四級(jí)閱讀理解

1、 In recent years，teachers of introductory courses in Asian American studies have been facing a dilemma nonexistent a few decades ago，when hardly any texts in that field were available. Today，excellent anthologies (文選) and other introductory texts exist，and books on individual Asian American national

2、ity groups and on general issues important for Asian Americans are published almost weekly. Even professors who are experts in the field find it difficult to decide which of these to assign to students； nonexperts who teach in related areas and are looking for writings for and by Asian Americans to

3、include in survey courses are in an even worse position.A complicating factor has been the continuing lack of specialized one-volume reference works on Asian Americans， such as biographical dictionaries or desktop encyclopedias. Such works would enable students taking Asian American studies courses

4、(and professors in related fields) to look up basic information on Asian American individuals， institutions， history， and culture without having to wade through（費(fèi)力的閱讀冗長(zhǎng)或艱深的材料） mountains of primary source material. In addition, given such works，Asian American studies professors might feel more free t

5、o include more challenging Asian American material in their introductory reading lists， since good reference works allow students to acquire on their own the background information necessary to interpret difficult or unfamiliar material.(221 words)1. The author of the passage is primarily concerned

6、with doing which of the following？(A) Responding to a criticism(B) Describing a course of study(C) Discussing a problem(D) Evaluating a past course of action2. The “dilemma” mentioned in line 3 can best be characterized as being caused by the necessity to make a choice when faced with a(A) Lack of a

7、cceptable alternatives(B) Lack of strict standards for evaluating alternatives(C) Preponderance of bad alternatives as compared to good(D) Multitude of different alternatives3. Biographical dictionaries and desktop encyclopedias are _.(A) primary source materials(B) introductory texts(C) excellent a

8、nthologies(D) reference materials4. The passage implies that which of the following was true of introductory courses in Asian American studies a few decades ago？(A) The range of different textbooks that could be assigned for such courses was extremely limited.(B) The texts assigned as readings in su

9、ch courses were often not very challenging for students.(C) Students often complained about the texts assigned to them in such courses. (D) Such courses were offered only at schools whose libraries were rich in primary sources.5. According to the passage， the existence of good one- volume reference

10、works about Asian Americans could result in(A) Increased agreement among professors of Asian American studies regarding the quality of the sources available in their field(B) An increase in the number of students signing up for introductory courses in Asian American studies(C) Increased accuracy in

11、writings that concern Asian American history and culture(D) The inclusion of a wider range of Asian American material in introductory reading lists in Asian American studies1.文章初讀：（只讀各段首句）第一段首句：In recent years， teachers of introductory courses in Asian American studies have been facing a dilemma non

12、existent a few decades ago， when hardly any texts in that field were available.翻譯：近些年，亞裔美國(guó)人研究中教授基礎(chǔ)課程的老師一直面臨著一個(gè)困境。而幾十年前那個(gè)領(lǐng)域沒(méi)有那么多可選的教材時(shí)，這個(gè)困境是不存在的。評(píng)：這句話(huà)給出了文章的大背景，一種現(xiàn)象。提到了問(wèn)題解決型文章的標(biāo)志性詞匯dilemma。這是一句非常經(jīng)典的GMAT閱讀句子，邏輯內(nèi)容很豐富，如下表示：幾十年前沒(méi)有dilemma幾乎沒(méi)有書(shū)現(xiàn)在有dilemma？ （書(shū)很多）很明顯，作者通過(guò)這個(gè)句子想暗示的是，現(xiàn)在書(shū)很多。果然，下一句話(huà)說(shuō)的就是書(shū)很多。第二段首句：A

13、 complicating factor has been the continuing lack of specialized one-volume reference works on Asian Americans， such as biographical dictionaries or desktop encyclopedias.翻譯：一個(gè)復(fù)雜的因素是一直缺乏專(zhuān)門(mén)的關(guān)于亞裔美國(guó)人的單卷本參考文獻(xiàn)，比如說(shuō)傳記式字典或者桌面式百科全書(shū)。評(píng)：上來(lái)就有一個(gè)因果指示詞factor，可想而知，這段話(huà)是將要去分析造成第一段中dilemma的原因。2.文章精讀（精讀各句，把握邏輯關(guān)系）第一段：（標(biāo)記

