英語基礎(chǔ)語法(共28頁)

1、精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上 英語主干1. 詞匯 2. 時態(tài)(主動語態(tài)+被動語態(tài)) 動作時間一般進行 完成完成進行現(xiàn)在一般現(xiàn)在時sb. do/does sth. be done現(xiàn)在進行時be doingbe being done現(xiàn)在完成時have/has donehave/has been done現(xiàn)在完成進行時have/has been doing過去一般過去時sb. didsth.was/were done過去進行時was/were doingwas/were being done過去完成時had donehad been done將來一般將來時sb.will dosth.will be d

2、one將來進行時will be doingwill be being done將來完成時will have donewill have been done過去將來一般過去將來sb.would dosth. would be done過去將來進行時would be doingwould be being done過去將來完成時would have donewould have been done3. 從句 1) 主語從句 2) 賓語從句 3) 表語從句 4) 定語從句 5) 狀語從句 6) 同位語從句4. 其他句型：包括強調(diào)句、倒裝句、not.unitl句型、虛擬語氣、英語四大規(guī)則等。主語從句

3、I. 主語從句: 主語是個句子，或者說從句在句中充當主語.1. 當主語是陳述句時，連接詞是that 即： that(不省略)+該陳述句Eg. 1.) That we will be late is certain. (We will be late.)2.) That he did not come yesterday is a pity. (He did not come yesterday.) (注意) 主語從句的that一定不能省略，而賓語從句中的that可以省略。 Eg. 1.) That we will be late is certain. (主語從句，that不能省略) 2.)

4、I hope (that) we will win the game. (賓語從句，that 可以省略)2. 當主語是一般疑問句時，連接詞是whether(or not) 即： whether(or not) +該一般疑問句的陳述語序(注意)“if” 不能引導(dǎo)主語從句，這要與賓語從句進行區(qū)分。Eg. 1.) Whether he will go there is not known. (Will he go there?) 2.) Whether they can finish the job (or not) is not clear. (Can they finish the job?)3

5、. 當主語是特殊疑問句時，連接詞是特殊疑問詞“8W+H” 即：特殊疑問詞“8W+H” +該特殊疑問句的陳述語序 （注：8W指的是what/where/which/who/whom/why/whose/when, H 指的是how）Eg. 1.) What he did yesterday is not known. (What did he do yesterday?)2.) Where he went yesterday is not clear. (Where did he go yesterday?)3.) Which team he liked has not been decided

6、. (Which team did he like?)4.) Who won the game seems certain. (Who won the game?)5.) Whom he met yesterday is not clear. (Whom did he meet yesterday?)6.) Why he was late for the meeting is to be found out. (Why was he late for the meeting?)7.) Whose book this is is not clear. (Whose book is this?)8

7、.) When he will arrive is not known. (When will he arrive?)9.) How we will help the lost boy will be discussed at the meeting. (How will we help the lost boy?) II. (注意一) 主語從句后置! 為了避免主語冗長,句子頭重腳輕,經(jīng)常用it作形式主語,主語從句放在后面作真正的主語.Eg. 1.) That we will be late is certain.- Its certain that we will be late. 2.)

8、Whether he will go there is not known.- It is not known whether he will go there. 3.) Where he went yesterday is not clear.- It is not clear where he went yesterday. It 作形式主語常用句型：(that 引導(dǎo)的主語從句是真正的主語) It is possible/important/necessary/clear that. Its said/ reported that. 據(jù)說/據(jù)報道 Its been announced/de

9、clared that. 已經(jīng)通知/宣布 It seems/appears/happens that 顯然、明顯、碰巧. Its no wonder that并不奇怪/無疑 （注意二）主語從句中 ，謂語動詞一般用單數(shù)。What引導(dǎo)的主語從句，謂語動詞根據(jù)表語決定What he needs _is_ that book.What he needs _are_ some books.（注意三）What 與 that 引導(dǎo)主語從句的區(qū)別Eg. (1) What you said yesterday is right. (What did you say yesterday?)(2) That she

10、 is still alive is a puzzle. (She is still alive.) 練習(xí)題1. _ he made an important speech at the meeting was true.A. That B. Why C. What D. How 2. _well go camping tomorrow depends on the weather. A If B Whether C That D Where 3._ is known to us all is that America is a developed country. A. Which B. A

11、s C. What D. It4. Its known to us all _ a form of energy . A. water is B. that water is C. is water D. that water to 賓語從句 I. 賓語從句: 賓語是個句子，或者說從句在句中充當賓語.1. 當賓語是陳述句時，連接詞是that 即： that(可省略)+該陳述句Eg. 1.) I hope (that) he will come tomorrow. (He will come tomorrow.)2.) He guesses (that) this team will win.

