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1、英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)調(diào)小竅門(mén)與練習(xí) 語(yǔ)調(diào)(intonation),即說(shuō)話的腔調(diào),就是一句話里聲調(diào)(pitch)高低抑揚(yáng)輕重的配制和變化。世界上沒(méi)有一種語(yǔ)言是用單一的聲調(diào)說(shuō)出的,以英語(yǔ)為例,英語(yǔ)有五種基本語(yǔ)調(diào):升調(diào)()、的降調(diào)()、的升降調(diào)()、的降升調(diào)()以及平調(diào)()。一句話除了詞匯意義(lexical meaning)還有語(yǔ)調(diào)意義(intonation meaning)。所謂詞匯意義就是話中所用詞的意義,而語(yǔ)調(diào)意義就是說(shuō)話人用語(yǔ)調(diào)所表示的態(tài)度或口氣。一句話的詞匯意義加上語(yǔ)調(diào)意義才算是完全的意義。同樣的句子,語(yǔ)調(diào)不同,意思就會(huì)不同,有時(shí)甚至?xí)嗖钋Ю?。?qǐng)看下例:1)A:Jean,can you bring

2、me the newspaper?B:Sorry?()Jean用升調(diào)說(shuō)“Sorry”,其意思是“I didn't hear youCould you say that again,please?”我們?cè)倏聪戮洌?)A:Jean,can you bring me the newspaper?B:Sorry()在對(duì)話2)中,Jean用降調(diào)說(shuō)“Sorry”,顯然其意思是拒絕幫助或無(wú)能為力。美國(guó)著名語(yǔ)言學(xué)家Kenneth LPike認(rèn)為:一個(gè)音節(jié)的絕對(duì)調(diào)高是不重要的,而一個(gè)音節(jié)與另外一個(gè)的相對(duì)高度才是非常重要的。 英語(yǔ)有四級(jí)能區(qū)別意義的調(diào)高:1)特高調(diào)(extra high),即比正常的聲調(diào)高

3、兩級(jí),常在感情特別激動(dòng)或驚訝時(shí)使用。2)高調(diào)(high),即比正常的聲調(diào)高一級(jí),一般用于語(yǔ)句中關(guān)鍵性的重讀詞。3)中調(diào)(mid),即說(shuō)話人聲音的正常高度。4)低調(diào)(low),即比正常的聲調(diào)低一級(jí),一般是降調(diào)的最低點(diǎn)。應(yīng)該按照說(shuō)話人的態(tài)度來(lái)分語(yǔ)調(diào)模式,而不能按照句子的語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)分。沒(méi)有所謂“疑問(wèn)句的語(yǔ)調(diào)”或“陳述句的語(yǔ)調(diào)”。因?yàn)橐蓡?wèn)句和陳述句都可以用各種語(yǔ)調(diào)模式來(lái)說(shuō)。因此,對(duì)于我們中國(guó)的英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)者來(lái)說(shuō),通過(guò)了解某種調(diào)型所表示的某種態(tài)度或口氣也就頗為重要。事實(shí)上,無(wú)論是在現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中還是在考試中,我們的學(xué)生常會(huì)因?yàn)閷?duì)這些知識(shí)缺乏了解而無(wú)法確定說(shuō)話人的態(tài)度、感情、口吻和意圖等。然而這又是一個(gè)比較復(fù)雜的

4、問(wèn)題。本文將通過(guò)具體的例子從兩方面來(lái)說(shuō)明這個(gè)問(wèn)題:I一句話中絕對(duì)調(diào)高及音調(diào)的相對(duì)高度所包含的意義眾所周知,人們?cè)谂d奮、的驚訝或感情激動(dòng)時(shí)說(shuō)話的語(yǔ)調(diào)就高,而在相反的情況下,語(yǔ)調(diào)則低。因此,在同一個(gè)場(chǎng)合中,如果一個(gè)人的語(yǔ)調(diào)明顯高于另一個(gè),或明顯低于另一個(gè),以此就可以推斷出該說(shuō)話人的意思及態(tài)度。這里我們要著重談?wù)勔痪湓捴姓Z(yǔ)調(diào)的相對(duì)高度的不同所包含的意義。一句話中的語(yǔ)調(diào)波峰一般都是句重音所在。通過(guò)一句話中的語(yǔ)調(diào)波峰所在,我們就可以了解說(shuō)話人的意思。如人們讀“I live in the city”這句話時(shí),由于強(qiáng)調(diào)的對(duì)象不同,語(yǔ)調(diào)也就隨之發(fā)生了變化。現(xiàn)不妨比較如下:I()live in the city