14、重要邏輯關(guān)系詞及態(tài)度評(píng)價(jià)詞）In recent years， teachers of introductory courses in Asian American studies have been facing a dilemma nonexistent a few decades ago， when hardly any texts in that field were available. Today， excellent anthologies and other introductory texts exist， and books on individual Asian Ameri

15、can nationality groups and on general issues important for Asian Americans are published almost weekly. Even professors who are experts in the field find it difficult to decide which of these to assign to students； nonexperts who teach in related areas and are looking for writings for and by Asian A

16、mericans to include in survey courses are in an even worse position.翻譯：近些年，亞裔美國(guó)人研究中教授基礎(chǔ)課程的老師一直面臨著一個(gè)困境。而幾十年前在那個(gè)領(lǐng)域沒(méi)有那么多可選的教材時(shí)，這個(gè)困境幾乎不存在。今天，優(yōu)秀的選集或者基礎(chǔ)教材比比皆是，關(guān)于單獨(dú)的亞裔美國(guó)籍群體和關(guān)于亞裔美國(guó)人重要的普遍問(wèn)題書(shū)記幾乎每周都會(huì)出版。即便是該領(lǐng)域?qū)＜业慕淌趥円矠橄驅(qū)W生推薦哪本教科書(shū)而犯難，更不用說(shuō)在相關(guān)領(lǐng)域教書(shū)的非專(zhuān)家們，他們尋找為亞裔美國(guó)人或由亞裔美國(guó)人所寫(xiě)的作品，這些作品包括在調(diào)查課程當(dāng)中。第二段：（標(biāo)記重要邏輯關(guān)系詞及態(tài)度評(píng)價(jià)詞）A comp

17、licating factor has been the continuing lack of specialized one-volume reference works on Asian Americans， such as biographical dictionaries or desktop encyclopedias. Such works would enable students taking Asian American studies courses (and professors in related fields) to look up basic informatio

18、n on Asian American individuals， institutions， history， and culture without having to wade through mountains of primary source material. In addition，given such works， Asian American studies professors might feel more free to include more challenging Asian American material in their introductory read

19、ing lists， since good reference works allow students to acquire on their own the background information necessary to interpret difficult or unfamiliar material.翻譯：一個(gè)復(fù)雜的因素是一直缺乏專(zhuān)門(mén)的關(guān)于亞裔美國(guó)人的單獨(dú)成卷的參考文獻(xiàn)，比如說(shuō)傳記式字典或者桌面式百科全書(shū)。這樣的文獻(xiàn)可以讓學(xué)習(xí)亞裔美國(guó)人研究課程的學(xué)生（以及相關(guān)領(lǐng)域的教授們）查詢(xún)關(guān)于亞裔美國(guó)個(gè)人、制度、歷史和文化的基本信息而不用跋山涉水以獲取一手資料。此外，有了這樣的文獻(xiàn)，亞裔

20、美國(guó)人研究的教授們可能會(huì)感到在他們推薦的閱讀書(shū)單中可以更自由地包括更多挑戰(zhàn)性的亞裔美國(guó)人研究材料，因?yàn)楹玫膮⒖嘉墨I(xiàn)可以讓學(xué)生基于其個(gè)人背景知識(shí)獲取必要的信息以解釋困難的或者不熟悉的材料。3.做題：1. The author of the passage is primarily concerned with doing which of the following？(A) Recommending a methodology(B) Describing a course of study(C) Discussing a problem(D) Evaluating a past course o

21、f action(E) Responding to a criticism評(píng)：1) 主旨題：正確答案為(C)。文章類(lèi)型為解決型文章，主旨必為正態(tài)度或無(wú)態(tài)度，不過(guò)本題中五個(gè)選項(xiàng)都不涉及負(fù)態(tài)度，不能排除。但是有萬(wàn)能選項(xiàng)(C)，再分析其它選項(xiàng)看是否有硬傷，以確定(C)項(xiàng)是否正確。2) 錯(cuò)項(xiàng)分析：(A)： 無(wú)中生有：方法論是一套系統(tǒng)的原則、做法或方法，文章并未提及。(B)： 無(wú)中生有：作者并未描述亞裔美國(guó)人研究中的一門(mén)專(zhuān)門(mén)的課程，而是指出了在這個(gè)領(lǐng)域中所有課程都有的問(wèn)題。(D)： 與原文相反：作者討論的是現(xiàn)狀，開(kāi)頭的in recent years暗示了時(shí)間段。(E)： 無(wú)中生有：如果作者是要回應(yīng)一個(gè)批

