虛擬語(yǔ)氣與倒裝句

1、虛擬語(yǔ)氣與倒裝句語(yǔ)法系列復(fù)習(xí)專題十-虛擬語(yǔ)氣、倒裝句型虛擬語(yǔ)氣虛擬語(yǔ)氣是通過特殊的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式來(lái)表達(dá)的愿望、 假設(shè)、懷疑、猜測(cè)或建議等語(yǔ)氣，它不表示客觀存在。一、虛擬語(yǔ)氣在單句中的用法常用來(lái)表示祝愿、采用固定的倒裝句式。例如：Long live the Peoples Republic of Chi na!中華人民共和國(guó)萬(wàn)歲！J be happy!J快樂!May J havea祝god time!玩得愉快！succeed!成功！make progress!進(jìn)步！二、虛擬語(yǔ)氣在復(fù)合句中的用法：1.在非真實(shí)性條件句與主句中的用法1）表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反條件從句主句般過去時(shí)（be多用于were）wou

2、ld/should/could/might +動(dòng)詞原形例女口： If I were you,I should accept the in vitati on.如果我是你，我會(huì)接受邀請(qǐng)的。If I had timewould go there.如果我有空，我就去那兒。2）與過去事實(shí)相反條件從句主句過去完成時(shí)would/should/could /might + have done例女口 ： If you had come earlier,youcouldn t/wouldn t have missed the bus.如果你早點(diǎn)來(lái)，你就不會(huì)錯(cuò)過那輛公共汽車 了。If he had see n y

3、ou yesterday,he would have retur ned your book.如果他昨天見到了你，他就會(huì)還你的書的3）與將來(lái)事實(shí)可能相反條件從句主句般過去時(shí)（be 多用were） should do,were to dowould/should/could/might +動(dòng)詞原形例 女口： If it should rain/were to rain/rained tomorrow,the sports meet would beput off.萬(wàn)一明天下雨，運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)就推遲。（事實(shí)上明天下雨的可能性不大。）If you dropped/should drop/were to dr

4、opthe glass,it would break.萬(wàn)一杯子掉下來(lái)會(huì)打碎的。4） if的省略如果條件句中有 were,had,should等助動(dòng)詞，可將if 省略，而把 were,had 或 should置于句首，來(lái)表達(dá)以if引導(dǎo)的條件句的相同意思。例女口 ： Should it rain/were it toraintomorrow,the sports meet would be put off./Had he see n you yesterday,he would have retur ned your book.5）條件句或主句的省略當(dāng)有上下文或上下句中的語(yǔ)言環(huán)境暗示的時(shí)候，表示虛

5、擬語(yǔ)氣的從句或主句往往可以省略，以避免重復(fù)。例如：Why didn t you attend the partyyesterday?1 would/should have,but I was too busy the n.I was surprised that you didn t like this job.You could have done it better. （后面省略了 if you had liked it. ）6）混合時(shí)間條件句與主句條件句與主句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間有先后之差， 應(yīng)按各 自動(dòng)作時(shí)間搭配好相應(yīng)的結(jié)構(gòu)形式。例如：Iftheteacherhadn tbee nilly

6、esterday,whocouldgive us alectureno w?/Ifyouhad reviewedtheless on ,youwouldan swerthequesti on now.7）含蓄條件句與主句即用 without( = but for),or(else) 代替 if 從句。 例如：Without/But for his help,we would nt have made such great progress.ethere hadn t been=If we hadn t gothis help,wewouldn t have made such great pr

7、ogress.2. 在as if/as though引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句中用法：在as if/as though引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句中，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞多用倒退一個(gè)時(shí)間段的方式來(lái)表達(dá)虛擬語(yǔ)氣。例如：The man speaks as if he were a foreig ner./The speaker told us a lot about that country as though he had been there many times./They talked as if they had bee n good frie nds for years.注：as if/as though從句中不一定都要用

8、虛擬語(yǔ)氣。 如果情況真實(shí)性、可能性很大，就要用正常時(shí)態(tài)來(lái)描繪。 例如：It looks as if it is going to rain.天看起來(lái)象要下雨。（下雨的可能性很大。）3 在賓語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句、主語(yǔ)從句中的用法：1）在wish后的賓語(yǔ)從句中的用法：A. 與過去事實(shí)相反的愿望：賓從謂語(yǔ)為“ had done” 形式。例如：I wish I had passed yesterday s exam. 要是我昨天的考試及格了該多好。B. 與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的愿望：賓從謂語(yǔ)為“did ”形 式。例如： Hewishes he wasas clever as you./I wishI had a

