高中英語語法綜合整理(定語從句)

1、定語從句(Attributive clauses在句中修飾名詞或代詞的從句, 因其修飾作用相當(dāng)于形容詞, 故稱形容詞性從句, 即通常所 說的定語從句。被定語從句修飾的詞叫先行詞。引導(dǎo)定語從句的有:1關(guān)系代詞:先行詞為人:who, whom, that, whose先行詞為物:which, that, whose2關(guān)系副詞:when, where, why注意:關(guān)系詞起三個(gè)作用: 連接先行詞和定于從句 替代先行詞 在從句中擔(dān)任成分 what 不能引導(dǎo)定語從句。定語從句一般緊跟在先行詞后,但有時(shí)也被一個(gè)短語隔開。例如:I was the only person in my office who w

2、as invited.I. 關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句關(guān)系代詞所代替的先行詞是人或物的名詞或代詞,并在句中充當(dāng)主語、賓語、定語等成分。 關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作主語時(shí),從句謂語動詞的人稱和數(shù)要和先行詞保持一致。定語從句的構(gòu)成 : 先行詞 + 關(guān)系詞 + 從句人 物主格 Who/ that Which/ that賓格 Whom/ that/ who Which/ that定語 w hose Whose: of which1 who, whom, that這些詞代替的先行詞是人的名詞或代詞, 在從句中作主語和賓語。 關(guān)系代詞充當(dāng)賓語可以省 略。例如:Is he the man who/that want

3、s to see you? 他就是你想見的人嗎 ?(who/that在從句中作主語 He is the man (whom/ that I saw yesterday. 他就是我昨天見的那個(gè)人。 (whom/that在從句中 作賓語2 whose 用來指人或物,在定語從句中作定語, 。 例如:Please pass me the book whose cover is red.(指物The lawyer whose name is Wang Jin lives in Nanjing.(指人3 which, that所代替的先行詞是事物的名詞或代詞,在從句中可做主語、賓語等。例如: Great

4、changes which / that have never been seen before appears in the countryside.(which / that在句中作主語The package (which / that you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。 (which / that在句中作賓語II. 關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句關(guān)系副詞 when, where, why在從句中充當(dāng)狀語,分別可表時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)或原因。I will never forget the day when I first came to

5、 Beijing.This is the house where Lu Xun once lived.I know the reason why he came late.注:先行詞是 the way時(shí),其后的定語從句關(guān)系詞有三種,例如:I like the way in which / (that the teacher gives his lessons.從句缺少的是主語、 賓語還是狀語是確定用關(guān)系代詞還是關(guān)系副詞的關(guān)鍵。 也就是說要看先 行詞在定語從句中擔(dān)任什么成分試比較:I will never forget the day (which/that I spent in Hongkon

6、g.( spent是及物動詞,后缺賓語,因此用關(guān)系代詞或省略 I will never forget the day when/on which Hongkong returned to its motherland.(從句主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)完整,缺狀語,因此用關(guān)系副詞或介詞加關(guān)系代詞 The reason (that/which he gave for not coming to school yesterday is unbelievable.( gave是及物動詞,后缺賓語,因此用關(guān)系代詞或省略 The reason why he didnt come to school yesterday i

7、s unbelievable.(從句主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)完整,缺狀語,因此用關(guān)系副詞或介詞加關(guān)系代詞 . 關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的限制性與非限制性定語從句限制性定語從句對先行詞起限定作用, 去掉后主句意義就變得不明確, 它與主句之間沒有逗 號分隔。例如:The watch that I bought yesterday works well.非限制性定語從句與主句之間的關(guān)系相對松散一些, 它對先行詞起補(bǔ)充說明作用, 去掉后不 影響主句意義。 因此, 一些具有區(qū)別意義的專有名詞及一些表示 “ 唯一 ” 概念的人或物后面常 用此類從句。這類從句與主句之間有逗號隔開。例如:My father, who is a doc