22、評(píng)，文章應(yīng)該要引用批評(píng)的來(lái)源，并且討論這些來(lái)源的基礎(chǔ)。但是文章并沒(méi)有引用這樣的來(lái)源。2. The “dilemma” mentioned in line 3 can best be characterized as being caused by the necessity to make a choice when faced with a(A) Lack of acceptable alternatives(B) Lack of strict standards for evaluating alternatives(C) Preponderance of bad alternatives

23、 as compared to good(D) Multitude of different alternatives(E) Large number of alternatives that are nearly identical in content1) 直接細(xì)節(jié)題：正確答案為(D)。問(wèn)題是讓讀者考慮作者使用“dilemma”的語(yǔ)境。原文第一句指出這種困境從前不曾有過(guò)，因?yàn)楫?dāng)時(shí)幾乎沒(méi)有可用的教材。第二句介紹了現(xiàn)狀：當(dāng)有如此多的可選教材時(shí)，從中選擇存在困難。2) 錯(cuò)項(xiàng)分析：(A)： 背道而馳：原文第二句說(shuō)了現(xiàn)狀不是缺乏而是過(guò)剩。(B)： 無(wú)中生有：原文并沒(méi)有提及評(píng)價(jià)各種的教材的嚴(yán)格標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。(

24、C)： 與原文相反：作者稱(chēng)anthologies excellent， 并且沒(méi)有以負(fù)面的態(tài)度描述alternatives(E)： 與原文相反：原文第二句給出了四種材料： anthologies， introductory texts， books on individual nationality groups， books on general issues. 這些材料內(nèi)容各異。3. The passage suggests that the factor mentioned in lines 15-18 complicates professors attempts to construc

25、t introductory reading lists for courses in Asian American studies in which of the following ways？(A) By making it difficult for professors to identify primary source material and to obtain standard information on Asian American history and culture(B) By preventing professors from identifying excell

26、ent anthologies and introductory texts in the field that are both recent and understandable to students(C) By preventing professors from adequately evaluating the quality of the numerous texts currently being published in the field(D) By making it more necessary for professors to select readings for

27、 their courses that are not too challenging for students unfamiliar with Asian American history and culture(E)By making it more likely that the readings professors assign to students in their courses will be drawn solely from primary materials.評(píng)：1)間接細(xì)節(jié)題：正確答案為(D)。the complicating factor指的是缺乏參考文獻(xiàn)。而在文章

28、最后一句討論了這個(gè)因素如何影響教授制定其引導(dǎo)性書(shū)單：如果學(xué)生有好的參考文獻(xiàn)可供查詢(xún)，教授們的書(shū)單選材自由度可以更大，可選更多有挑戰(zhàn)性的材料。言外之意即是：當(dāng)前教授沒(méi)法將挑戰(zhàn)性材料列入書(shū)單因?yàn)檫@種材料對(duì)學(xué)生而言太難或太不熟悉。2)錯(cuò)項(xiàng)分析：(A)： 確定最重要的第一手材料不是問(wèn)題，作者指出(B)： 缺乏參考文獻(xiàn)并不阻礙教授們鑒定近期出版的大量可用資源。第二段提到這些資源(C)： 無(wú)中生有：作者并沒(méi)有將參考材料缺乏和教材評(píng)估不足聯(lián)系起來(lái)。(E)： 無(wú)中生有：文章沒(méi)有暗示教授們僅僅會(huì)使用最重要的材料。4. The passage implies that which of the following

29、 was true of introductory courses in Asian American studies a few decades ago？(A) The range of different textbooks that could be assigned for such courses was extremely limited.(B) The texts assigned as readings in such courses were often not very challenging for students.(C) Students often complain

30、ed about the texts assigned to them in such courses.(D) Such courses were offered only at schools whose libraries were rich in primary sources.(E) Such courses were the only means then available by which people in the United States could acquire knowledge of the field.評(píng)：1） 間接細(xì)節(jié)題：正確答案為(A)。根據(jù)原文第一句：近年來(lái)

