英語語法名詞精講精析

1、英語語法名詞精講精析1. 名詞   名詞可以分為專有名詞（Proper Nouns）和普通名詞 (Common Nouns），專有名詞是某個（些）人，地方，機(jī)構(gòu)等專有的名稱，如Beijing，China等。普通名詞是一類人或東西或是一個抽象概念的名詞，如：book，sadness等。普通名詞又可分為下面四類： 1）個體名詞（Individual Nouns）：表示某類人或東西中的個體，如：gun。 2）集體名詞（Collective Nouns）：表示若干個個體組成的集合體，如：family。 3）物質(zhì)名詞（Material Nouns）：表示無法分為個體的實物，如：air。 4）抽

2、象名詞（Abstract Nouns）：表示動作、狀態(tài)、品質(zhì)、感情等抽象概念，如：work。個體名詞和集體名詞可以用數(shù)目來計算，稱為可數(shù)名詞（Countable Nouns），物質(zhì)名詞和抽象名詞一般無法用數(shù)目計算，稱為不可數(shù)名詞（Uncountable Nouns）。歸納一下，名詞的分類可以下圖表示： _|專有名詞 | 名 | | 個體名詞 | | | 可數(shù)名詞| | | 集體名詞 | |普通名詞 | | 詞 | | 物質(zhì)名詞 | | | 不可數(shù)名詞| | 抽象名詞 | | .1 名詞復(fù)數(shù)的規(guī)則變化  _情況 構(gòu)成方法 讀音例詞_一般情況加 -s 1.清輔音后讀/s/; m

3、ap-maps 2.濁輔音和元音后 bag-bags讀 /z/;car-cars_以s,sh,ch,x等結(jié)尾的詞加 -es 讀 /iz/bus-buses watch-watches_以ce,se,ze,(d)ge等結(jié)尾的詞 加 -s讀 /iz/license-licenses_以輔音字母+y 變y 為i結(jié)尾的詞 再加es 讀 /z/baby-babies_   .2 其它名詞復(fù)數(shù)的規(guī)則變化  1) 以y結(jié)尾的專有名詞，或元音字母+y 結(jié)尾的名詞變復(fù)數(shù)時，直接加s變復(fù)數(shù)： 如：two Marys the Henrys monkey-monkeysholiday-h

4、olidays比較： 層樓：storey -storeys story-stories 2) 以o 結(jié)尾的名詞，變復(fù)數(shù)時：a. 加s，如： photo-photospiano-pianos radio-radioszoo-zoos； b. 加es，如：potato-potatoestomato-tomatoesc. 均可，如：zero-zeros / zeroes 3) 以f或fe 結(jié)尾的名詞變復(fù)數(shù)時： a. 加s，如： belief-beliefsroof-roofs safe-safes gulf-gulfs；b. 去f,fe 加ves，如：half-halvesknife-knivesl

5、eaf-leaveswolf-wolveswife-wiveslife-livesthief-thieves；c. 均可,如：handkerchief: handkerchiefs / handkerchieves 3 名詞復(fù)數(shù)的不規(guī)則變化  1）child-childrenfoot-feettooth-teethmouse-miceman-men woman-women 注意：與 man 和 woman構(gòu)成的合成詞，其復(fù)數(shù)形式也是 -men 和-women。如： an Englishman，two Englishmen. 但German不是合成詞，故復(fù)數(shù)形式為Germans；Bow

6、man是姓，其復(fù)數(shù)是the Bowmans。2）單復(fù)同形如：deer，sheep，fish，Chinese，Japanese li，jin，yuan，two li，three mu，four jin但除人民幣元、角、分外，美元、英鎊、法郎等都有復(fù)數(shù)形式。如:a dollar, two dollars; a meter, two meters 3）集體名詞，以單數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)，但實為復(fù)數(shù)。如： peoplepolicecattle 等本身就是復(fù)數(shù)，不能說 a people，a police，a cattle，但可以說a person，a policeman，a head of cattle,the

7、English，the British，the French，the Chinese，the Japanese，the Swiss 等名詞，表示國民總稱時，作復(fù)數(shù)用。如： The Chinese are industries and brave.中國人民是勤勞勇敢的。 4）以s結(jié)尾，仍為單數(shù)的名詞，如： a. maths，politics，physics等學(xué)科名詞，為不可數(shù)名詞，是單數(shù)。 b. news 是不可數(shù)名詞。 c. the United States，the United Nations 應(yīng)視為單數(shù)。The United Nations was organized in 1945.

