翻譯禁區(qū)：英語(yǔ)翻譯中的“八戒”

1、翻譯禁區(qū)：英語(yǔ)翻譯中的“八戒”由于歷史和文化上的差異，漢英詞語(yǔ)之間存在著或顯或隱的翻譯上的陷阱，導(dǎo)致漢譯英遠(yuǎn)比英譯漢易于出錯(cuò)。用魯迅的話(huà)說(shuō)，就是“詞典不離手，冷汗不離身。”這提醒譯者必須對(duì)這些差異心中有數(shù)，然后再調(diào)和這些差異，“擺平”這些差異。為此，要邁好下面八道坎兒，時(shí)刻要留心這八條“戒律”只想為你擦亮滿(mǎn)天星光，以免在熟路上“迷失方向”。一、戒“從一而終”漢語(yǔ)言簡(jiǎn)意賅，句子靈活，往往是一個(gè)漢語(yǔ)詞匯對(duì)應(yīng)N個(gè)英語(yǔ)詞匯，具體到在本句中應(yīng)該采用那個(gè)意項(xiàng)，務(wù)必抓住精神實(shí)質(zhì)，不可以不變應(yīng)萬(wàn)變。至于怎么應(yīng)變，這就是顯示譯者功力的地方了。比如：都是“問(wèn)題”，下面的翻譯各不相同，幾乎是打一槍換一個(gè)地方。共同關(guān)

2、心的問(wèn)題 questions of common interest解決問(wèn)題 solve a problem問(wèn)題的關(guān)鍵 the heart of the matter關(guān)鍵問(wèn)題 a key problem原則問(wèn)題 a question/ matter of principle懸而未決的問(wèn)題 an outstanding issue沒(méi)有什么問(wèn)題 Without any mishap摩托車(chē)有點(diǎn)問(wèn)題。 Something is wrong with the motorcycle.問(wèn)題不在這里。 That is not the point.最近揭發(fā)出相當(dāng)嚴(yán)重的貪污、受賄和官僚主義問(wèn)題。 Serious c

3、ases of embezzlement, bribery, and bureaucracy have been brought to light recently.譯者要掌握這種漢英翻譯中的“游擊戰(zhàn)術(shù)”，翻譯家應(yīng)是不同“文化王國(guó)”邊境線(xiàn)上的“游擊戰(zhàn)略家”。例沙博里將水滸傳譯為：Outlaws of the Marsh（沼澤地上的亡命之徒）。楊憲益譯將屈原的國(guó)殤譯為：For Those Fallen for Their Country，北外出版社將儒林外史譯為：The Scholars。這些都是譯者吃透了原文的原意而譯出的佳作。二、戒望文生義，機(jī)械直譯這多半是初學(xué)者犯的毛病，自己易于被表面現(xiàn)象

4、所迷惑，做出令人啼笑皆非的事情。黃牛（yellow cowox前誤后正，下同）黃鸝（yellow bird oriole）從小青梅竹馬（green plum bamboo horsegrew up together）黃瓜（ yellow meloncucumber） 紫菜（purple vegetable laver）白菜（ white vegetable Chinese cabbage）紅木（red woodpad auk） 紅豆杉（red firChinese yew）黑社會(huì)（black society sinister gang）三、戒“水土不符”，習(xí)慣搭配失當(dāng)這的確是難度系數(shù)較大的問(wèn)題

5、，它要求譯者既有較高的中文修養(yǎng)，又要有較高的英文造詣，一知半解的人常常在此“翻車(chē)”。如：寫(xiě)罷，擲筆在桌上。又歌了一回，再飲數(shù)杯酒，不覺(jué)沉醉，力不勝酒，便呼酒保計(jì)算了，取些銀子算還，多的都賞了酒保。And tossed the pen on the table. He intoned the verses to himself, then downed a few more cups of wine. He was very dunk. Song-Jiang asked for the bill, paid, and told the waiter to keep the change.（沙博里

