shakespeare). They often presented plays for royalty, including Queen Elizabeth I and King James I. Because women were not allowed to act on stage, men played the roles of female characters. William ShakespeareShakespeare himse

43、lf was known to act in plays. Shakespeare wrote 37 plays in 20 years. His plays generally fall into three categories: tragedies, comedies, and histories. Tragedies are plays that describe the downfall of the main character. His most famous tragedies include Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, and Macbeth. A

44、mong Shakespeares comedies, which are humorous plays that end happily, are A Midsummer Nights Dream, As You Like It, and The Taming of the Shrew. Shakespeares histories are dramas about the lives of some of Englands powerful kings, including Henry IV and Richard II.William ShakespeareWatch the famou

45、s Balcony Scene from Romeo and Juliet.Sir Francis BaconDo you want to know more about Sir Francis Bacon? As a philosopher and writer, Bacon attempted to explain the principles of acquiring knowledge. Because he tried to write while holding public office that demanded much time and attention, many of

46、 his works remained fragments. The writings that have been preserved have marked him as an innovative thinker.Sir Francis BaconSir Francis Bacon In all, Bacon wrote more than 30 philosophical works and many legal, popular, scientific, historical, and other books and essays. His popular literature is

47、 noted most for the worldly wisdom of a few dozen essays. He laid out a plan for the reorganization of knowledge into categories in his Novum Organum (1620), the second volume of an ambitious six-part series. But he never finished the Novum Organum or his larger project. Among the latter is The Adva

48、ncement of Learning (1605), considered with Novum Organum as Bacons main philosophical work.1. James I Queen Elizabeth I of England died in 1603 without leaving any direct heirs. Her closest male Protestant relative was the king of Scotland, James VI of the House of Stuart, so he succeeded his cousi

49、n Elizabeth I and ascended t h e t h r o n e s o f t h eJames IKingdom of England and the Kingdom of Ireland, providing the head of all three states between 1603 and 1707 under a personal union. James described kings as “l(fā)ittle Gods on Earth”, chosen by God to rule in accordance with the doctrine of

50、 the “Divine Right of Kings”.2. Charles I As his father had, Charles demanded outright loyalty in return for “just rule”, which led to a serious break between Charles and his English Parliament, and eventually to war known as the English Civil War, or English Revolution. The Civil War included aBehe

51、ading of Charles Ia series of armed conflicts and political machinations which took place between Parliamentarians and Royalists2. Charles Ifrom 1642 until 1651. The Civil War led to the trial and beheading of Charles I in 1649, the exile of his son Charles II, and the replacement of the English mon

52、archy with the Commonwealth of England in 1649.3. The Commonwealth With the execution of Charles I, a Commonwealth was declared in 1649. The Commonwealth of England was the republic which ruled first England, and then Ireland and Scotland from 1649 to 1660. After the English Civil War and the execut

53、ion of Charles I, theOliver Cromwellrepublics existence was initially declared by an act declaring England to be a Commonwealth by the Rump Parliament, on 19 May 1649. Executive power had already3. The Commonwealthbeen entrusted to a Council of State. The government during 1653 to 1659 is properly c

54、alled The Protectorate, and took the form of direct personal rule by Oliver Cromwell and, after his death, his son Richard, as Lord Protector; this arrangement led to the state being labelled a “crowned republic”. 4. Restoration Richard Cromwell was an ineffectual leader, and power quickly fell into

55、 the hands of the generals, who voted dissolution of the Rump Parliament and called for the pro-royal Convention Parliament. The latter met in the spring of 1660 and invited Charles II, then exiled in the Netherlands, to return to England. Charles II accepted the invitation, landed on 25 May 1660, a

56、nd restored the House of Stuart.5. Glorious Revolution The unwillingness of Charles II and his successor, James II, to accept the implications of this dependency had some part in bringing about the deposition of James II (1688), who was hated as a Roman Catholic as well as a suspected absolutist. Th

57、e support remaining for JamesBill of Rights accepteddwindled, and he fled to France. The Convention Parliament asked James Protestant daughter Mary and her husband William to rule5. Glorious Revolutionjointly. When the crown was offered, William III and Mary II agreed to a Bill of Rights (1689) that

58、 gave political supremacy to Parliament and severely limited the king or queens power, which marked the beginning of the constitutional monarchy in England.6. Union with Scotland Under the aegis of Queen Anne (17021714) and her advisors, the Act of Union received Royal assent in 1707, abolishing Eng

59、land and Scotland as separate kingdoms and creating the United Kingdom of Great Britain with a single Parliament. After Anne, for over a century until 1830, Great Britain was ruled by four kings of George from the House of Hanover in Germany.Queen Anne1. Industrial Revolution As the 18th century beg

60、an, an expanding and wealthier population demanded more and better goods. From the mid-18th century to the mid-19th century, inventions and technological innovations created the factory system of large-scale machine production and greater economic specialization. The labouring population, formerly e