9、large room to live in.C表示將來(lái)愿望：賓從謂語(yǔ)用“ would/could do ” 形式。例如： Howl wish I would go abroad next year!2) 在 suggest,propose,dema nd,request,require,order,insist等動(dòng)詞后的賓語(yǔ)從句中，謂語(yǔ)為“ (should) do” 形 式。例 如：Isuggest/propose/dema nd/request/require/order/ insistthat he(should) be sent to the nearesthospital as soo

10、n as possible.3) 在 “It is (about/high) time + that 從句”結(jié)構(gòu) 中，that從句的謂語(yǔ)用一般過去star時(shí)或“ should do ”形式。例如:shojsjhigh time he 他該開始了。s ou4) 在表語(yǔ)從句、同位語(yǔ)從句中的用法：在 suggesti on ,proposal,request,requireme nt,advice等名詞后的表語(yǔ)從句、同位語(yǔ)從句中，謂語(yǔ)用“ (should) do ”形式。例如：My suggesti on is that we (should) send a few comrades to help

11、 the other groups./He gave an order that the work be done at on ce.虛擬語(yǔ)氣考點(diǎn)分析1. Alice,why did nt you come yesterday?1,but I had an un expected visitor.(NMET)A. had B.would C.was going to D.did析:此題A D明顯不合上下文，因?yàn)橐曳經(jīng)]有去。B選項(xiàng)若為 would have則成立，可以理解為I would have come if I had nt had an un expected visitor.的簡(jiǎn)略式。

12、但此處是 would,故應(yīng)排除。只有 was going to 可得體地表達(dá)“我原本打算去的，但是有不速之客造訪” 這一意思。2 . If there were no subjunctive,Englishmuch easier. (NMET)A.will be B.would have bee n C.could have bee n D.would be析：觀察題干，可知全句表達(dá)的是與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的 虛擬語(yǔ)氣。故答案為Do3. The guard at the gate insisted that everybodythe rules. (NMET)A.obeys B.obey C.wil

13、l obey D.wouldobey析：根據(jù)insist后的賓語(yǔ)從句謂語(yǔ)要用(should) do 形式規(guī)律，可定正確答案是Bo4. I wish Iyou yesterday.A.see n B.did see C.hadsee n D.were tosee析：此題表與過去事實(shí)相反的原望，答案應(yīng)為Co5. If he,hethat food.Luckily he was sent to the hospital immediately. (NMET)A.waswarned;would not takeB.had been warned;would not have take nC. wuld

14、 be warn ed;had not take n D.would have bee n warn ed;had not take n析：從對(duì)話看，是表達(dá)與過去事實(shí)相反的虛擬語(yǔ)氣， 故答案為B。6. Without electricityhuman life quitediffere nt today. (NMET)A.isB.will beC.would have beenD. would be析：without引出一個(gè)含蓄條件句，主句表述的是與 現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的虛擬語(yǔ)氣，故答案為Do7. When a pencil is partly in a glass of water,itlook

15、as if it. (NMET)A.breaksB.has brokenC.were brokenD.had bee n broke n析；放入水中的鉛筆看上去是斷的，但實(shí)際上并非如 此，因此是與現(xiàn)在的事實(shí)相反，這時(shí) as if從句謂語(yǔ)要 用一般過去時(shí)，故答案為Co8. You didn t let medrive.Ifwein turn,youso tired. (NMET)A.drove;did n tgetB. drove;would n t getD.hadC. weredriv in g;would nt getdrive n; would nt have got析：觀察題干，可知i

16、f從句表述與過去事實(shí)相反的 假設(shè)，因此答案只能是D。9 . I didn t see your uncle at the partyfhe,he would have said hello tome.A.would come B.had come C.came D.didcome析：觀察題目上下文，特別是第二句的主句謂語(yǔ)為 would have said，可知if從句表述的是與過去事實(shí)相 反的愿望，因此答案為B。10. itfor your help,I couldnt havemade any progress.A.Had; not bee n B.Should; not be C.Did

17、;n ot be D.Not;be析：根據(jù)主句謂語(yǔ)形式，可知從句要用 had done形 式，故應(yīng)選 A, Had it not been for your help = If it had n ot been for your help.（要不是你幫忙的話）11. Mr Smith was badly ill,or heour dinnerparty.A.should come to B.would have atte ndedC.would come to D.should have atte nded析：or可引導(dǎo)含蓄條件句，表達(dá)虛擬語(yǔ)氣。根據(jù)此 題內(nèi)容，可知是與過去事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)，故答