12、(This team will win.) (注意) 主語從句的that一定不能省略，而賓語從句中的that可以省略。 Eg. 1.) That we will be late is certain. (主語從句，that不能省略) 2.) I believe (that) we will win the game. (賓語從句，that 可以省略)2. 當賓語是一般疑問句時，連接詞是whether(or not)/if 即： whether(or not)/if +該一般疑問句的陳述語序Eg. 1.) I ask whether/if Tom knows Jack. (Does Tom kn

13、ow Jack?) 2.) I dont know whether/if he came back yesterday. (Did he come back yesterday?)3. 當賓語是特殊疑問句時，連接詞是特殊疑問詞“8W+H” 即：特殊疑問詞“8W+H” +該特殊疑問句的陳述語序 （注：8W-what/where/which/who/whom/why/whose/when, H-how）Eg. 1.) I dont know what he did yesterday. (What did he do yesterday?)2.) He wants to know where he

14、 went yesterday. (Where did he go yesterday?)3.) He didnt tell me which team he liked. (Which team did he like?)4.) We want to know who won the game at last. (Who won the game?)5.) His mom asked whom he met yesterday. (Whom did he meet yesterday?)6.) He didnt find out why he was late for the meeting

15、. (Why was he late for the meeting?)7.) I am not sure whose book this is. (Whose book is this?)8.) They ask me when he will arrive. (When will he arrive?)9) We have discussed how we will help the lost boy. (How will we help the lost boy?) II. (注意一) 當主句的謂語動詞是command/demand/insist/order/require/sugges

16、t等表示要求或建議的動詞時，從句謂語動詞用（should）+動詞原詞，should 可以省略。eg （1）She required (that) he (should) go back home right now. She required (that) he go back home right now. （2）I suggested (that) he (should) ask his teacher for help. I suggested (that) he ask his teacher for help. （注意二）當主句中believe/expect/suppose/thin

17、k等作謂語動詞時，否定要前移。 Eg. I dont think that he will come tomorrow. (He wont come tomorrow.) He doesnt believe that it is true. (It is not true.) （注意三）賓語從句的語序  賓語從句從句的語序必須是陳述語序，即連接詞+主語+謂語+其他成分  eg. I believe that they will come soon.   He asked me whether I was a teacher. 

18、;  They wanted to know what they can do for us.（注意四）賓語從句的時態(tài)  賓語從句的時態(tài)受主句的限制，即：主句是一般現(xiàn)在時態(tài)，從句根據(jù)實際情況而定。主句是一般過去時態(tài)，從句用相應(yīng)的過去的時態(tài)。如果從句的動作發(fā)生在主句之前，則從句要用過去完成時態(tài)。  eg. 1)She says that she is a student.   She said that she was a student.   2)She says that she will fly to

19、 Japan in a week.   She said that she would fly to Japan in a week.（注意五）由whether或特殊疑問詞8W+H引導(dǎo)的賓語從句(也就是第二、第三種情況時)，如果賓語從句的主語和主句的主語是同一對象，可以用“疑問詞+不定式”做賓語的簡單句結(jié)構(gòu)。  eg. I dont know what I should do next.   I dont know what to do next.   He didnt know where he would li

20、ve.   He didnt know where to live. He wasnt clear which way he should go to reach the bank. =He wasnt clear which way to go to reach the bank.（注意七）含有賓語補足語時，若賓語是個句子，賓語通常用形式賓語it 代替，真正的賓語放在賓語補足語之后。 Eg. 1) We think it wonderful that we will go on a trip this weekend. (賓語是陳述句) 2) I think it unc

21、ertain whether we will win the game. （賓語是一般疑問句） 3) We hope it discussed how we will solve the problem. (賓語是特殊疑問句)練習(xí)題1。 Do you know _ the Capital Museum? Next Friday.A. when will they visit B. when they will visitC. when did they visit D. when they visited2. Can you tell me _? She is in the computer

22、lab. A. where Linda was B. where is Linda C. where was Linda D. where Linda is 3。 3。Guess _ I did yesterday！I think you went to a party. A. where B. when C. what D. which 4. Could you let me know _ yesterday?Because the traffic was heavy. A. why did you come late B. why you came late C. why do you c

