語法 專題8 非謂語動詞和獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)

1、非謂語動詞主要包括不定式、 動名詞和現(xiàn)在分詞。 為了區(qū)分這三 種不同的非謂語動詞的用法和含義, 我們將分別從三種非謂語動詞在 句子中做主語、賓語、賓語補足語、定語、狀語、表語以及一些特殊 結(jié)構(gòu)句型等角度來區(qū)分其用法和細(xì)微含義。(1動名詞作主語通常表示抽象動作; 而不定式作主語表示具體動作。 Smoz.x.x.kld 一詞,其后賓語只跟不定式,不能跟動名詞。例如: I should liz.x.x.kch, a lot 等習(xí)慣上用不定式做定語。John will do anything but worz.x.x.kt shutting the door beh ind him.他出去后將門隨手關(guān)

2、上。Not z.x.x.kt a word more spoken, he picked up the paper.沒再多說一個字,他拾起那張紙。 (借此結(jié)構(gòu);表伴隨6、 The last guest to arrive, our party was started.最后一位客人到了,我們的晚會開始了。 (名詞+不定式;表時間 五、獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)與分詞短語作狀語的異同:1、獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)與分詞短語都可以轉(zhuǎn)化成狀語從句。但是,獨立主 格結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)換成狀語從句后,有自己的邏輯主語,與主句 的主語不一 致;而分詞短語轉(zhuǎn)化為狀語從句后,從句的主語與主句的主語相同。 例: If time permit, we

3、d better have a rest at this weekend. -Time permitting,wed better have a rest at this week end.如果時間允許,本周末我們最好休息一下。 When we see from the top floor, we can find the garden m ore beautiful. -Seeing from the top floor, we can find t he garden more beautiful. 從頂樓上看,花園更漂亮。2、 還應(yīng)該注意,分詞結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯主語不是總和主句 的主語一致, 而

4、是主句的其他成分。語法上稱作“依著原則” ;有些分詞結(jié)構(gòu)在句 子上找不到它的邏輯主語,語法上稱作“懸垂分詞” 。例: Looking for my watch in the room, it had taken me a long time. 在屋里找表,用了我很長時間。 (依著原則 When planting these flowers, care must be taken not to d amage the root. (我們 種花時必須小心,不能碰壞花根。 (懸垂分 詞六、獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)與獨立成分的異同:1、 有的 分詞短語可以獨立存在, 在句子中沒有邏輯上的主語, 實際 上已經(jīng)成了習(xí)

5、慣短語。 這些短語有:generally speaking; frankly speaking; judging from; supposing等等。例: Generally speaking, the rule is very easy to understand.總的來說,這個規(guī)則很容易懂。 Judging from what he said, she must be an honest girl. 根據(jù)他所說的,她一定很誠實。2 、有些固定短語是帶 to 的不定式,表明說話人的立場和態(tài)度,在 句中作獨立 成分。這些短語有:to be honest; to be sure; to t el

6、l you the truth; to cut a long story short; to be frank; to make the matter worse等等。例: To tell you the truth, what I said at the meeting was no t my opinion. 說實話,我在會上說的并不是我的意見。 To make the matter worse, he locked his keys in the car.更糟糕的是,他把鑰匙鎖在車?yán)锪似?、非謂語動詞獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)在獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中, 非謂語動詞和它前面的名詞或代詞存在著邏輯上 的主謂關(guān)系。S

7、uch an able man to help you, you will surely succeed soone r or later.有這么能干的人來幫你 , 你遲早一定會成功的。 (such an able man和 to help you 之間存在著主謂關(guān)系= Since such an able man will help you, you will surely suc ceed sooner or later.He seating himself at the desk, his mother began to tell hi m a story.他在書桌旁坐好后, 他母親開始

8、給他講故事。 (seating himself at the desk擁有了自己的邏輯主語 he ,注意是“主格” = When he seated himself at the desk, his mother began to tell him a story.The key to the bike lost, he had to walk to school.由于丟了自行車鑰匙,他只好步行去學(xué)校。 (lost 的邏輯主語是 the key, lost 也可以用完成式 having been lost= Because the key to the bike had been lost,

9、he had to walk to school.A .不定式“獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)”在“邏輯主語 +動詞不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)中,動詞不定式和它前面的名詞或 代詞存在著邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。 這種結(jié)構(gòu)也可用一個從句或并列分句 來表達。在獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中, 動詞不定式和它前面的名詞或代詞存在著邏輯上 的主謂關(guān)系。His mother to come tonight, he is busy preparing the dinner.他母親今晚要來 , 他正在忙著準(zhǔn)備飯菜。 (= As his mother is to c ome tonight, he is busy preparing the dinner. wil

10、l you go to the concert tonight 你今晚去聽音樂會 嗎? sorry. So many exercise-books to check, I really can't afford any time.對不起,有這多的作業(yè)要批,我真的抽不出時間。(=Because I shall check so many exercise-books tonight ,I really can't afford any time.The four of us agreed on a division of labour , each to tra nslate a

