雙語化學(xué)速成必備基礎(chǔ)(共5頁)

1、精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上雙語化學(xué)速成必備基礎(chǔ)一、元素和單質(zhì)的命名“元素”和“單質(zhì)”的英文意思都是“element”，有時為了區(qū)別，在強(qiáng)調(diào)“單質(zhì)”時可用“free element”。因此，單質(zhì)的英文名稱與元素的英文名稱是一樣的。下面給出的既是元素的名稱，同時又是單質(zhì)的名稱。1、主族元素和單質(zhì)： IA IIA IIIA IV A V A VIA VIIA0Hydrogen HeliumLithiumBerylliumboronCarbonNitrogenOxygenFluorineNeonSodiumMagnesiumAluminiumSiliconPhosphorusSulfurChlorin

2、eArgonPotassium CalciumGalliumGermaniumArsenicSeleniumBromineKryptonRubidiumStrontiumIndiumTinAntimonyTelluriumIodineXenonCesiumBariumThalliumLeadBismuthPoloniumAstatineRadonFransiumRadium2、過渡元素和單質(zhì)Fe : iron Mn : manganese Cu: copper Zn: zinc Hg: mercury Ag: silver Au: gold二、化合物的命名：化合物的命名順序都是根據(jù)化學(xué)式從左往

3、右讀，這與中文讀法順序是相反的。表示原子個數(shù)時使用前綴：mono-di -tri- tetra -penta- hexa- hepta- octa-，nona-,deca-,但是在不會引起歧義時，這些前綴都盡可能被省去。1、化合物正電荷部分的讀法直呼其名，即讀其元素名稱。如CO: carbon monoxide Al2O3: aluminium oxide N2O4 ：Dinitrogen tetroxide ( tetra-,mono- 后綴中的a,o在后一o之前省去)對于有變價的金屬元素，除了可用前綴來表示以外，更多采用羅馬數(shù)字來表示金屬的氧化態(tài)，或用后綴-ous表示低價，-ic表示高價。

4、如 FeO: iron(II) oxide 或 ferrous oxide Fe2O3: iron (III) oxide或ferric oxide Cu2O: copper(I) oxide 或cuprous oxideCuO: copper(II) oxide或cupric oxide 2、化合物負(fù)電荷部分的讀法2.1、二元化合物：常見的二元化合物有鹵化物，氧化物，硫化物，氮化物，磷化物，碳化物，金屬氫化物等，命名時需要使用后綴-ide，如：fluoride， chloride， bromide， iodide， oxide ，sulfide ，nitride, phosphide, ca

5、rbide，hydride; OH-的名稱也是用后綴-ide：hydroxide，非金屬氫化物不用此后綴，而是將其看成其它二元化合物（見.）；非最低價的二元化合物還要加前綴，如 O22-: peroxide O2- : superoxide舉例： NaF: sodium fluoride AlCl3: aluminium chloride Mg2N3: magnesium nitride Ag2S：silver sulfide CaC2: calcium carbide Fe(OH)2：iron(II) hydroxide 有些物質(zhì)常用俗稱，如NO nitric oxide N2O nitro

6、us oxide2.2、 非金屬氫化物除了水和氨氣使用俗稱water，ammonia以外，其它的非金屬氫化物都用系統(tǒng)名稱，命名規(guī)則根據(jù)化學(xué)式的寫法不同而有所不同。對于鹵族和氧族氫化物，在化學(xué)式中寫在前面，因此將其看成另一元素的二元化合物。舉例： HF hydrogen fluoride HCl hydrogen chlorideHBr hydrogen bromide HI hydrogen iodide H2S hydrogen sulfide H2Se hydrogen selenide H2Te hydrogen telluride對于其它族的非金屬氫化物，在化學(xué)式中寫在后面，可加后綴a

7、ne，氮族還可加-ine舉例： PH3: phosphine或phosphane AsH3: arsine或arsane SbH3: stibine或stibane BiH3: bismuthane CH4: methane SiH4: silane B2H6: diborane2.3、 無氧酸命名規(guī)則：hydro-詞根-icacid舉例： HCl: hydrochloric acid H2S : hydrosufuric acid2.4、 含氧酸與含氧酸根陰離子化學(xué)專業(yè)英語用前后綴的不同組合顯示不同價態(tài)的含氧酸和含氧酸根陰離子，價態(tài)相同的含氧酸及含氧酸根陰離子具有相同的前綴，不同的后綴。高某

8、酸per-ic 正酸ic 亞酸-ous 次酸 hypo-ous高某酸根per-ate 正酸根ate 亞酸根-ite 次酸根hypo-ite其它的前綴還有ortho-正 meta- 偏 thio-硫代舉例：HClO4 perchloric acid ClO4- perchlorate ionHClO3 chloric acid ClO3- chlorate ionHClO2 chlorous acid ClO2- chlorite ionHClO hypochlorous acid ClO- hypochlorite ionH2SO4 sulfuric acid H2SO3 sulfurous