31、，老師們面臨著過(guò)去幾十年不曾有過(guò)的困境，那些年幾乎沒(méi)有教材可選。根據(jù)這句話(huà)，可以合理推測(cè)幾十年前，這個(gè)領(lǐng)域中的基礎(chǔ)課程老師鮮有教材可選。2） 錯(cuò)項(xiàng)分析：(B)： 無(wú)中生有：文章沒(méi)有信息可以推斷出關(guān)于過(guò)去閱讀的難度。(C)： 無(wú)中生有：文章沒(méi)有涉及學(xué)生對(duì)閱讀材料作何反應(yīng)的信息。(D)： 無(wú)中生有：文章沒(méi)有討論可在學(xué)校圖書(shū)館獲取的首要來(lái)源材料。(E)： 無(wú)中生有：作者沒(méi)有說(shuō)基礎(chǔ)課程是獲取該領(lǐng)域知識(shí)的唯一方法。5. According to the passage， the existence of good one-volume reference works about Asian Americ

32、ans could result in(A) Increased agreement among professors of Asian American studies regarding the quality of the sources available in their field(B) An increase in the number of students signing up for introductory courses in Asian American studies(C) Increased accuracy in writings that concern As

33、ian American history and culture(D) The use of introductory texts about Asian American history and culture in courses outside the field of Asian American studies(E) The inclusion of a wider range of Asian American material in introductory reading lists in Asian American studies評(píng)：1） 間接細(xì)節(jié)題：正確答案為(E)。第二

34、段中作者確定了有一本專(zhuān)門(mén)的關(guān)于亞裔美國(guó)人的參考文獻(xiàn)帶來(lái)的好處：a. 學(xué)生可以更容易地查詢(xún)基本信息， b. 教授可以推薦更有挑戰(zhàn)性的教材，因?yàn)閷W(xué)生有地方查詢(xún)用于理解這些教材的信息。E項(xiàng)符合好處b。2）錯(cuò)項(xiàng)分析：(A)： 無(wú)中生有：作者沒(méi)有暗示參考文獻(xiàn)有助于增加關(guān)于資源質(zhì)量意見(jiàn)的共識(shí)，也沒(méi)有質(zhì)疑這些資源的質(zhì)量。(B)： 無(wú)中生有：作者沒(méi)有將參考文獻(xiàn)的可用性和課程的普及程度聯(lián)系起來(lái)。(C)： 無(wú)中生有：作者沒(méi)有說(shuō)參考文獻(xiàn)的可用性將提高有關(guān)該領(lǐng)域作品的精確性。(D)： 無(wú)中生有：文章沒(méi)有信息暗示一本上乘的專(zhuān)門(mén)關(guān)于亞裔美國(guó)人的參考文獻(xiàn)的出現(xiàn)將使這個(gè)領(lǐng)域外的其它領(lǐng)域也受益。 Recent research

35、 has claimed that an excess of positive ions in the air can have an ill effect on peoples physical or psychological health. What are positive ions？Well，the air is full of ions，electrically charged particles，and generally there is a rough balance between the positive and the negative charged. But som

36、etimes this balance becomes disturbed and a larger proportion of positive ions are found. This happens naturally before thunderstorm，earthquakes when winds such as the Mistral，Hamsin or Sharav are blowing in certain countries. Or it can be caused by a build-up of static electricity indoors from carp

37、ets or clothing made of man-made fibres，or from TV sets，duplicators or computer display screens. When a large number of positive ions are present in the air many people experience unpleasant effects such as headaches，fatigue，irritability，and some particularly sensitive people suffer nausea or even m

38、ental disturbance. Animals are also affected，particularly before earthquakes，snakes have been observed to come out of hibernation，rats to flee from their burrows，dogs howl and cats jump about unaccountably. This has led the US Geographical Survey to fund a network of volunteers to watch animals in a

39、n effort to foresee such disasters before they hit vulnerable areas such as California.Conversely，when large numbers of negative ions are present，then people have a feeling of well-being. Natural conditions that produce these large amounts are near the sea，close to waterfalls or fountains，or in any

40、place where water is sprayed，or forms a spray. This probably accounts for the beneficial effect of a holiday by the sea， or in the mountains with tumbling streams or waterfalls.To increase the supply of negative ions indoors，some scientists recommend the use of ionisers：small portable machines，which generate negative ions. They claim that ionisers not only clean and refresh the air but also improve the health of people sensitive to excess positive ions. Of course，there are the detractors，