23、ome late D. why you come late 5。Do you know _ the MP3 player last week?Sorry, I have no idea. A. how much did she pay forB. how much will she pay for C. how much she paid for同位語從句 同位語從句通常跟在某些名詞之后，用以說明或解釋該名詞表示的具體內(nèi)容?？梢愿徽Z從句的名詞通常有：advice, fact, truth, decision, fact, hope, idea, information, message,

24、news, promise, proposal, reply, report, suggestion, word（消息), agreement(一致)，problem，question, doubt, thought 等。The news that Mr. Li will be our new English teacher is true.有時同位語從句可以不緊跟在被說明的名詞后面，而被別的詞隔開。 如：The news is true that Mr. Li will be our new English teacher. 1.（一）. 當同位語從句是陳述句時，連接詞是that 即：tha

25、t(不省略)+該陳述句Eg.1) The news that Mr. Li will be our new English teacher is true. 2.) He admitted the fact that he had stolen the wallet. (注意) that引導(dǎo)同位語從句時只是中心詞和同位語從句之間的橋梁而已，無任何意義，也不充當任何成分，但that 不可以省略（二）. 當同位語從句是一般疑問句時，連接詞是whether(or not) 即： whether(or not) +該一般疑問句的陳述語序(注意) 此處不能用if. 1.) He hasnt made t

26、he decision whether he will go there. (decision 的內(nèi)容是 Will he go there?) 2.) They have not come to an agreement whether he should take part in this game. (agreement 的內(nèi)容是 Should he take part in this game?) （三）. 當同位語從句是特殊疑問句時，連接詞是特殊疑問詞“8W+H” 即：特殊疑問詞“8W+H” +該特殊疑問句的陳述語序 （注：8W指的是what/where/which/who/whom/

27、why/whose/when, H 指的是how）1.) I have no idea what the boy is doing in the next room now.2.) We havent yet settled the question where we are going to spend our summer vacation this year.3.) We have not come to a conclusion which team is the best. 4.) The question who should do the work is being discus

28、sed at the meeting.5.) The doubt whom he talked with yesterday is important to the case(案件). 6.) The doubt why he did not come yesterday is important to the case(案件). 7.) The problem whose money this is has not been solved. 8.) I have no suggestion when he will be back9.) The thought came to me how

29、I can solve this problem. 2. that 引導(dǎo)的同位語從句和定語從句的區(qū)別1)意義不同：that 引導(dǎo)的同位語從句是用來進一步說明前面名詞的內(nèi)容，是解釋中心詞；而that 引導(dǎo)的定語從句用來修飾、限定前面的先行詞，是修飾中心詞（先行詞）。Eg. The news that our team has won the final match is true. The news that he told us is true.分析中that引導(dǎo)同位語從句，解釋說明“news”的內(nèi)容：我們隊取得了決賽勝利。 中that引導(dǎo)定語從句，對“news”加以限定：是他告訴我們的，而非

30、來自其他渠道，起修飾作用。2) that功能不同：that引導(dǎo)同位語從句時是一個純連詞，只是中心詞和同位語從句之間的連接詞，不充當任何成分；而that引導(dǎo)定語從句時，是關(guān)系代詞，不僅起連接作用，而且還指代先行詞并在從句中充當主語、賓語等成分。Eg. Dad made a promise that he would buy me a CD player if I passed the English test. . Dad made a promise that excited all his children.分析 中 that引導(dǎo) 同位語從句，其中that無詞義，也不充當任何成分；.中tha

31、t引導(dǎo)定語從句，that指代promise，又在從句中充當主語，且that可以用which替換。3)that可否省略：that引導(dǎo)同位語從句時，不可省略。在引導(dǎo)定語從句時，若在從句中作賓語，可以省略，若作主語則不可以省略。Eg.The news that our team has won the final match is true. The news (that) he told us is true. The news that is from this newspaper is true. 分析 中 that引導(dǎo) 同位語從句，不能省略。.中that引導(dǎo)定語從句，that指代news，在

32、從句中充當賓語， that可以用which替換，也可以省略。中that 也是引導(dǎo)定語從句，that 指代news, 在從句中充當主語，that 可以用which 替換，但that 不能省略。3. 有時同位語從句可以不緊跟在被解釋說明的名詞后面，而被別的詞隔開。 定語從句有時也可以不緊跟在被修飾的先行詞后面，而被別的詞隔開。Eg. The news is true that a new teacher will come tomorrow to teach us English. A new teacher will come tomorrow who will teach us English

33、. （定語從句who will teach you English 修飾a new teacher, 被will come tomorrow 隔開，定語從句與先行詞分離） 練習(xí)題1). They expressed the hope _ they would come over to China soon.2) The fact _ he didnt see Tom this morning is true.3) Word has come _ some American guests will come to our college for a visit next week.4). He