11、 quarter of the book.我們四人同意分工干,每人翻譯全書的四分之一。(=The four of us agreed on a division of labour and each is to translate a quarter of the book.Many trees,flowers,and grass to be planted, our newly-built school will look even more beautiful. 種上許多的樹,花和草 后, 我們新建的學(xué)校將看上去更美。 (=If many trees,flowers,and grass a

12、re planted,our newly-built school will look even mor e beautiful. B . -ing 形式“獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)”動詞的 -ing 形式 作狀語時, 其邏輯主語一般應(yīng)與句子的主語保持一 致。Being ill, he went home.由于生病 , 他回家了。 (= As he was very ill, he went home. Seating himself at the desk, he began to read a magazine.在課桌旁坐好后, 他開始看雜志。 (= When he had seated himself

13、 at the desk, he began to read a magazine.1. 表示時間的 -ing 形式作“獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)”Everyone being ready, the teacher began his class.每個人都準(zhǔn)備好后,老師開始上課。 (相當(dāng)于一個時間狀語從句 When everyone wasreadyThe chairman began the meeting , everyone being seated.每個人坐好后,主席開始開會。 (相當(dāng)于一個時間狀語從句 after ev eryone was seated2. 表示原因的 -ing 形式作“獨立主格

14、結(jié)構(gòu)”The boy leading the way, we had no trouble finding the stra nge cave. 由那個男孩帶路, 我們沒有困難就找到了那奇怪的洞。 (相 當(dāng)于一個原因狀語從句 Because the boy led the wayMany eyes watching him, he felt a bit nervous. 許多眼睛看著 他,他感到有點兒緊張。 (相當(dāng)于一個原因狀語從句 As many eyes w ere watching him必背:含有 being 的獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。It being National Day today, t

15、he streets are very crowded. 今天是國慶節(jié) , 街上很擁擠。= As it is National Day today, the streets are very crowded. There being no further business to discuss, we all went hom e. 沒有別的事可討論,我們都回家了。= As there was no further business to discuss, we all went home.3. 表示條件的 -ing 形式作“獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)”Time permitting, we will ha

16、ve a picnic next week.時間允許的話,我們下星期將進行一次野炊。 (相當(dāng)于一個條件狀語 從句 If time permitsMy health allowing, I will work far into the night.我的健康許可的話,我愿工作到深夜。 (相當(dāng)于一個條件狀語 從句 I f my health allows4. 表示方式的 -ing 形式作“獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)”The students are walking in the school happily, each wearin g a card in front of his chest.學(xué)生們快樂地在學(xué)校

17、里走著,每個人胸前都帶著一張卡。 (相當(dāng)于一 個并列分句 and each wears a card in front of his chest The boy lay on the grass, his eyes looking at the sky. 男孩躺在草地上,眼睛看著天空。 (相當(dāng)于一個并列分句 and his ey es were looking at the skyC . -ed 形式“獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)”與邏輯主語 +動詞的 -ing 形式一樣,如果 -ed 形式的邏輯主語和句子 的主語不一致的話,就需要用 -ed 形式的獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。The book written in sim

18、ple English, English beginners were able to read it.該書是用簡單英語寫的,英語初學(xué)者也能看懂。= As the book was written in simple English, English beginn ers were able to read it.The workers worked still harder, their living conditions gr eatly improved.由于工人們的生活條件大大提高,他們工作得更起勁了。= As their living conditions were greatly

19、improved, the wor kers worked still harder.He was listening attentively in class, his eyes fixed on th e blackboard.他上課專心聽講,眼睛緊盯著黑板。= He was listening attentively in class, and his eyes were fixed on the blackboard.The task completed, he had two months' leave. 任務(wù)完成以后,他休了兩個月的假。 (=When the task ha

20、d been co mpleted, he had two months' leave.比較:動詞不定式表示動作沒有發(fā)生或即將發(fā)生, 動詞 -ed 形式表示動作已 經(jīng)結(jié)束,動詞 -ing 形式 往往表示動作正在進行。The manager looks worried, many things to settle. 經(jīng)理看上去 很著急 , 有這么多的事情要處理。 (事情還沒有處理,而且是由經(jīng)理 本人來處理,用不定式 to settleThe manager looks relaxed, many things settled. 許多事情已 經(jīng)處理好了, 經(jīng)理看上去很輕松。 (事情已經(jīng)處理

21、好了,用動詞 -ed 形式 settled 表示動作已經(jīng)結(jié)束The food being cooked, the boy was watching TV. 小孩一邊做 飯,一邊看電視。 (兩個動作同時進行The food cooked, the boy went to bed. 飯做好了,小孩去睡 了。 (兩個動作有先后,飯已做好,小孩才去睡覺的八、 with、 without 引導(dǎo)的獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)介詞 with/without +賓語 +賓語的補足語可以構(gòu)成獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu), 上 面討論過的獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的幾種情況在此結(jié)構(gòu)中都能體現(xiàn)。A . with+名詞代詞 +形容詞He doesnt like