6、譯水滸傳潯陽(yáng)樓宋江吟反詩(shī)）目前，水滸傳最好的英譯本要數(shù)沙博里先生的本子了。沙博里出生在美國(guó)，青年時(shí)來(lái)到中國(guó)，一住就是半個(gè)多世紀(jì)。為了譯好水滸傳，據(jù)說(shuō)他潛心研究了山東的地方志和舊時(shí)方言，可謂精誠(chéng)所致，譯著既“達(dá)”又“雅”。然而歷史告訴我們，中國(guó)古人沒(méi)有用過(guò)鋼筆，宋時(shí)用的還是毛筆，故the pen 應(yīng)改為the writing-brush。白洋淀的導(dǎo)游牌上，“紅菱”被硬硬地翻譯成Red Ling。菱角有對(duì)應(yīng)詞的，應(yīng)改為Red Water Chestnut。這里常常有外國(guó)人參觀(guān)，如此翻譯，令人汗顏！下面的幾段譯文就較好地照顧到了西方人的思維和理解習(xí)慣。老者道：“西方卻去不得。那山離此有六十里遠(yuǎn)，正是

7、西方必由之路。卻有八百里火焰，周?chē)绮莶簧?，若過(guò)此山，就是銅腦蓋，鐵身軀，也要化成汁哩?！薄癐ts impossible to get to the west,” the old man replied, “The mountains are about twenty miles from here. You have to cross them to get to the west, but theyre over 250 miles of flame. Not a blade of grass can grow anywhere around. Even if you had a skul

8、l of bronze and a body of iron, you would melt trying to cross them.”（詹納爾譯西游記孫悟空一調(diào)芭蕉扇）美國(guó)把貿(mào)易和人權(quán)扯在一起，只會(huì)損害兩國(guó)的經(jīng)濟(jì)利益。The US policy of linking trade with human rights can only bring harm to the economic interests of the two countries.關(guān)起門(mén)來(lái)搞建設(shè)是不成的，中國(guó)的發(fā)展離不開(kāi)世界。China cant develop in isolation from the rest of t

9、he world.四、戒主語(yǔ)暗淡主語(yǔ)是句子的靈魂， 定住譯文的主語(yǔ)的是關(guān)鍵的一步棋。主語(yǔ)定偏了，整個(gè)句子將顯得松散乏力，甚至?xí)`導(dǎo)讀者。如果這個(gè)問(wèn)題不解決，勢(shì)必影響兩國(guó)的利益。Failure to settle this issue is bound impair the relations between the two countries seriously.If the problem is not solved , it is sure to affect the interests between the two countries在以上兩種譯文中，顯然第一種譯文主語(yǔ)選得好，句子流暢

10、。共同的利益把我們兩個(gè)偉大的國(guó)家連接在一起。What holds our two great nations together is the cement of common interests.此句主語(yǔ)部分處理得頗為干練。操吳戈兮披犀甲，車(chē)錯(cuò)轂兮短兵接。We grasp huge shields, clad in Rhinoceros Hide;the Chariots clash, the Daggers gashing wide.（楊憲益譯屈原國(guó)殤）屈原一開(kāi)篇就“操吳戈兮披犀甲，車(chē)錯(cuò)轂兮短兵接”，顯然需要補(bǔ)充應(yīng)有的主語(yǔ)。在國(guó)殤詩(shī)中，后面還有“身既死兮神以靈，子魂魄兮為鬼雄”的句子，可見(jiàn)屈

11、原是以“局外人”的視角來(lái)寫(xiě)為國(guó)捐軀的將士的，而非把自己混為軍中一員。譯文中的主語(yǔ)應(yīng)改為“They”較妥。廚房里少了一條魚(yú)，主人發(fā)誓要一查到底，揪出偷魚(yú)的賊。Finding a fish in kitchen was lost, the host swore to find out the thief who stole the fish.盡管漢語(yǔ)中似乎有“廚房”“主人”兩個(gè)主語(yǔ)，譯者果斷地選定了the host作主語(yǔ)。打點(diǎn)清晰，增強(qiáng)了句子的內(nèi)聚力。夏威夷的沙灘上，椰影婆娑，海風(fēng)習(xí)習(xí)，一妙齡女郎正躺在白色的塑料椅上養(yǎng)神。On the Hawaiian sandy beach, the cocon

12、ut palms are whirling, the congenial sea breeze is blowing, and a young lady is lying in the white plastics chair resting to restore energy.因?yàn)槭禽p松讀本，又是描述性的文字，使用三個(gè)主語(yǔ)the coconut palms、the congenial sea breeze、a young lady仍是可取的。五、戒結(jié)構(gòu)單調(diào)，組合生硬 “拉郎配”由于漢英結(jié)構(gòu)不同，表達(dá)方式迥異，“硬性翻譯”不僅讀起來(lái)別扭，而且會(huì)鬧出笑話(huà)。這就要求譯者在翻譯時(shí)靈活使用整合的技巧，