34、cant answer the question _ he got the money from his home yesterday. 5). Do you have any idea _ is actually going on in the classroom? 6). The problem _ we should have the meeting in the hall now must be decided at once.2. The suggestion _ the monitor gave is good. The suggestion _ we will have a tr

35、ip on the Great Wall this week is good. A. that B. C. which D. where 定語從句 定語從句：定語是個句子,也就是一個句子作定語從屬于主句。定語一般是由形容詞充當，所以定語從句又稱作形容詞從句。另外，定語從句是由關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的，故又稱作關(guān)系從句。關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞又統(tǒng)稱為引導(dǎo)詞。 區(qū)別：漢語中，定語只能放在名詞前面，而英語中，定語既可以放在名詞前（形容詞修飾名詞），也可以放在名詞后面（定語從句修飾名詞）。被修飾的中心詞叫作先行詞。Eg.（1） He is a clever boy. He is a boy who is

36、clever. (a boy 是中心詞或者先行詞，who is clever 是修飾a boy 的定語從句，who 是關(guān)系代詞，替代先行詞 a boy)拆成兩個句子：He is a boy. （主干）This boy is clever. （定語） 定語從句一般要緊跟在中心詞（先行詞）的后面，即：He is a boy (this boy is clever). 去掉定語從句中與中心詞（先行詞）重復(fù)的部分，即this boy, 把它替換成指人的關(guān)系代詞who, 即 He is a boy who is clever. （2）他是一個我們喜歡的男孩。拆成兩個句子：他是一個男孩。He is a b

37、oy. (主干) 我們喜歡這個男孩。We like this boy. (定語)定語從句在中心詞（先行詞）的后面，即：He is a boy (we like this boy).去掉定語從句中與中心詞（先行詞）重復(fù)的部分，即this boy, 把它替換成指人的關(guān)系代詞who, 即 He is a boy (we like who). 但是，定語從句中，關(guān)系代詞要緊跟中心詞（先行詞）后面，所以who 要緊跟在a boy 后面，即：He is a boy who we like. 一.關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句1.關(guān)系代詞代替前面的先行詞，關(guān)系代詞/先行詞都在定語從句中充當句子成分，可以作主語、賓語

38、、定語等。常見的關(guān)系代詞有： that, which, who, whom, whose。that既可指人又可指物，在定語從句中作主語或賓語，作賓語時還可省略。which代替物，在定語從句中作主語或賓語，作賓語時還可省略who代替人，在定語從句中作主語或賓語，作賓語時還可省略。whom代替人，在定語從句中作賓語，還可省略。whose既可指人又可指物，是所有格，在定語從句作定語。（一）. 先行詞是人，1) 在定語從句中充當主語時：that/whoEg. An architect is a person that/who designs buildings. I will never forget

39、 the teacher that/who taught us chemistry in my middle school. 2) 在定語從句中充當賓語時：that/who/whom/ (關(guān)系代詞省略) Eg. Do you know the man that/who/whom/ we met in the school library yesterday? This is the student that/who/whom/ my father taught ten years ago. 3) 在定語從句中充當定語(所有格)時：whose/ of whom Eg.The girl whose

40、 father is an engineer studies abroad. 其父是一位工程師的那個女孩在國外留學(xué)。 The girl the father of whom is an engineer studies abroad. A child whose parents are dead is called an orphan. A child the parents of whom are dead is called an orphan. （二）. 先行詞是物，1) 在定語從句中充當主語時：that/which Eg. Tom works in a factory that/whi

41、ch makes watches. I do not like stories that/which have unhappy endings. 2) 在定語從句中充當賓語時：that/which/ (關(guān)系代詞省略) Eg. This is the book that/which/ you want to buy? The letter that/which/ I received yesterday is very important. 3)在定語從句中充當定語(所有格)時：whose /(whichs) / of which Eg. Do you know the hotel whose

42、window we can see here? ( = Do you know the hotel whichs window we can see here?) =Do you know the hotel the window of which we can see here? （關(guān)系代詞whose指代先行詞hotel, 也可以用of which, whose window=the window of which, 意思是: the window of the hotel。） He can repair the desk whose leg is broken. (= He can rep

43、air the desk whichs leg is broken.) =He can repair the desk the leg of which is broken. （三）. 先行詞既有人，又有物，1)在定語從句中充當主語時：that Eg. The time, place and persons that are mentioned in the story are very important. He was watching the children and parcels that filled the car. 他正望著塞滿車的孩子和包裹。 2)在定語從句中充當賓語時：th