18、案為Bo倒裝句型英語(yǔ)的倒裝有兩大類型：一、全部倒裝：指謂語(yǔ)全部置于主語(yǔ)之前的倒裝，有下列幾種情況：1. here,there,away,i n,out,dow n,up,off,back, now,then等在句首時(shí)引起全部倒裝。例如：Here is a letter for you./There goes the last train./The door opened,and in cameMr Smith./Away went the boy./Dow n came the rain and up went the umbrellas./Back came the others./Out

19、rushed the boy with an apple in his han d./The n came a no ise like thu nder./Now comes the bus.2. 介詞短語(yǔ)或方位名詞詞組作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)位于句首， 引起全部倒裝。例如：In the corner of the room sta nds a writi ngtable./South of the city lies a big factory./Under the bed lies a cat./In theseoceans live hugen umbers of a small fish 5cm l

20、ong.注：以上兩種完全倒裝主語(yǔ)必須是名詞，謂語(yǔ)常是表 示方位或轉(zhuǎn)移的不及物動(dòng)詞，如 lie,live,sit,sta nd,be,come,go,rise,walk,ru n等，主語(yǔ)若是人稱代詞或謂語(yǔ)不屬上述動(dòng)詞之列，則不用完全倒裝。例如：Here it rains a lot every month of the year./Here we are!/Off you go!/Then she went to the shop.3在there be 結(jié)構(gòu)中，采用全部倒裝語(yǔ)序。例如：There is a book in the bag.表 系 主語(yǔ)4 代詞such作表語(yǔ)，意“這樣的人” “這樣

21、的物”，應(yīng) 置于句首，其后全部倒裝。例如：Such were the facts./Such would be our homein the future.二、部分倒裝：指部分謂語(yǔ)（如助動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞）位于主語(yǔ)之前的倒裝。有下列一些情況：1 一般疑問句，選擇疑問句，反意問句要求部分倒裝。 例如：Has he finished his work?/lt sa lovely day,is n t it?2 特殊疑問詞不作主語(yǔ)或不作主語(yǔ)的定語(yǔ)的特殊疑問 句要求部分倒裝。例如：Whe n did you go there?/Which do you like best?3. only修飾動(dòng)詞、介詞短語(yǔ)

22、、狀語(yǔ)從句，并置于句首 時(shí)，主句中要部分倒裝。例如：On ly whe n the rai n stopped did the match start aga in.注：“only +名詞/代詞"置于句首不要倒裝。例如:Only he can do it.（ 正） Only can he do it.（誤）4 . 含有否定意義的副詞，如： n ot, never, neither, no r,seldom,hardly,little等置于句首時(shí)，要求部分倒裝。例如：Hardly can I believe that./Never has he bee nto the Great Wa

23、ll./Seldom does shewrite to me.5. not only but（also） 連接兩個(gè)分句，not only置于句首，它所引導(dǎo)的這部分要部分倒裝，但but(also)部分不要倒裝。例如；Not only should we study scie nce,but also we should pay atte nti on to politics.注：若 not only but(also)連接兩個(gè)主語(yǔ)，句 子不要倒裝。6. not until引起一個(gè)短語(yǔ)或引導(dǎo)一個(gè)從句置于句首時(shí)，主句中要求部分倒裝。例如：Not un til he was ten did he go

24、 to school./Not un til yesterday did I realize whattroublehe was in.7 . hardly when；no sooner than 句型中，若hardly, no sooner位于句首時(shí)，主句中要求部分倒裝。例如：Hardly had I en tered the room whe n the pho neran g./No sooner had he fini shed his talk tha n he was surro un ded(包圍)by the workers.8 so表“也” “同樣”意，位于句首時(shí)，其后要部分

25、 倒裝。例如：You can swim,so can I./If you go,so will I.倒裝語(yǔ)序考點(diǎn)分析1. Not onlypolluted butcrowded.(上海高考)A. was the city;were the streets B.the citywas;the streets wereC.was the city;the streets were D.the city was;were the streets 析：not only部分要部分倒裝，可排除B、D°but(also) 部分不要倒裝，故C為正確答案。2. Littleabout his own

26、safety,though hewas in great dan ger himself.(上海高考)A . does he care B.did he care C.he careD.he cared析：否定意義的Little在句首，該句要倒裝，故答案在A B之中選擇一個(gè)，因A的時(shí)態(tài)不對(duì)，故答案為Bo3. Only in this wayprogess in your English.(NMET)A. you make B.ca n you make C.you be able to make D.will you able to come析：Only修飾in this way置于句首，句子