8、聯(lián)合國是1945年組建起來的。 d. 以復(fù)數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)的書名，劇名，報紙，雜志名，也可視為單數(shù)。"The Arabian Nights" is a very interesting story-book. <<一千零一夜>>是一本非常有趣的故事書。5) 表示由兩部分構(gòu)成的東西，如：glasses (眼鏡)trousers,clothes 若表達(dá)具體數(shù)目，要借助數(shù)量詞 pair(對，雙);suit(套); a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers6） 另外還有一些名詞，其復(fù)數(shù)形式有時可表示特別意思，如：goods貨

9、物，waters水域，fishes（各種）魚 1.4 不可數(shù)名詞量的表示  1）物質(zhì)名詞a. 當(dāng)物質(zhì)名詞轉(zhuǎn)化為個體名詞時。 比較：Cake is a kind of food.蛋糕是一種食物。 (不可數(shù))These cakes are sweet.這些蛋糕很好吃。 (可數(shù))b. 當(dāng)物質(zhì)名詞表示該物質(zhì)的種類時，名詞可數(shù)。This factory produces steel.(不可數(shù))We need various steels.(可數(shù))c. 當(dāng)物質(zhì)名詞表示份數(shù)時，可數(shù)。Our country is famous for tea. 我國因茶葉而聞名。Two teas, please.請

10、來兩杯茶。2） 抽象名詞有時也可數(shù)。four freedoms 四大自由 the four modernizations四個現(xiàn)代化物質(zhì)名詞和抽象名詞可以借助單位詞表一定的數(shù)量。如：a glass of water 一杯水a(chǎn) piece of advice一條建議 1.5 定語名詞的復(fù)數(shù)  名詞作定語一般用單數(shù)，但也有以下例外。1) 用復(fù)數(shù)作定語。 如：sports meeting 運動會 students reading-room 學(xué)生閱覽室 talks table 談判桌 the foreign languages department 外語系 2) man, woman

11、, gentleman等作定語時，其單復(fù)數(shù)以所修飾的名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)而定。 如：men workerswomen teachers gentlemen officials3) 有些原有s結(jié)尾的名詞，作定語時，s保留。 如：goods train (貨車) arms produce武器生產(chǎn) customs papers 海關(guān)文件 clothes brush衣刷4) 數(shù)詞+名詞作定語時，這個名詞一般保留單數(shù)形式。 如：two-dozen eggs兩打/（二十四個雞蛋) a ten-mile walk 十里路 two-hundred trees 兩百棵樹 a five-year plan.一個五年計劃

12、個別的有用復(fù)數(shù)作定語的，如： a seven-years child .6 不同國家的人的單復(fù)數(shù)  名稱 總稱(謂語用復(fù)數(shù)）一個人 兩個人中國人the Chinesea Chinese two Chinese瑞士人the Swissa Swiss two Swiss澳大利亞人theantwoAustraliansAustralianAustralians 俄國人the Russiansa Russiantwo Russians意大利人the Italiansan Italian two Italians希臘人the Greek a Greektwo Greeks法國人the

13、 Frencha Frenchmantwo Frenchmen日本人the Japanesea Japanese two Japanese美國人the Americansan Americantwo Americans印度人the Indiansan Indian two Indians加拿大人the Canadiansa Canadian two Canadians德國人the Germansa Germanstwo Germans英國人the Englishan Englishmantwo Englishmen瑞典人the Swedisha Swedetwo Swedes  &#

14、160;.7 名詞的格  在英語中有些名詞可以加"'s"來表示所有關(guān)系，帶這種詞尾的名詞形式稱為該名詞的所有格，如：a teacher's book。名詞所有格的規(guī)則如下：1） 單數(shù)名詞詞尾加"'s"，復(fù)數(shù)名詞詞尾沒有s，也要加"'s"，如the boy's bag 男孩的書包，men's room 男廁所。2） 若名詞已有復(fù)數(shù)詞尾-s ，只加"'"，如：the workers' struggle工人的斗爭。3） 凡不能加"'

15、;s"的名詞，都可以用"名詞+of +名詞"的結(jié)構(gòu)來表示所有關(guān)系，如：the title of the song 歌的名字。4） 在表示店鋪或教堂的名字或某人的家時，名詞所有格的后面常常不出現(xiàn)它所修飾的名詞，如：the barber's 理發(fā)店。5） 如果兩個名詞并列，并且分別有's，則表示"分別有"；只有一個's，則表示'共有'。 如：John's and Mary's room（兩間）John and Mary's room（一間）6） 復(fù)合名詞或短語，'s 加在最后一

16、個詞的詞尾。 如：a month or two's absence七年級英語名詞專項練習(xí)名詞:在名詞中要注意的是名詞的可數(shù)與不可數(shù)，單、復(fù)數(shù)形式及所有格問題。常用的不可數(shù)名詞：milk, orange(橘子), meat, fruit, food, paper, weather；單復(fù)數(shù)一致：sheep, fish(做魚肉講時,不可數(shù)), Chinese, Japanese；本身就是復(fù)數(shù)形式：people1. There are some _ on the hill.A. sheeps B. a sheep C. sheep D. sheepes2. Mr Black often giv

17、es us _ by Email.A. some good information B. some good informations C. good informations D. a good information3. There are some new books in the school library. They are _ books.A. child B. childrens' C. children D. children's4. I have worn out my shoes, so I want to buy a new _ .A. pair B.