13、將句子整合，凸顯漢語(yǔ)中所隱含的層次，補(bǔ)充所缺失的成分。有時(shí)要將簡(jiǎn)單句譯成并列句，有時(shí)將并列句譯成主從句。在紀(jì)念大學(xué)畢業(yè)20周年聚會(huì)時(shí)，我忽然問(wèn)起原來(lái)的班主任：“我個(gè)子又不矮，怎么把我安排在了第一排呢？”At the reunion party for 20 anniversary of graduation from university, I suddenly asked my former teacher in charge of our class then:“ Since I am not of short stature, how did you arrange me at the

14、first row?”一個(gè)高度近視的女博士去擦鞋店擦高統(tǒng)靴，禿頭老板親自蹲下來(lái)給她效勞。When a woman doctor who suffers a severe myopic went to shoes-polishing shop for her buskins，the bald boss squatted down to serve her personally.黑體字部分，正是契合了英語(yǔ)的表達(dá)習(xí)慣。六、戒“愚忠”，不諳增減之道我們耳熟能詳?shù)臇|西外國(guó)人可能會(huì)感到一頭霧水，譯者需要增加必要的說(shuō)明和補(bǔ)充或者減譯。否則，外國(guó)人會(huì)不知所云。畢竟，漢譯英最終是給外國(guó)人看的。例如：風(fēng)水feng

15、shuithe location of a house or tomb, supposed to have an influence on the fortune of a family.例如：（美國(guó)對(duì)臺(tái)）“三不政策”會(huì)當(dāng)凌絕頂，一覽眾山小。One day I shall climbClear to the summit,See how small surroundingMountain tops appear as they lie below me（新西蘭人路易艾黎譯杜甫望岳）I cant open my eyes to watch you jumping into the fiery p

16、it, for I will shut my eyes at the time.我不會(huì)眼睜睜看著你往火坑里跳，到時(shí)候我會(huì)閉上的。七、戒語(yǔ)句重復(fù)漢語(yǔ)多重復(fù)，以強(qiáng)化語(yǔ)氣；英語(yǔ)則要盡量避免重復(fù)。先生曰：“狼負(fù)我，狼負(fù)我！”狼曰：“吾非固欲負(fù)汝。天生汝輩，固需吾輩食也。”“You are an ungrateful beast,” complained the man.“Not at all,” retorted the wolf, “it is not that Im ungrateful, but you men were created for us to devour.”（顏惠慶譯馬中錫中山狼

17、傳）王曰：“此鳥(niǎo)不飛則已，一飛沖天；不鳴則已，一鳴驚人?！薄癟he bird may not have flown yet”，replied the King,“Once it does, it will soar to the sky. I may not have cried out yet, but once it does, it will startle everyone.”（楊憲益譯史記滑稽列傳又斗爭(zhēng)，又團(tuán)結(jié)，以斗爭(zhēng)的手段，達(dá)團(tuán)結(jié)之目的。Unity, struggle, unity through struggle.中國(guó)人也好，外國(guó)人也好，死人也好，活人也好，對(duì)的就是對(duì)的，不對(duì)的就

18、是不對(duì)的。What is right is right and what is wrong is wrong, no matter what it concerns, the Chinese or foreigners, the dead or the living.八、戒另起爐灶，走失精氣神，淪為法國(guó)作家梅納日所批評(píng)的 “不忠的美人”即語(yǔ)言?xún)?yōu)美但不忠于原文。譯文要力求其“信”，盡可能契合漢語(yǔ)原來(lái)句子的氣勢(shì)、情緒和結(jié)構(gòu)。例如，元朝人王實(shí)甫寫(xiě)下了西廂記，張雪靜改編后并作了翻譯：掏出張生那封信，回頭環(huán)視見(jiàn)梳妝臺(tái)上的梳妝盒，眼睛一轉(zhuǎn)，心里說(shuō)有了，將信放了進(jìn)去，合上蓋時(shí)故意壓了一角露在外面。Rose took out Zhangs letter, she thought, “It would be better to put it in her make-up case, and letter find it herself.” So she put the letter in th