27、要部分 倒裝，故答案為B。4. Not until all the fish died in the riverhow serious the pollution was.(NMET)A.did the villagers realize B.the villagers realizedC.the villagers did realize D.did nt thevillagers realize析：由于Not until在句首，主句要采用部分倒裝， 這樣先可排除B、G又由于D不應(yīng)該用didn t,故A為正確答案。5. Be quick!A.The bus comes here B.The

28、bus here comesC.Here the bus comes D.Here comes the bus析：用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作出現(xiàn)在倒裝 句中，所以此題答案為 D。(= The bus is coming here.)6.0nthe wall two large portraits. (NMET)A. ha ngs B.ha ng C.ha nged D.ha nging析：由于介詞短語(yǔ) on the wall 位于句首，全句要 采用完全倒裝式，因?yàn)橹髡Z(yǔ)是復(fù)數(shù)，所以正確答案為B。虛擬語(yǔ)氣、倒裝句型專練1. Littleabout what others think.A.he

29、has cared B.he cares C.cared heD.does he care2.got into the roomthe telepho nerang.(NMET)A.He hardly had;the nB. Hardly had he;whe nC. He had not; tha nD. Not had he;when3.0nly by practis ing a few hours every daybe able to master the Ian guage.(上海高考)A . you can B.canyou C.you will D.willyou4.lf Ihi

30、m yesterday Ihim about it.A.saw;would askB.had see n; would have askedC. had see n; would ask D.saw;would have asked5. What do you think would happe n if thereno light duri ng the days?A.is B.will be C.were D.would be6. you succeed in everyth ing andyoube healthy.A.Hope;wishB.Wish;hopeC.May;mayD. Ex

31、pect;hope7. But for your help,Ithe place.A.can t findB.can t have foundC. couldn t have found D.havent found8f her lawyerhere last Sun day,heher from going.A.hadbeen;wouldhave preventedB.hadbee n; would preve ntC.were;wouldpreve ntD. were;would have preve nted9.lf it had not been for the liberation,

32、nochangesplace in my hometow n.A.would have take n B.would have bee n take nC.will take nD.will be take n10. late tommorrow,who would take her place?A.Should Miss Green come B.If Miss Greenwould comeC.Miss Green should come D.If Miss Greencomes11. it,the cropsbe saved.A.Had;rai ned;couldB.Should;rai

33、 n; wouldC.l f;ra in s;should D.Would;rai n;should12. The actor is over fifty.But he acts as if hea young man.A.is B.will be C.should be D.were13.It seems as if italready summer now.A.were B.be C.is D.had bee n14.1 wish Ihim the day before yesterday.A.saw B.could see C.had see n D.wassee ing15.1 mad

34、ethe suggestion that they the planthey had made.A.stick toB.stuck toC.i nsistD.i nsisted on16.It is suggested that a study pla nrightnow.A.is made B.is to be made C.be madeD.had bee n made17.They required that wethem get in thecrops.A.helpB.helpedC.were helpi ngD.would help18.She should have attende

35、d the class,but sheA.hadn t B.hasn t C.didn t D.doesnt19.It was ordered that no smok ingin theIibrary,which made the smokers un happy.A.is forbidde nB.would permitC.beallowed D.should not be allowed20.Not oncehis view of life.A.did thegentleman mention B.the gentlemanmen ti onedC.mentioned the gentl

36、emanD.does thegen tlema n men ti on21n the sun a group of young soldiers,gunin hand.A.did standB.had stoodC.standingD.stood22. You forgot to hand in your homeworkyesterday.Good heave ns!.Here you are.A.So I did B.So did I C did,too D.So you have23. with his slippers on whe n he heard theterrible no

37、ise.A.Out did he rush B.R ushed he out C.Outrushed he D.Out he rushed24. No soonerfinished the composition the light went out.A.I had;whe n B.I had;tha n C.had I;whe nD.had I;tha n25.lt was notun til to prepare his less ons.A. did his father come in that the boy beganB. his father came in that the b

38、oy beganC. did his father come in did the boy beginD. his father came in did the boy begin26. ,so you are not a frie nd of mine.A.I never saw you beforeB.Neverbefore I have see n youC.Never before have I seen you D.Never had I see n you before27. David has made great progress rece ntly.,and.（ 上海高考）A

39、.So he has;so you have B.So he has;so have youC.So has he;so have you D.So has he;so you have28. Never till tomorrow what may be donetoday.A.put off B.do put off C.did you put offD.you will put off29. Have you writte n these letters?No,time to do any other work yet.A.hardly I have B.I have had hardlyC.I have hardly had