高考英語寫作輔導-句子結構[課件]

1、句子種類兩種分類法按句子的用途可分四種：按句子的用途可分四種： 1）陳述句陳述句（肯定、否定）：（肯定、否定）： He is six years old. 2）疑問句疑問句（一般、特殊、選擇、反意）：（一般、特殊、選擇、反意）：Do they like skating? How old is he? Mary can swim, cant she? 3）祈使句祈使句：Be careful, boys. Dont talk in class 4）感嘆句感嘆句：How clever the boy is!按句子的結構可分三種： 1) 簡單句：簡單句：2) 復合句：復合句：3) 并列句：并列句： 主

2、語主語 不及物動詞不及物動詞 （ S + Vi ） 主語主語 及物動詞及物動詞 賓語賓語 ( S + Vt + O) 主語主語 聯(lián)系動詞聯(lián)系動詞 表語表語 (S + LV + predicative) 主語主語雙賓動詞雙賓動詞+間賓間賓+直賓直賓(S +Vt +O.indir+O. dir) 主語主語 賓補動詞賓補動詞 賓語賓語 賓語補語賓語補語 There + be / stand/ lie / live.簡單句的六種基本句型簡單句的六種基本句型動詞用作謂語1.表示特征和存在狀態(tài)的表示特征和存在狀態(tài)的 be, seem, feel, appear, look, smell, taste, s

3、ound;2.表示狀態(tài)延續(xù)的表示狀態(tài)延續(xù)的 remain, stay, keep,stand;3.表示狀態(tài)變化的表示狀態(tài)變化的 become, get, turn, go, grow;give 、 tell 、bring 、 send 、 hand 、 pass 、 lend 、leave 、 promise 、make 、 buy、 pay 、advise 、allow、 ask 、beg 、encourage、expect 、force 、 order 、permit 、 persuade 、prefer聯(lián)系動詞雙賓動詞賓補動詞主語主語 不及物動詞不及物動詞She came/ My hea

4、d aches.主語主語 及物動詞及物動詞 賓語賓語She likes English.主語主語 系動詞系動詞 表語表語She is happy主語主語 雙賓動詞雙賓動詞 間接賓語間接賓語 直接賓語直接賓語She gave John a bookShe bought a book for me.主語主語 賓補動詞賓補動詞 賓語賓語 賓語補語賓語補語She makes her mother angryThe teacher asked me to read the passage.There +beThere lies a book on the desk.簡單句基本句型實例簡單句基本句型實例D

5、eep water stays still.At the age of fifteen, he became a famous pianist.Her job is to look after the children in the nursery.It is not a good idea to spend your vacation with strangers.It is a fact that they cant pass the exam.Quite a few changes have taken place.Every afternoon a lot of students co

6、me to the library to borrow books.We have also planted a lot of trees in and around the school.Mother promises to give me a present.They have carried out the plan successfully.He did not know what to say.Would you please pass me the dictionary?I consider it possible to work out the problem in anothe

7、r way. She is listening to someone telling stories.Once upon a time there lived an old king in the town.John gave Mary many books，which are full of pictures(主語、謂語、表語、賓語、補語）簡單句的擴展成份簡單句的擴展成份I bought a rain coat with a flower.The dog jumped through the window.He is saving up to buy a mobile phone.A bri

8、ght little boy with rosy cheeks put three bottles of milk quietly on my doorstep before seven oclock.The young girl with long black hair seems to be very happy.Seen from the top, the city is amazing.但不管如何變，但不管如何變，都都只有一個主謂結構。只有一個主謂結構。 I shall go there if it doesnt rain.(復合句) 1.Having finished his hom

9、ework, the boy went on to help his mother. 2. What he says doesnt suit what he does. (簡單句簡單句劃線部分在句中作狀語，修飾劃線部分在句中作狀語，修飾整個句子整個句子) (復合句復合句含有一個或一個以上從句的句子。從句包括含有一個或一個以上從句的句子。從句包括（主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句）（主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句）和和等。等。指出下列各從句的類型指出下列各從句的類型vI believe that everything is going on well.vShe was read

10、ing a novel when I came in.vShe is the girl who sings best in my class.賓語從句賓語從句狀語從句狀語從句定語從定語從句句We often study Chinese history on Friday afternoon.The boy who offered me his seat is called Tom.There is a chair in this room, isnt there?He was fond of drawing when he was still a child.My brother and I

11、go to school at half past seven in the morning and come back home at seven in the evening.What he said at the meeting is very important, isnt it?The farmer is showing the boy how to plant a tree.Both Tom and Jack enjoy country music.He is in Class One and I am in Class Two.Neither has he changed his