18、one C. ones D. trousers5. Meimei's handwriting is better than any other _ in his class.A. students B. students C. student's D. students'6. The hospital is a bit far from here. It's about _ . A. forty minutes's walk B. forty minute's walk C. forty minutes walk D. forty minutes

19、' walk7. How many _ are there in your class ? A. Japanese B. American C. Australian D. Canadian8. I found my black cat in_ room.A. Jim and Mike B. Jim and Mike's C. Jim's and Mike's D. Jim's and Mike9. How much are the _ ? A. bread B. meats. C. potatos D. tomatoes10. There are ma

20、ny _ in our school.A. woman teachers B. woman's teachers C. women teachers D. women's teachers11. Three months _ a long time for me.A. is B. are C. have D. has12. There are _ and _ on the table. A. two boxes cake; four bottle of oranges B. two boxes cake; four bottle of orange C. two boxes o

21、f cakes; four bottles of orange D. two box of cakes; four bottles of oranges KEYS:16：CADCCD 712：ABDCAA中考英語語法-名詞專項練習(xí)一 ( )1. The children had _ in the park. A. good times B. good time C. the good time D. a good time( )2. I am busy with my work these days. I dont get _. A. many sleep B. much sleep C. m

22、ore sleep D. most sleep( )3. This is an interesting _. A. news B. information C. work D. job( )4. Her parents are _. A. English B. America C. Frenchman D. two English( )5. Room 110 on the second floor is the _ office. I know some of them. A. doctors B. doctors C. doctors D. doctorss( )6. The room is

23、 _. They are brothers. A. Tom and Mikes B. Toms and Mikes C. Toms and Mike D. Tom and Mike( )7. The box is made of a kind of hard _. A. wooden B. wood C. woods D. word( )8. Can you see some _ on the hill? A. sheeps and deers B. sheeps and deer C. sheep and deers D. sheep and deer( )9. How many _ sha

24、ll we pay for the special service? A. money B. yuans C. dollars D. pound( )10. I have many friends here. Lily is _. A. mine friend B. a friend of my C. one of my D. one of them( )11. - Would you like some _? - Thank you, but I am not hungry. A. breads B. cakes C. oranges D. orange juice( )12. Dont m

25、ake any _, the boy is sleeping. A. voice B. noise C. music D. laugh( )13. She was born in Xiangfan, but now she works in Taiyuan. So we cannot say Taiyuan is her _. A. hometown B. second home C. family D. house( )14. Is this your _ for making so many mistakes? A. idea B. mind C. excuse D. result( )1

26、5. There are few _ for supper. Would you please buy some carrots and cabbages on your way home? A. meat B. eggs C. fruit D. vegetables( )16. - Would you like some _? - Oh, yes, just a little please. A. pears B. apples C. bananas D. milk( )17. - Can you finish the work in a week? - No _. A. problem B

27、. matter C. trouble D. question( )18. Is there a little _ left for me? A. room B. place C. ground D. house( )19. The sign “_!” is often seen on the box. A. NO PHOTOS B. NO SMOKING C. BUSINESS HOURS D. THIS SIDE UP( )20. Help yourselves to some _, children. A. fish B. fishes C. a piece of fish D. a f

28、ish( )21. - Here is the _, please. - Oh. Fried meat with some green peppers and two eggs. A. bill B. list C. book D. menu( )22. _ is used to eat soup. A. Knife B. Fork C. Spoon D. Chopsticks( )23. - Whats the _ like today? - Its sunny. A. climate B. weather C. sky D. space( )24. Two thirds are _ in

29、our school. A. woman teachers B. women teachers C. woman doctor D. women doctors( )25. Its _ walk from my home to our school. A. two minutes B. two minutes C. two minutes D. two-minutes( )26. This is _ English-Chinese dictionary. A. a B. an C. one D. /( )27. Lets ask _ man under the tree. A. a B. an

30、 C. the D. /( )28. There is _ university in our town. A. a B. an C. the D. /( )29. Do you have _ aunt or uncle? A. a B. an C. the D. /( )30. We are going to have _ supper with _ Greens tomorrow evening. A. a, the B. the, the C. /, / D. /, the( )31. We all should be kind to _ old. A. a B. an C. the D

31、. /( )32. Chongqing is _ biggest city in our country. A. a B. an C. the D. /( )33. I often stay at _ home to do some reading at _ weekends. A. the, the B. /, / C. the, / D. /, the( )34. What _ bad weather it is today! A. a B. an C. the D. /( )35. Its _ Womens Day today. A. a B. an C. the D. /( )36.

32、My brother likes to play _ basketball while I like to play _ violin. A. /, / B. the, the C. the, / D. /, the( )37. They spent half _ hour finishing doing _ work. A. a, a B. an, an C. an, the D. the, a( )38. _ horse is _ useful animal. A. A, a B. The, an C. A, the D. A, an( )39. She has _ eraser. Its _ orange. A. a, a B. an, an C. an, / D. /, an( )40. Our English teacher has been in _ hospital for two days. Lets go to see her today. A. a B. an C. the D. /(