8、tor, often encourages me to work hard. . 介詞 +關(guān)系代詞的用法關(guān)系代詞緊跟在介詞后面時(shí),不能用 that ,也不能省略,常用 which 或 whom 。介詞的選用可根據(jù)從句中的相關(guān)詞組確定, 該介詞通?？梢苑旁陉P(guān)系代詞之前, 也可放在從 句之尾。例如:The man (who/whom/that I talked about at the meeting is from Beijing University.=The man about whom I talked at the meeting is from Beijing University.但

9、遇到固定詞組時(shí),介詞一般緊跟詞組主體,不作前置。如:Is this the book (which/that you are looking for? ( 這里介詞 for 一般不提前,因?yàn)?look for是 固定詞組,意為 “ 尋找 ” ,介詞 for 若被提前,單個(gè)的 look 意為 “ 看 ” ,句意不符。 鞏固練習(xí)I. 單項(xiàng)選擇1. Youd better not drink water _ has not been boiled.A. which B. whom C. whose D. who2. The director and his movie _ you have just

10、 talked is really popular.A. that B. which C. about which D. of whom3. His dog, _ was now very old, became ill and died.A. who B. that C. whose D. which4. This is the house _ I was born on a rainy evening.A. which B. that C. in which D. at which5. She is my former classmate _ handwriting is very goo

11、d.A. whom B. whose C. of whom D. which6. Is the girl your friend _ you shook hands just now?A. which B. that C. to whom D. with whom7. In fact the Sweden did not understand the three questions _ were asked in French.A. where B. who C. in which D. which8. Didnt you see the man _ I nodded to just now?

12、A. which B. whom C. whose D. to which9. I cant find the gold ring _ I spent 100 dollars.A. that B. on which C. which D. in which10. The radio set _ I bought last week has gone wrong.A. / B. for which C. over which D. whatAnswers: ACDCB, DDBBA定語從句(Attributive clauses Part2I. 關(guān)系代詞 that 與 which ; that

13、與 who 的一些特殊用法:指物時(shí),關(guān)系代詞 that 和 which 一般情況下可換用,但以下幾種情況下一般用 that ,不用 which :1先行詞是 all, everything, something, anything, nothing, none, few, little, much等不定代詞; 或是先行詞被 all, every, some, any, no, few, little等修飾時(shí):Is there anything (that I can do for you in town?I have read all the books (that you gave me.注

14、:當(dāng) something 確指某物或某事時(shí),用 that 或 which 都可以,如:There is something that/which keeps worrying me. “ 有一件事一直令我不安。 ”2 先行詞被形容詞最高級或有序數(shù)詞 the first, the second, the last修飾時(shí):This is the best film (that I have ever seen.The first place (that well visit is the Great Wall.3 先行詞被 the only, the very修飾時(shí):The only thing

15、that matters is to find our way home.This is the very book (that Ive been looking for.4 先行詞既有人又有物時(shí):They talked about the persons and things (that they remembered in the school.5 當(dāng)主句是由 who 或 which 引導(dǎo)的特殊問句時(shí),為避免重復(fù),定語從句中常用 that : Who is the man that is standing by the door?Which is the dictionary (that

16、you bought yesterday?只能用 which 的兩種情況1 非限制性定語從句 , 先行詞為物e.g. Yangtze river, which is the third longest river, lies in China.2 整句話當(dāng)先行詞It rained a lot, which made a flood happened只能用 as, 不能用 which, that, who 的兩種情況1 先行詞被 such, the same 修飾時(shí)e.g. Ive never heard of such a terrible earthquake as you told me.

17、Y ou are using the same pen as I lost yesterday. (像,兩支 Y ou are using the same pen that I lost yesterday.(正是,同一支2 非限制性定語從句提前 , 關(guān)系詞用 as,“ 正如 所知道 , 所期望 的一樣 ”e.g. As we know, Taiwan belongs to China,當(dāng)先行詞是 anyone, those, these, he, she等代詞表 “ 人 ” 時(shí),一般用 who 而不用 that :Anyone who wants a ticket please sign

18、your name here.Those who want to go to the English party must be at the school gate by 7:30 p.m.He who doesnt reach the Great Wall is not a true man.當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作表語時(shí),通常用 that 而不用 who :He is no longer the man that he used to be.II. 關(guān)系代詞 whose 的特殊用法(只用作定語 , 若指物,它還可以同 of which互換 , of which可置于其所修飾的名詞前或后