12、 mind, nor will he do so.簡單句簡單句簡單句簡單句簡單句簡單句簡單句簡單句簡單句簡單句復合句復合句 復合句復合句 復合句復合句 并列句并列句 并列句并列句 并列句并列句需把幾個意思連接在一起時，可用分號需把幾個意思連接在一起時，可用分號或把兩個或幾個簡單句用或把兩個或幾個簡單句用并列連詞并列連詞連接連接起來，這種結構即構成一個并列句。起來，這種結構即構成一個并列句。表示表示因果因果關系，常用的連詞有關系，常用的連詞有so, for, 等。等。Hurry up, or youll miss the train.John and Jack are good friends.

13、Neither he nor I will go to that school.Neither has he changed his mind, nor will he do so.表示連接表示連接兩個同等概念兩個同等概念，常用，常用and, not onlybut also, neithernor, then等連接。等連接。表示表示選擇選擇，常用的連詞有，常用的連詞有or, eitheror, otherwise等。等。 表示表示轉折轉折，常用的連詞有，常用的連詞有but, still, yet, while, when等。等。He made a promise, but He didnt

14、keep itHe was tired, so he went to bed.(Yes)(no) (no)u1.There have been many people smoke.u2.He wins the first prize is known to all.u3.Trying your best or you will lose the game.u4.She won the first prize in the speech contest and which surprised us.u5.There are many books here, many of which writt

15、en in English.u6.Many organizations form aiming to protect wildlife.u7.Who do you think the doctor will have examine first, John or Kate?u8.Having been asked several times about it, but he could not give the correct answer .u9.Giving help if you can, and our country will improve more quickly and bet

16、ter. u 10.If reading the text a second time, the meaning will become clearer to you.1.Cutting the apples in half, so we both can eat it.2.Making up beautiful is the important thing for the most of girls.3.He points to the house which behind the big tree.4.I couldnt get through to you, so I was not g

17、o to the party.5.There are so many food in the table that made she forget her promise.6.Pointing out your suggestions to the teacher, Please.7.Since his parents dead, he became silent. 8.I find it is very difficulty to solve the question 并列句的分類1、表示連接、表示連接兩個同等概念兩個同等概念，常用，常用and, not onlybut also, neit

18、hernor, then等連接。等連接。 e.g. The teachers name is Smith, and the students name is John.2、表示、表示選擇選擇，常用的連詞有，常用的連詞有or, eitheror, otherwise等。等。 e.g. Hurry up, or youll miss the train.3、表示、表示轉折轉折，常用的連詞有，常用的連詞有but, still, yet, while, when等。等。 e.g. He was a little man with thick glasses, but he had a strange

19、way of making his classes lively and interesting.4、表示、表示因果因果關系，常用的連詞有關系，常用的連詞有so, for, 等。等。 e.g. August is the time of the year for rive harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark.Exercise:請用合適的并列連詞把每組句子合并為一個并列句請用合適的并列連詞把每組句子合并為一個并列句。He was tired, so he went to bed.1. He was tired. He went to

20、 bed. 2. The child hid behind his mothers skirt. He was afraid of the dog.3. He made a promise. He didnt keep it.He made a promise, but He didnt keep it. The child hid behind his mothers skirt, for he was afraid of the dog.附屬成分附屬成分基本成分的修飾語。可以是：基本成分的修飾語。可以是： 定語：即用來修飾名詞的單詞、短語或從句定語：即用來修飾名詞的單詞、短語或從句 狀語：

21、即用來修飾名詞或代詞以外的詞的單詞、狀語：即用來修飾名詞或代詞以外的詞的單詞、短語或從句。短語或從句。定定 語語Poor John tottered toward a hospital nearbyShe likes oranges imported from the USA.John gave Mary many books，which are full of illustrationsHave you seen the book on the desk?The boy playing over there is my brother.People there like sports.nou

22、nadj. / adv.infinitiveV-ing V-edetc.主主語語謂謂語語賓語賓語賓語賓語賓補賓補表語表語賓語賓語(間)賓語賓語(直直)VtV-lViNoun / PronounThe + adjV-ing / ClauseInfinitiveNoun / Pronoun / The + adjV-ing / Clause / Infinitivenounpronounadj. / adv.infinitiveV-ing / V-edclauseetc.John often came to chat with meJohn likes oranges very muchWhene