44、at / (關(guān)系代詞省略) Eg. The time, place and persons that/ the writer mentioned in the story are very important. （注 意） 1.當介詞與關(guān)系代詞緊密相連時，即介詞后面的關(guān)系代詞用whom（指人時）或者which(指物時)， 而不用who（指人時）和that（指人或物時）。例如： (1) The man to whom our headmaster talked just now is our English teacher. 我們校長剛才與他談話的那個人是我們的英語老師。注意：介詞與關(guān)系代詞不是

45、緊密相連時，或者說介詞放在句子后面時，這時可以用who，也可用that，還可以省略關(guān)系代詞。因此，上面的這句話還可以有如下四種說法： The man whom our headmaster talked to just now is our English teacher. The man who our headmaster talked to just now is our English teacher. The man that our headmaster talked to just now is our English teacher. The man our headmaste

46、r talked to just now is our English teacher. 第4句簡潔、自然，所以口語中用得最多。 (2)This is the book for which you asked. 注意：介詞與關(guān)系代詞不是緊密相連時，或者說介詞放在句子后面時，這時可以用which，也可用that，還可以省略關(guān)系代詞。因此，上面的這句話還可以有如下三種說法： This is the book which you asked for. This is the book that you asked for. This is the book you asked for. 2. 關(guān)系代

47、詞which 可以指代前面的整個句子。 關(guān)系代詞as 也可以指代前面的整個句子。Eg. He comes from America, which I know from his accent. (which 在定語從句中作know的賓語，其先行詞是前面的整個句子he comes from America.) = He comes from America, as I know from his accent. 練 習(xí) 題1. Is this the factory _ you visited the ot

48、her day? A. that    B. Which     C.   D. A、Band C2. Finally, the thief handed everything _he had stolen to the police.A. which    B. what    C. who   D. that3. His parents wouldnt let him marry a

49、nyone _ family was poor.A. of whom   B. whom   C. of whose  D. whose 4 All _is needed is a supply of oil.   A. the thing   B. that   C. what    D. which 5. The place_you are going to visit is a place of interest. (名勝古跡)A.in w

50、hich    B.at which   C.where   D.which6. The Summer Palace（頤和園） is one of the most beautiful parks_built in the Qing Dynasty. （清朝）A.where were  B.where was   C.that were   D.which was7. She showed me the ditionary_she paid a lot of money.A.

51、 which    B.   C.for which    D.that 二、關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句常用的關(guān)系副詞只有三個：when,where,why，關(guān)系副詞在定語從句中作狀語,在定語從句中充當時間、地點和原因狀語。（一）關(guān)系副詞when的用法 關(guān)系副詞when代替的先行詞表示的是時間，when在定語從句作時間狀語。Eg. I will never forget those days _we lived together. = I will never forget those days which we li

52、ved together in. = I will never forget those days in which we lived together. = I will never forget those days when we lived together. (時間the time) in/on/during which. = (時間the time) when.(區(qū)分) I will never forget those days _ we spent together. （二）關(guān)系副詞where的用法 關(guān)系副詞where代替的先行詞表示的是地點，where在定語從句作地點狀語。E

53、g. This is the place _ Li Bai once lived. =This is the place which Li Bai once lived in. =This is the place in which Li Bai once lived. = This is the place where Li Bai once lived. =This is where LiBai once lived. (地點the place) in/at which. = (地點the place) where.(區(qū)分) This is the place _ Li Bai once

54、visited. （三）關(guān)系副詞why的用法 關(guān)系副詞why代替的先行詞表示的是原因，why在定語從句作原因狀語。Eg. This is the reason _ he did not come yesterday. =This is the reason which he did not come yesterday for. （He did not come yesterday for this reason.）= This is the reason for which he did not come yesterday. =This is the reason why he did n

55、ot come yesterday. (原因the reason) for which.= (原因the reason) why. (區(qū)分) This is the reason _ he explained. （注 意）1. 以下由關(guān)系副詞when/where/why 引導(dǎo)的定語從句，如果把先行詞去掉，則變成了表語從句。關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句：Those days are the time when we lived together. This is the place where we lived together 10 years ago. This is the reason why she did not come yesterday. 表語從句： Those days are when we lived together. This is where we lived together 10 years ago. This is why she did not come yesterday. 2. 區(qū)分定語從句與其它從句的區(qū)別。1）那些日子是我們曾經(jīng)住在一起的時光。 Those days are the time whe