19、; 若指人 , 可以同 of whom互換 。例如:Please pass me the book whose cover is green.(指物=Please pass me the book the cover of which (of which the cover is green.The doctor, whose name was Johnson, lived in a small town in the north of England.(指人 = The doctor, the name of whom was Johnson, lived in a small town i

20、n the north of England. III. 一種特殊的非限制性定語從句在非限制性定語從句中,有時(shí)根據(jù)句子意思,常把 some, any, none, all, both, several, many, most, neither, either等詞、分?jǐn)?shù)或百分比與 of whom或 of which連用。He has five children, two of whom are abroad.(比較:He has five children, and two of them are abroad.We have tested three hundred types of boot

21、s, none of which is/are completely waterproof.(比較:We have tested three hundred types of boots, but none of them is/are completely waterproof. . 定語從句中易犯的錯(cuò)誤1. 在定語從句中加了多余的定語e.g. Some of the boys I invited them didnt come. (them2. 把定語從句謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)弄錯(cuò)e.g. Anyone who break the rules will be punished. (breaksT

22、hose who has finished may go home. (haveHe is the only one of the teachers who know English in our school. (knowsThis is one of the rooms that is free now. (are3. 誤省略了定語從句中做主語的關(guān)系代詞e.g. Children eat a lot of sugar often have bad teeth. (who / that4. 定語從句中加了多余的關(guān)系副詞或介詞a. The house where he lives in nee

23、ds repairing. ( where he lives 或 that he lives inb I still remember the day on when I first came to Beijing. ( the day when 或 the day on which 5. 在作先行詞的時(shí)間名詞或地點(diǎn)名詞后錯(cuò)用關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞I still remember the day when we spent together. (that / whichThis is the house where we lived in last year. (that /which6. 在先行

24、詞 reason 后錯(cuò)用關(guān)系副詞 whyI dont believe the reason why he has given for his being late. (that /which7. 主句不完整 , 首先要補(bǔ)充完整This factory is that I worked in. (the one 8. what 引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句做主語 , 賓語 , 表語That can be done has already been done. (what9. 誤將強(qiáng)調(diào)句型當(dāng)定語從句I was in the kitchen where the fire broke out. (thatCorr

25、ect the mistakes1. This is the last lesson which Mr. Smith taught me.2. I have read all the books which you lent me.3. Is there anything else which I can do for you?4. Tom and his dog which were here a moment ago have disappeared.5. He lives in the room, the window of that faces the south.6. Do you

26、still remember the day when we first spent together?7. He is the only one of the experts who know a little Chinese.8. Who is the man who shook hands with you just now?9. Is this museum that they visited yesterday?10. His father died last year, who made him sad.11. All what you should do now is to ta

27、ke a good rest.12. Do you know the teacher whom I think will come to teach us English?.13. The sun heats the earth, which make it possible for plants to grow.14. I had never heard such an interesting story like he told.15. People who has eyes can sometimes act just as foolishly as the blind men.經(jīng)典例析

28、典型例題分析高考題1. All _ is needed is a supply of oil. ( 89 A. the thing B. that C. what D. which點(diǎn)撥:本題考查引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系詞, what 只能用于名詞性從句,因此 A/D可以排除, 又因先行詞為不定代詞 all ,所以答案為 B 。2. He paid the boys $10 for washing ten windows, most of _ hadnt been cleaned for at least a year. ( 90 A. these B. those C. that D. which點(diǎn)

29、撥:本題考查非限制性定語從句。從句子結(jié)構(gòu)上看,兩句之間用的是逗號,無連詞連接, 故確定為從屬句,介詞后面的關(guān)系代詞代物,只能用 which ,答案為 D 。3. In the dark street, there wasnt a single person _ she could turn for help. ( 92 A. that B. who C. from whom D. to whom點(diǎn)撥:本題考查定語從句中介詞加關(guān)系代詞的用法。根據(jù)句意 “ 向某人求助 ” 是 turn tosb. for help, 其中介詞 to 可提前, 故答案為 D 。 本句也可以如下表達(dá):In the d