23、ver he gets drunk，John makes Mary very angryHearing the news, he jumped with joy.As he was ill, he didnt come to class yesterday.She is sitting at the desk, doing her homework.My father worked in this school ten years ago.Youd better stay here.狀狀 語語Examples:Oh！What is that?。@嘆詞）！（驚嘆詞）He has，alas，fai

24、led againCome here，John（呼語）（呼語）Roll on，Ocean，roll on句中可以去掉的成分，去掉后不影響句子的完整性。句中可以去掉的成分，去掉后不影響句子的完整性。這種成分和句子的其他詞沒有語法的關系。這種成分和句子的其他詞沒有語法的關系。獨立成分獨立成分（You） Come here（I wish you）Good luck！Some gave him praises，but others（gave him）rotten eggsHe runs as fast as, if ( he does ) not ( run ) faster, than you. (

25、 I ) Hope you like it. John should clean the room today and Peter ( should clean it ) tomorrow.句中被省略的成分，雖然未說出來，卻在句中表示句中被省略的成分，雖然未說出來，卻在句中表示一定的意思：一定的意思：省略成分省略成分連接成分實際上是一個連詞，用來連接兩個或幾個平行的連接成分實際上是一個連詞，用來連接兩個或幾個平行的詞、短語和分句。這種連詞叫做詞、短語和分句。這種連詞叫做并列連詞并列連詞。另一類連接成分是用來連接兩個句子、且一個句子從屬于另一類連接成分是用來連接兩個句子、且一個句子從屬于另一個句

26、子（即從句）的連詞。這類連詞叫另一個句子（即從句）的連詞。這類連詞叫從屬連詞從屬連詞。從。從屬連詞主要用于引導各種從句。屬連詞主要用于引導各種從句。一個完整的句子（主句或從句）必須包含一個完整的句子（主句或從句）必須包含2個到個到4個基本成個基本成分，此外，如果意思上有需要，還可包含一個或更多其他分，此外，如果意思上有需要，還可包含一個或更多其他的句子成分。的句子成分。連接成分連接成分簡單句只有一個限定動詞（即只有一個主謂結簡單句只有一個限定動詞（即只有一個主謂結構），它是最小的句子單位。主要起下列四種構），它是最小的句子單位。主要起下列四種作用中的一種。作用中的一種。 作一種陳述作一種陳述

27、提出一個問題提出一個問題 發(fā)出一種命令或請求發(fā)出一種命令或請求 表示一種感嘆表示一種感嘆Examples:The boy hit the dog. / The dog bit the boy.The girl read the books. / The books pleased the girl.Stephen apologized at once.Does the shop close at 7 tonight?Shut the door.What a slow train this is!簡單句的基本詞序簡單句的基本詞序主語主語動詞部分動詞部分賓語賓語 狀語狀語（謂語）（謂語） 方式方式

28、 地點地點 時間時間Iboughta hat yesterday.The children ran home.The taxi driver shouted at me angrily.We ate our meal in silence.The car stopped suddenly.A young girl walked confidently in the room.They drove him away in a police car.兩個簡單句的主語可以連詞兩個簡單句的主語可以連詞and、but、both.and、eitheror、neithernor、not onlybut al

29、so等連詞連接組等連詞連接組成一個簡單句，但應注意主語和謂語動詞的一致性。成一個簡單句，但應注意主語和謂語動詞的一致性。The boss is flying to Paris. His secretary is flying to Paris. The boss and his secretary are flying to Paris. Both the boss and his secretary are flying to Paris.The boss is flying to Rome. His secretary is not flying to Rome. The boss but

30、 not his secretary is flying to Rome.The boss may be flying to Berlin. His secretary may be flying to Berlin. Either the boss or his secretary is flying to Berlin.The boss is not flying to York. His secretary isnt flying to York. Neither the boss nor his secretary is flying to York.主語、謂語、賓語的合并主語、謂語、

31、賓語的合并兩個簡單句的賓語可由兩個簡單句的賓語可由and、bothand等連詞連接組成等連詞連接組成一個簡單句。一個簡單句。I met Jane. I met her husband.I met Jane and her husband.I met both Jane and her husband.It was cold. It was wet.It was cold and wet.I didnt meet Jane. I didnt meet her husband.I didnt meet either Jane or her husband. I met neither Jane n

32、or her husband.兩個或兩個以上限定動詞也可合并為一個簡單句。兩個或兩個以上限定動詞也可合并為一個簡單句。We sang all night. We danced all night.We sang and danced all night.主語、謂語、賓語的合并主語、謂語、賓語的合并并列句并列句常用并列連詞常用并列連詞coordinating conjunctions 平行并列連詞平行并列連詞: 轉折并列連詞：轉折并列連詞： 因果并列連詞因果并列連詞: 選擇并列連詞選擇并列連詞:and, bothand, not onlybut also, neithernor, and the

