虛擬語氣 (3)

1、 虛 擬 語 氣英語動詞有四種語氣:陳述語氣、祈使語氣、疑問語氣和虛擬語氣。一定義:虛擬語氣是一種動詞形式，表示說話人的一種愿望，假設(shè)，懷疑，猜測，建議等含義。虛擬語氣所表示的含義不是客觀存有的事實。1.概念 真實條件句:表示現(xiàn)實或可能變?yōu)楝F(xiàn)實的條件。 非真實條件句:表示非現(xiàn)實的，或不可能，或不大可能變?yōu)楝F(xiàn)實的條件。 e.g. They dont have a meeting if there is nothing to discuss. If I had time,I would study German.2.形式 虛 擬 條 件 句 主 句 與現(xiàn)在事實相反動詞過去式（be動詞用were）s

2、hould/would/could/might+do 與過去事實相反had+doneshould/would/could/might+have+done 與將來事實相反動詞過去式should+dowere to+doshould/would/could/might+doe.g. If you had got up earlier,you could have caught the train.If he came tomorrow,we could ask him.練習(xí):If you (take) my advice,you (not fail) in the exams last term.

3、If it (rain) tomorrow,the sports meeting (put off).If everyone (know)first aid,many lives (save).3.重點1）如條件句中有were,had,should,可把if省略掉，把were,had,should提前，變?yōu)榈寡b句式。 e.g. If we had made a great effort,we might have succeeded. Had we made a great effort,we might have succeeded.注意:若條件句的謂語動詞是否定形式時，不能用動詞的縮略形式

4、。 e.g. If it werent for the expense,I would go abroad now. Were it not for the expense,I would go abroad now.2)有些句子主句謂語和從句謂語表示的動作在時間上并不一致，這類句子稱為“錯綜時間條件句”。 If you had studied hard before,you would be a college student now. If he hadnt followed my advice,he wouldnt do it much better like this.3）含蓄條件句指

5、句中沒有明顯的虛擬條件句，而是利用其它手段來暗示存有的虛擬條件，如but for,with,without,otherwise,but等。 But for your help,we couldnt have finished the work.=If it had not been for your help, I might have given your more help,but I was too busy. Such a thing wouldnt have happened elsewhere. I was ill that day.Otherwise,I would have t

6、aken part in the meeting.4）省去主句的條件句常用if only引導(dǎo)，表示一種不可能實現(xiàn)的愿望。謂語形式： 謂語用過去式（與現(xiàn)在事實相反） 謂語用had done（與過去事實相反） 謂語用could/would/might+do（與將來事實相反） e.g. If only he were here. If only the rain would stop.三虛擬語氣其它用法1.用于賓語從句中1）wish后的賓語從句用虛擬語氣，表示一種不可能實現(xiàn)的愿望。謂語形式：過去式（賓語從句動作與wish同時）had+done(賓語從句動作先于wish)could/would/mig

7、ht+do（賓語從句動作后于wish） e.g. I wish (that) I were a flying bird. I wish (that) I had met that film star yesterday. I wish he would try again.2)用于表示建議、命令等詞后的賓語從句中，如demand,order,require,insist,suggest,propose,advise等。賓語從句的虛擬語氣結(jié)構(gòu)為：(should)+do e.g. He ordered that the boy (should) go with him.注意：當(dāng)suggest作“暗

8、示；表明”講，insist作“堅持說；堅持認為”講，賓語從句不用虛擬語氣。 e.g. The look on his face suggested that he was angry. Mike insisted that he had never stolen anything.3)would rather后的賓語從句用過去式表示與現(xiàn)在或?qū)硎聦嵪喾?，用過去完成式表示與過去事實相反。 e.g. Id rather you went home now. Id rather you hadnt made that mistake.2.用于主語從句中 It is suggested/propose

9、d/necessary/important/strange/natural/desired+that從句 It is a pity/a shame/no wonder+that從句 主語從句的虛擬語氣結(jié)構(gòu)為：（should）+do（表達說話者“驚訝、遺憾、應(yīng)該”等語氣） e.g. It was a pity that our team should lose the game.注意：以上句式也可用陳述語氣。 e.g. Its strange that he didnt come yesterday.3.用于表語從句和同位語從句中 在名詞advice,order,suggestion,reque

10、st,proposal,plan,idea等后邊that引導(dǎo)的同位語從句，或這些名詞作主語時后面that引導(dǎo)的表語從句中，虛擬語氣結(jié)構(gòu)為：(should)+do e.g. We all agreed to his suggestion that we (should) give up the plan. My idea is that he (should) accept the job.4.用于定語從句中 It is (high) time+that從句，從句謂語形式用過去式，或should+do(should不可省略)。 e.g. It is high time we started (s

11、hould start) out.5as if/as though用在虛擬語氣中。 as if/as though引導(dǎo)表語從句與方式狀語從句皆可，謂語形式： 過去式（從句動作與主句動作同時發(fā)生） had done（從句動作先于主句動作） could/would/might+do（從句動作后于主句動作） e.g. He looks as if he were a pop star. They talked about L.A. as if they had been there.6.“情態(tài)動詞+have+done”的用法。1）must have done:“(過去)一定做了”(否定式為cant/

12、couldnt have done) e.g. It must have rained last night for the road is quite muddy.2)can/could have done：“本來能夠做；過去可能會做” e.g. Can he have gone to his uncles?3)cant/couldnt have done:“過去不可能做；過去沒能夠” e.g. He cant have forgotten it.4)may/might have done：“也許已經(jīng)做”（只用于肯定句與否定句中，不用于疑問句；否定句中表示“可能不”，用might表示語氣更不

13、肯定） e.g. He may not have finished the work.5）should/ought to have done:“本該做（實際未做）” e.g. You ought to have done this exercise more carefully.6)shouldnt/ought not to have done:“本不該做（實際做了）” e.g. you shouldnt have told her the truth.7)neednt have done:“本不必做（實際做了）” e.g. You neednt have taken a taxi here,for it was very near to my house.8)had better have done:“當(dāng)時最好做了”（否定式為had better not have done） e.g. You had better not have beaten her.9)would rather have done：“寧愿當(dāng)時做了”（否定式為would rather not