9、acidHNO3 nitric acid HNO2 nitrous acid HPO3 metaphosphoric acid S2O32- thiosulfate ion2.5、 鹽正鹽：根據(jù)化學(xué)式從左往右分別讀出陽離子和陰離子的名稱。如FeSO4 iron(II) sulfate KMnO4 potassium permanganate酸式鹽：同正鹽的讀法，酸根中的讀做hydrogen，氫原子的個數(shù)用前綴表示。如NaHCO3: sodium hydrogencarbonate 或 sodium bicarbonate NaH2PO4: sodium dihydrogenphosphate復(fù)

10、鹽：同正鹽的讀法，并且陽離子按英文名稱的第一個字母順序讀。如 KNaCO3: potassium sodium carbonateNaNH4HPO4: ammonium sodium hydrogenphosphate水合鹽：結(jié)晶水讀做water或hydrate如AlCl3?6H2O: aluminum chloride 6-water或 aluminum chloride hexahydrate AlK(SO4) 2?12H2O aluminium potassium sulphate 12-water三、 物理性質(zhì)（physical properties）colour : colourle

11、ss, red-brown, violet-black, purple-black, pale yellow, dark brownsmell: odourless, pungent, penetrating, offensive, choking, bitter,sour, sweet state: solid, liquid, gas, gaseous, oily, crystalline, uncrystalline, molten, fusedsolubility: soluble, insoluble, slightly soluble, very soluble ,density:

12、 heavy, light , less dense, denser, greatly denser, slightly denser, about the same densehardness: hard, soft , ductile, malleabletoxicity: toxic, poisonous melting point, boiling point: high, lowconductivity: electronic conductivity ; thermalconductivity ; conductor ; insulator; semiconductor四、 化學(xué)性

13、質(zhì) (chemical properties)stability: stable , unstable, reactive, unreactiveredox property: oxidizing ability, reducing ability, oxiding agent(oxidant), reducing agent (reductant), oxidation, reduction, oxidation state, valence, strong, weakacid-base property: acidic, basic, strong, weak, monobasic aci

14、d, monoacidic base, 五、 化學(xué)方程式（Chemical Equations）1、 反應(yīng)名稱 combination；decomposition；displacement；double displacement；redox reaction；nonredox reaction；disproportionation；neutralization；exothermic reaction; endothermic reaction; reversible reaction; forward reaction; reverse reaction; spontaneous reacti

15、on; nonspontaneous reaction 2、 反應(yīng)條件heat; burn; ignite/ignition ; electrolyze/electrolysis; under/at ambient/room temperature; under standard pressure; with/in the prescence of a catalyst 3、 讀法3.1 nitrogen reacts with hydrogen to form ammonia at high temperature and pressure with the presence of a ca

16、talyst.1 mol nitrogen reacts with 3 mol hydrogen to form 2 mol ammonia at high temperature and pressure with the presence of a catalyst. 3.2 nitrogen combines with hydrogen to form ammonia at high temperature and pressure with the presence of a catalyst. ammonia decomposes to nitrogen and hydrogen a

17、t high temperature and pressure with the presence of a catalyst.3.3 Reaction between nitrogen and hydrogen at high temperature and pressure with the presence of a catalyst gives ammonia. At high temperature and pressure, reaction of nitrogen with hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst takes place. 六

18、、 化學(xué)計算 (Chemical Calculation)1、 化學(xué)術(shù)語atomic mass/weight ; molecular weight; amount (of substance); mole; number of moles; molar mass; molar volume; concentration; molarity ; excess agent; limiting agent；reactant; product; yield;2、 數(shù)學(xué)術(shù)語 × ÷運(yùn)算名稱addition substraction mulplication division動詞讀法a

19、dd substract(ed)?from multiply(ied)?by divide(d)?by介詞讀法plus minus times over運(yùn)算結(jié)果 sum difference product quotient0.001 o/zero point o o one2/3 two thirds equals/is equal to is approximately equal to less than greater thanx2 x squared ; x3 x cubed ; x-10 x to the minus tenth power100oc one hundred deg

20、rees centigrade 5% five percent (by mass,volume)（） round brackets/parentheses square/angular brackets braceslinear planar trigonal square tetrahedral 七、 化學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)（Chemical Experiments ）1、 實(shí)驗(yàn)用品( equipments / apparatus ) 燒瓶round-bottom/florence flask 錐形瓶(conical) Erlenmeyer flask 三角漏斗funnel 長頸漏斗thistle tube 試管架test-tube rack 集氣瓶bottle ; glass jar 滴定管burette 燒杯beaker 玻棒glass rod 洗瓶wash bottle 干燥管drying tube 試管刷 test tu