30、ark street, there wasnt a single person (who/whom/that she could turn to for help.4. Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play, _, of course, made theothers unhappy. ( 2000 A .who B. which C. this D. what點(diǎn)撥:本題考查非限制性定語從句指代整個(gè)句子的用法,意為 “ 老是自贊她在劇中表演 的角色,這件事當(dāng)然令他人不快。 ” 指代前面所說的整句話,用 which 。

31、故答案為 B 。從句 中插入 of course增加了考測難度,解題時(shí)可先把它忽略。易混題 (15. John is the only one of the students who _ French. John is one of the students who _ French.A . know B. knows C. knowing D. known點(diǎn)撥:答案是 B A 。在句 中的句意是 “ 約翰是學(xué)生中唯一懂法語的那個(gè)學(xué)生 ” ,其重心是 the only one故從句謂語動詞應(yīng)與 one 一致。在句 中的句意是 “ 約翰是懂法語的學(xué)生中的一 個(gè) ” ,也就是 “ 懂法語的學(xué)生不止

32、一個(gè),約翰只是其中之一 ” ,其重心是 the students ,故從句句中謂語動詞應(yīng)與 students 一致。 6This is the knife _ I usually cut my pencil This is the knife _ I usually use to cut my pencil Awith which Bwhich Cby which Dwith that 點(diǎn)撥：答案是AB。在句中，定語從句的句式是 cut my pencil with the knife，故用 with which 引導(dǎo)定語從句。 在句中， 定語從句的結(jié)構(gòu)是 use the knife to c

33、ut my pencil， 故用 which 引導(dǎo)定語從句。 7Who lives in the house _ windows face south？ Who lives in the house _ the windows face south？ Awhose Bwhich Cof which Dthat 點(diǎn)撥：答案是AC。在句中 windows 前沒有定冠詞，它所缺的是定語形容詞，而 whose 的用法就是在定語從句中作定語且既可指人也可指物。在句中 windows 前有定冠詞，所 以要填的內(nèi)容不能作前置定語，又因?yàn)椤胺孔拥拇皯簟庇糜⒄Z表達(dá)是“the windows of the hou

34、se”，故可用 of which 引導(dǎo)定語從句。 8Is this factory _ you visited last year？ Is this the factory _ you visited last year？ Athat Bof which Cthe one Dwhere 點(diǎn)撥：答案是CA。在句中 factory 前沒有定冠詞，這說明 this 是作它的定語。這樣， 句中就缺少表語，也就是說定語從句缺少先行詞，故選 C（the one 后省略了 that） 。在句 中 this 作主語，the factory 作表語，其后帶一個(gè) that 引導(dǎo)的定語從句，故選 A。 9When

35、I have trouble，he is the only one _I can ask for help When I have trouble，he is the only one _ I can go for help Awhom Bto whom Cwhich Dto who 點(diǎn)撥：答案是AB。句中，在結(jié)構(gòu)上所要添的內(nèi)容在從句中作 ask 的賓語其句式是 ask sbfor sth ，故用 whom 引導(dǎo)定語從句。在句中，go 是不及物動詞其句式是 go to sbfor sth ，故用 to whom 引導(dǎo)定語從句。 10The reason _ he gave us was tha

36、t his car broke down on the way The reason _he was late was that his car broke down on the way Afor which Bwhich Chow Dwhat 點(diǎn)撥：答案是BA。在句中，所要填的內(nèi)容在定語從句中應(yīng)作 gave 的賓語，故應(yīng)填關(guān) 系代詞 which。在句中，所要填的內(nèi)容在定語從句中作原因狀語，故應(yīng)填關(guān)系副詞 for which(=why。 易混題(2 一定語從句與并列句（注意用標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號和連接詞 and, but 等來區(qū)別。 ） 1.Mr Li has three daughters, none

37、 of_ is an engineer. 2.Mr Li has three daughters, but none of_ is a dancer. 3.Mr Li has three daughters; _ are doctors. 答案：1.whom 2. them 3. None/They 二. 定語從句與地點(diǎn)狀語從句（看是否有先行詞，如果有，就是定語從句，如果沒有，就是 狀語從句） 1.Rice doesnt grow well _ there is not enough water. 2.I still remember the farm_ my parents worked t