5、(隱含著在場(chǎng)的其他人不住在城里的意思)I live()in the city(表示“我”只是“住在”城里,其隱含的意思是“我不在城里工作”或其他意思)I live in()the city(表示“我住在城里邊”,其隱含的意思是“我不住在城外”)因此,對(duì)下面的對(duì)話所提問(wèn)的問(wèn)題進(jìn)行選擇時(shí),就不難回答了。3)M:Linda looked very tired these daysW:She looked OK to me()Q:What does the woman think of Linda?(D)AShe saw Linda and meBLinda said she was fineCShe

6、 looked up the word for meDShe considered Linda was all right這句話里的句重音碰巧落在句子的最后一個(gè)單詞“me”上。因?yàn)榕坑蒙{(diào)重讀“me”,這表示了女士有意與男士的看法形成對(duì)比,意思是:在你的眼里,她顯得疲憊,可在我看來(lái),她沒(méi)什么問(wèn)題。這表示了她那種無(wú)所謂的態(tài)度。II某些句型由于句尾語(yǔ)調(diào)的改變而引起意義改變的現(xiàn)象1使用疑問(wèn)詞who,which,what, how,when,where,why的特殊疑問(wèn)句可以用降調(diào)也可以用升調(diào),但含義是不同的。如:4)A:MrSmith thinks we ought to get the mone

7、y in hand firstB:Who?()A:MrSmithB用升調(diào)說(shuō)“Who”,表示聽(tīng)不清對(duì)方談話中的某一部分,要求對(duì)方再重復(fù)那一部分。5)A:We'd like to have someone to say a word at the beginning to welcome the groupB:Who?()A:We thought that you or DrJohnson might do itB用降調(diào)說(shuō)“Who”,其意思是問(wèn),對(duì)方想讓誰(shuí)在開(kāi)場(chǎng)時(shí)致歡迎詞。2附加疑問(wèn)句可以讀升調(diào)也可以讀降調(diào),意思是不相同的。降調(diào)表示發(fā)問(wèn)者相信陳述句的內(nèi)容,只等對(duì)方證實(shí)。升調(diào)表示發(fā)問(wèn)者對(duì)陳述

8、句內(nèi)容的真實(shí)性沒(méi)有把握,希望對(duì)方作出自己的判斷。如:6)A:You will finish the work,won't you?()B:Yes,I willA用降調(diào)提問(wèn),意思是:I know you will finish the work,but I want you to confirm it7)A:You will finish the work,won't you?()B:Yes,I will(或No,I won't)A用升調(diào)提問(wèn),表示A心中沒(méi)有把握,因此,得到的回答既可能是肯定的,也可能是否定的。因此,如果聽(tīng)到下面的對(duì)話并就所提問(wèn)題進(jìn)行選擇時(shí),哪個(gè)選項(xiàng)正確也

9、就不言而喻了。8)W:Mary says she likes playing tennisM:But she doesn't play tennis often,does she?()Q:Whatdoesthe man imply about Mary?(B)AShe plays a lot of other sports BShe doesn't really like tennisCShe only likes watching tennisDShe has a lot of things to do3語(yǔ)調(diào)可以反應(yīng)談話人的互動(dòng)性。如:9)A:Are you MrBlake?

