初中英語(yǔ)形容詞和副詞比較級(jí)專練

1、語(yǔ)法(Grammar精析Passive voice(present tense 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)語(yǔ)態(tài)是動(dòng)詞的一種形式,表示主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)之間的關(guān)系。分為主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)(active voice和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)(passive voice:英語(yǔ)中的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)使用得比漢語(yǔ)要多,要普遍,一般來(lái)說(shuō)。強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作承受者,不必說(shuō)出執(zhí)行者或執(zhí)行者含糊不清時(shí),多用被動(dòng)。須注意的是,英語(yǔ)中許多地方與漢語(yǔ)不同,注意那些漢語(yǔ)中沒(méi)有“被”的意思,英語(yǔ)卻要用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài):一、主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài):表示主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者,句子結(jié)構(gòu)為:主語(yǔ)(執(zhí)行者+謂語(yǔ)(及物動(dòng)詞或及物短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)(承受者+Many people speak English in th

2、e world.二、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài):表示主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的承受者,句子結(jié)構(gòu)為:主語(yǔ)(承受者+謂語(yǔ)(be+pp+by +執(zhí)行者+(PP為及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞English is spoken by many people in the world.三、尤其要注意被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)中“be”有人稱和數(shù)的變化。1. 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí):主語(yǔ)(承受者+謂語(yǔ)(am/is/are+pp+by +執(zhí)行者+(1The nurse takes care of the sick children.一般過(guò)去時(shí):主語(yǔ)(承受者+謂語(yǔ)(was/were+pp+by +執(zhí)行者+(2His parents gave some gifts to hi

3、m.HeSome gifts2.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí):主語(yǔ)(承受者+謂語(yǔ)(am/is/are being+pp+by +執(zhí)行者+(3Mr. Smith is digging a hole now.過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí):主語(yǔ)(承受者+謂語(yǔ)(was/were being+pp+by +執(zhí)行者+(4They were watering the flowers at that time.3. 一般將來(lái)時(shí):A.主語(yǔ)(承受者+謂語(yǔ)(will/shall be+pp+by +執(zhí)行者+(5 We will clean the classroom later on.B. 主語(yǔ)(承受者+謂語(yǔ)(am/is/are going to b

4、e+pp+by +執(zhí)行者+(6 They are going to build a bridge over the bridge.過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí):A.主語(yǔ)(承受者+謂語(yǔ)(would/should be+pp+by +執(zhí)行者+(7 We should allow teenagers to go hiking the next weekend.B.主語(yǔ)(承受者+謂語(yǔ)(was/were going to be+pp+by +執(zhí)行者+(8 They were going to build a bridge over the bridge.4.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí):主語(yǔ)(承受者+謂語(yǔ)(have/has been+pp

5、+by +執(zhí)行者+(9 I have already finished my homework.過(guò)去完成時(shí):主語(yǔ)(承受者+謂語(yǔ)(had been+pp+by +執(zhí)行者+(10 The workers had built the museum by the end of 2000.注意:將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)及現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)無(wú)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài):What will you be doing this evening? 今晚你將做什么?(將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)How long have you been studying English? 你學(xué)英語(yǔ)多久了?(現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)5.含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài):主語(yǔ)(承受者+謂語(yǔ)(情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+b

6、e+pp+by +執(zhí)行者+(11 I can complete the task in 5 minutes.(12 You must answer the question in English.(13 We should allow teenagers to hang out on weekends.四、句子結(jié)構(gòu)的其他變化1.雙賓語(yǔ)的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu):某些單詞可以跟雙賓語(yǔ)如:give、pass、send、bring、write、show等,在變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)如果直接賓語(yǔ)(一般指物變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的主語(yǔ);間接賓語(yǔ)(一般指人通常由介詞to引起。而buy、make、cook的間接賓語(yǔ)通常由介詞for引起。My

7、sister gave me a nice watch for my birthday.=My sister gave a nice watch to me for my birthday.A nice watch was given to me by my sister for my birthday.They have bought as many books for us.Many books have been bought for us by them. 很多書都是由他們給我們買的。(14 My mom cooked me a delicious dinner.=My mom coo

8、ked a delicious dinner for me.(15 He will show me the photos.=He will show the photos to me.2. 復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)(主+謂+賓語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu):某些動(dòng)詞(如使役動(dòng)詞make、let、have及感官動(dòng)詞hear、see、watch、feel等在主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中的賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)要求用不帶to的不定式。但在變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí),其主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)必須恢復(fù)不定式符號(hào)to。He made us clean the classroom after school.We were made to clean the classroom by

9、 him after school. 我們被迫在放學(xué)后打掃教室。(16Mom often makes me do this and that at home.I saw him come into the room. He was seen to come into the room by me.(17We saw a monkey jump off the tree.3. 短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu):在主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中如果謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞時(shí)含有介詞或副詞的短語(yǔ),變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí),不能丟掉該介詞或副詞。They must take good care of the children.The children must

10、 be taken good care of. 孩子們必須小心照看。(18All the children laughed at the old man.五、不用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的情況:1. 不及物動(dòng)詞沒(méi)有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。因?yàn)椴患拔飫?dòng)詞沒(méi)有賓語(yǔ),所以若將其用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)則沒(méi)有主語(yǔ),故不能用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),但值得注意的是,有些英語(yǔ)中的不及物動(dòng)詞,譯成漢語(yǔ)時(shí)卻可能是“及物”的,很容易出錯(cuò),這類動(dòng)詞如:take place(發(fā)生,happen(發(fā)生,break out (爆發(fā),open(店鋪開門營(yíng)業(yè), close/shut(店鋪關(guān)門,sell(銷售情況,appear(出現(xiàn),disappear(消失,last(持續(xù)等:A

11、 fire broke out during the night. 夜間發(fā)生了火災(zāi)。(不能說(shuō)was broken outSoon it disappeared. 它很快就消失了。(不能說(shuō)was disappearedThis kind of books sells well.2. 某些靜態(tài)動(dòng)詞(如have, belong to, own, hold, suit/fit, know, cost, remain, stay, last等不用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài):The hall holds 1000 people. That dress suits you. My shoes dont fit me.3.

12、賓語(yǔ)為互相代詞和反身代詞時(shí)不用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。由于相互代詞和反身代詞通常不能用作主語(yǔ),所以當(dāng)它們用作動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)時(shí),句子不能轉(zhuǎn)換成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài):We should help each other. He could see himself in the mirror.4. feel, look, taste, sound, smell, become, get, turn等做系動(dòng)詞時(shí),句子不能轉(zhuǎn)換成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。He looks worried. The leaves turn yellow in fall.六、關(guān)于不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞:動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式用于過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài),動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞形式用于完成時(shí)態(tài)(包括現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)以及過(guò)去完成時(shí)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),因此,記憶不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞很重要。注:關(guān)于過(guò)去分詞A.用于完成時(shí)態(tài):I have written the words twice.B.用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài):We were beaten by class 3 in the m