38、en years ago. 答案：1.where 2. where/on which 對比下面兩個(gè)句子： He left the key where he had been an hour ago. He left the place where he lived for many years. 練習(xí)：The visitor asked the guide to take his picture _ stands the famous tower. A. that B. where C. which D. there 答案: B. 三. 定語從句與強(qiáng)調(diào)句 強(qiáng)調(diào)句型可以還原成正常語序的句子，也就

39、是說，強(qiáng)調(diào)句型中去掉 It be that 后，句子仍 然通順，意義也依然完整，只是沒有那么強(qiáng)調(diào)突出。而定語從句去掉了 It be that 后句子 就不完整了。 1. It is on the morning of May 1st _ I met John at the airport. It is the morning of May 1st _ I met John at the airport. 2. It is in the factory _John works. It is the factory _John works. 練習(xí)：3.It was 5 oclock in the

40、morning _he arrived home. 答案:1. that ,when 2.that, where 3. where 四. 定語從句與結(jié)果狀語從句 在定語從句中，若先行詞被 such 修飾時(shí)，關(guān)系詞要用 as, 組成 suchas 結(jié)構(gòu).這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)與狀 語從句 suchthat（如此以致）很相似，要注意區(qū)別。若從句中的及物動詞后無賓語， 就是定語從句， 用 suchas.否則就是狀語從句，用 suchthat. 1.I have the same computer _you have. ( as 2. She is such a kind girl _all of us like

41、to make friends with her. (that 對比下面兩個(gè)句子： He is such a good teacher as we all love and respect. He is such a good teacher that we all love and respect him. 練習(xí)：It is such a good place _everybody wants to visit _it is well-known all over the world. ( C A. which; that B. as ; as C. as ;that D. that; as

42、 五. 定語從句與習(xí)慣句型. 注意固定句型：It is the first/second/third time that+ 從句（從句用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)） 1.It is the first time _she has been in Shanghai. 2.It was the time _Chinese people had a hard life. 答案: 1.that 2.when 六. 定語從句與單句 （注意標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號。 兩個(gè)單句間用句號， 而定語從句兩個(gè)句子間用逗號。 ） 1.The mother told the lazy boy to work, _didnt help 2.The m

43、other told the lazy boy to work. _didnt help. 練習(xí)：3.There are 56 students in our class, most of _are girls. A. which B. whom C. them D. that 答案: 1. which 2. It 3. B 七. 定語從句與名詞從句 1。定語從句與同位語從句的區(qū)別。 首先看引導(dǎo)從句的關(guān)系詞 that 是否在從句中充當(dāng)句子成分。如果在從句中充當(dāng)主、賓、表， 則是定語從句。 再看 that 前的名詞是否是一些需要有內(nèi)容的名詞， idea, fact, thought, news

44、如： 等。后面的從句是說明其內(nèi)容的， （這個(gè)名詞在后面的從句中部充當(dāng)任何成分） ，這個(gè)從句則 是同位語從句 2。強(qiáng)調(diào)句型與主語從句的區(qū)別：強(qiáng)調(diào)句型可以還原成正常語序的句子，也就是說，強(qiáng)調(diào)句 型中去掉 It be that 后，句子仍然通順，意義也依然完整，只是沒有那么強(qiáng)調(diào)突出。而含 主語從句的復(fù)合句中的 it 是指示代詞， 后面多為系表結(jié)構(gòu)或被動語態(tài)。 如果去掉 It bethat， 句子就不通順了。 1.The news _came from the front was true. 2.The news _he won the game was true. 3.She was not _sh

45、e used to be. 4.The city is no longer a place _ it used to be. 5._ is known to us all, paper was first made in China. 6._ is known to us all that paper was first made in China. 7. She was not the woman _she used to be. The city is no longer _it used to be. 答案: 1. that/which 2. that 3. what 4.that 5. As 6. It 7. that, what 定語從句專項(xiàng)練習(xí) 1The journey around the world took the old sailor nine months, _ the sailing time was 226 days.（全國 03 2004 .28） A. of which B. during which C. from which D. for which 2. George Orwell, _ was Eric Arthur, wrote many political novels and essays. （