10、B:Yes()A:Room twenty-six在這個(gè)例子中,B用降調(diào)說(shuō)“Yes”,表示B的認(rèn)可,這是一個(gè)封閉式的回答,這表明如果A沒(méi)有新的問(wèn)題要問(wèn)或新的信息要告知,也許他們的對(duì)話就可以結(jié)束了。10)A:Are you MrBlake?B:Yes?()A:Ah,the secretary would like a word with you在這個(gè)例子中,B用升調(diào)回答“Yes”,表示這是一個(gè)開(kāi)放式的回答,相當(dāng)于:“Yes But why do you ask?”或是“YesBut who want to know?”之意。這也就是說(shuō),B在回答A的問(wèn)題的同時(shí)又向A提出了一個(gè)新問(wèn)題,并要求A予以回答

11、。掌握了這一點(diǎn)之后,對(duì)于下面的對(duì)話所提問(wèn)的問(wèn)題,就不難回答了。11)M:How long shall we stay at the Grand Canyon?W:A day?()Q:What does the woman mean?(B)AWe shall stay at the Grand Canyon for one dayBShall we stay at the Grand Canyon for one day?CTo stay at the Grand Canyon for one day is too shortDTo stay at the Grand Canyon for on

12、e day is enough4陳述句式一般讀降調(diào),用以陳述事實(shí)。若讀升調(diào),往往表示對(duì)所說(shuō)事情的懷疑。如:She lent him her car()(用以陳述事實(shí))She lent him her car?()(表示驚奇、的懷疑,含有“Did she really lend her car to him ?”之意。) 再請(qǐng)看下面的試題:12)M:I started driving at 8:00yesterday and arrived here at 5:30 this morningW:You drove all night?()Q:What does the woman mean?AN

13、ight driving can be dangerousBYou shouldn't have driven during the nightCWhy don't you drive all night?DDid you really drive all night?答案為D。5有些一般疑問(wèn)句的句式讀作降調(diào),實(shí)際上表示感嘆。如:Hasn't she grown?。ǎ┻@句話實(shí)則表示:她長(zhǎng)得多快!請(qǐng)看下面的試題:13)M:Wasn't Sam's speech great!()W:Are you serious?Q:What does the man sa

14、y about Sam's speech?ASam's speech wasn't great,was it?BSam's speech was great,wasn't it?CSam gave a serious speechDSam was not serious答案為B。這里順便說(shuō)一下,問(wèn)句不表示疑問(wèn)的另一種情況:當(dāng)一方提出一個(gè)問(wèn)題,而另一方用問(wèn)句作為回答時(shí),這個(gè)問(wèn)句有時(shí)是不需要回答的,而實(shí)際上相當(dāng)于陳述句,但別有意味。如:14)A:Are you going to watch TV again?B:What else is there to d

15、o?()B反問(wèn)A一個(gè)問(wèn)題“What else is there to do?”,意思是:(除了看電視)還有什么好干的呢?因此,對(duì)下面的問(wèn)題就不難回答了。15)M:Do you think Petty is qualified to do the job?W:If Petty is not,who is?()Q:What does the woman mean?(C)APetty is not qualified for the jobBNobody is qualified for the jobCPetty is well qualified for the jobDAllexcept Pe

16、tty are qualified for the job有些一般疑問(wèn)句句式也不需要回答,其功能也相當(dāng)于陳述句,但肯定結(jié)構(gòu)表否定,否定結(jié)構(gòu)表肯定,而且傳遞了說(shuō)話人濃烈的情緒。如:16)W:Haven't you got anything better to do?()M:Ok,Mum ,I'll turn off the TV and begin to do my homework顯然,媽媽的意思是責(zé)備兒子不應(yīng)該看電視,而應(yīng)該做比看電視更有益的事也就是說(shuō),媽媽認(rèn)為兒子有更好的事可做。而對(duì)話中,兒子當(dāng)然也明白媽媽的意思,因此說(shuō)要關(guān)掉電視,開(kāi)始做功課。再如:17)M:I've observed you for ten minutesWhat have you been doing?W:Are you blind?()Q:What can be inferred about the woman's attitude toward the man?(B)APoliteBUnfriendlyCIn

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