33、nbut, however, while, yetfor, soor, eitheror, neither nor并列句并列句并列句的詞序：并列句的詞序：并列句基本上保留了簡單句并列句基本上保留了簡單句的詞序。的詞序。主語主語 謂語謂語 賓語賓語 連詞連詞 主語主語 動詞動詞 表語表語Jimmy fell off his bike but (he) wasnt hurt.五種簡單句型可用五種簡單句型可用并列連詞并列連詞連接起來組成并列句。連接起來組成并列句。 主主 謂謂 狀（方式）狀（方式） 連連 主主 謂謂 表表Frank worked hard and (he ) became an ar

34、chitect.主主 謂謂 賓賓 連連 主主 謂謂 地點地點I ve got a cold, so I m going to bed. 主主 謂謂 賓賓 賓補賓補 連連 主主 謂謂 賓賓They made him chairman, but (they) didnt increase his salary.由一個主句和一個或者一個以上從句所由一個主句和一個或者一個以上從句所構成的句子。在英語書面語中應用廣泛。構成的句子。在英語書面語中應用廣泛。主句是一個完整的句子主句是一個完整的句子,它可以獨立存在。它可以獨立存在。從句是一個不完整的句子從句是一個不完整的句子,它必須和一個它必須和一個主句連用

35、，不能獨立存在。主句連用，不能獨立存在。復合句可以通過把兩個以上簡單句連接復合句可以通過把兩個以上簡單句連接在一起構成在一起構成,但復合句的各組成部份并非但復合句的各組成部份并非同等重要，其中一個句子由同等重要，其中一個句子由從屬連詞從屬連詞引引導（從句），用以修飾另一句子（主句）。導（從句），用以修飾另一句子（主句）。 復合句復合句 = 主句主句 + 從句從句復合句復合句復合句是在簡單句的基礎上，通過從屬連詞將兩個或兩個復合句是在簡單句的基礎上，通過從屬連詞將兩個或兩個以上簡單句連接在一起而構成。從屬連詞所引導的從句起以上簡單句連接在一起而構成。從屬連詞所引導的從句起形容詞、名詞、副詞的作用

36、。復合句主要包含以下類型從形容詞、名詞、副詞的作用。復合句主要包含以下類型從句：句： 1. 主語從句主語從句 2. 賓語從句賓語從句3. 表語從句表語從句 4. 定語從句定語從句5. 狀語從句狀語從句 6. 同位語從句同位語從句 英文寫作中最常使用的從句英文寫作中最常使用的從句1. 賓語從句賓語從句2. 狀語從句狀語從句 3. 定語從句定語從句復合句與簡單句：復合句復合句與簡單句：復合句 = 簡單句簡單句 + 從屬連詞從屬連詞 +簡單句簡單句He told me the news.that the match had been cancelled.賓語賓語how much he was pre

37、pared to pay for my car.that I could have the money without delay.how much he was prepared topay for my car and that I couldhave the money without delay. when he was leaving for Paris.that his fatherwas working in that school.賓語從句賓語從句復合句與簡單句：復合句復合句與簡單句：復合句 = 簡單句簡單句 + 從屬連詞從屬連詞 +簡單句簡單句I dont know him.

38、He has finished his work that he has finished his work.whether he has finished his work.賓語從句賓語從句He is leaving for Washington.that he is leaving for Washington.when he is leaving for Washington.why he is leaving for Washington.how he is leaving for Washington.whether he is leaving for Washington.復合句與

39、簡單句：復合句復合句與簡單句：復合句 = 簡單句簡單句 + 從屬連詞從屬連詞 +簡單句簡單句the people surprised That What he saidwhat he did主語主語That he didnt know the answerin the room.定語定語who were sitting in the room.who were present.whose sons were at war.who had signed the contract.復合句與簡單句：復合句復合句與簡單句：復合句 = 簡單句簡單句 + 從屬連詞從屬連詞 +簡單句簡單句That is the fact.表表 語語what he needs.what he gave me.why he was late.because he was ill.what has happened.復合句與簡單句：復合句復合句與簡單句：復合句 = 簡單句簡單句 + 從屬連詞從屬連詞 +簡單句簡單句He worked in that factorythree years ago.地點狀語地點狀語時間狀語時間狀語where his father workedin that factorywhere I livedwhen he lived thereHis father worked