22、to sleep with the windows open.他不喜歡開著窗子睡覺。= He doesnt like to sleep when the windows are open. He stood in the rain, with his clothes wet.他站在雨中,衣服濕透了。= He stood in the rain, and his clothes were wet.注意:在 “with+名詞代詞 +形容詞” 構(gòu)成的獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中, 也可用已形容 詞化的 -ing 形式或 -ed 形式。With his son so disappointing, the old m

23、an felt unhappy.由于兒子如此令人失望 , 老人感到很不快樂。With his father well-known, the boy didnt want to study.父親如此出名,兒子不想讀書。B . with+名詞代詞 +副詞Our school looks even more beautiful with all the lights on.所有的燈都打開時,我們的學(xué)?？瓷先ジ?。= Our school looks even more beautiful if when all the ligh ts are on.The boy was walking, with

24、 his father ahead.父親在前,小孩在后走著。= The boy was walking and his father was ahead.C . with+名詞代詞 +介詞短語He stood at the door, with a computer in his hand. 或He stood at the door, computer in hand.他站在門口,手里拿著一部電腦。= He stood at the door, and a computer was in his hand. Vincent sat at the desk, with a pen in his

25、 mouth. 或Vincent sat at the desk, pen in mouth.文森特坐在課桌前,嘴里銜著一支筆。= Vincent sat at the desk, and he had a pen in his mouth. D . with+名詞代詞 +動詞的 -ed 形式With his homework done, Peter went out to play.作業(yè)做好了,彼得出去玩了。= When his homework was done, Peter went out to play.With the signal given, the train started

26、.信號發(fā)出了,火車 開始起動了。= After the signal was given, the train started.I wouldnt dare go home without the job finished.工作還沒完成,我不敢回家。= I wouldn t dare go home because the job was not finished. E . with+名詞代詞 +動詞的 -ing 形式The man felt very happy with so many children sitting aroun d him.有這么多的孩子坐在他周圍,那男子感到很高興。=

27、 The man felt very happy when he found so many children si tting around him. The girl hid her box without anyone knowing where it was.小女孩把盒子藏了起來,沒有人知道它在哪里。= The girl hid her box and no one knew where it was.Without anyone noticing, he slipped through the window. 他 趁沒人注意的時候,從窗口溜走了。= When no one was n

28、oticing, he slipped through the window. F . with+名詞代詞 +動詞不定式The little boy looks sad, with so much homework to do.有這么多的家庭作業(yè)要做,小男孩看上去很不開心。= The little boy looks sad because he has so much homework to do.The kid feels excited with so many places of interest to vi sit.有這么多的名勝可參觀,小孩很激動。The kid feels exc

29、ited as there are so many places of intere st to visit.提示:在 with/without 的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)中,多數(shù)情況下 with 能省略,但 with out 不能省略。Without a word more spoken, she left the meeting room.她沒再說什么話就離開了會議室。 (without 不能省略九、獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的句法功能獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)在句中除了能充當(dāng)原因狀語、 時間狀語、 條件狀語和伴 隨狀語外,還能作定語。在形式上, “獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)”可位于句首、 句中或句尾,并通常用逗號與主句隔開。A .作狀語Nigh

30、t coming on, we put ourselves up in a small hotel. 夜幕 降臨,我們在一家小旅館住了下來。(= When night came on, we put ourselves up in a small hote l. All the guests seated, they began their dinner.所有的客人就坐后,他們才開始吃飯。(= When all the guests were seated, they began their dinne r. With everything she needed bought, Grace t

31、ook a taxi home. 所需要的都買好后,格雷斯打的回家了。(After everything she needed was bought, Grace took a taxi home.With a lot of difficult problems to settle, the newly-elect ed president is having a hard time.有許多難題要解決,新當(dāng)選的總統(tǒng)日子不好過。(= As he has a lot of difficult problems to settle, the ne wly-elected president is h

32、aving a hard time.There being no means of transportation, he had to walk home at midnight.由于在半夜沒有交通工具了, 他只好步行回家。(= As there was no means of transportation, he had to walk home at midnight.Weather permitting, we will hold our yearly sports meeting next week.如果天氣允許的話,我們下星期將舉行每年一次的運動會。(= If weather per

33、mits, we will hold our yearly sports meet ing next week.All the work done, you can have a rest.所有工作做好后,你可以休息。(=As long as all the work is done, you can have a rest. Everything taken into consideration, the plan seems to be m ore practical. 如果從各方面考慮,你的計劃似乎更實際些。 (= If everything is taken into consider

34、ation, the plan see ms to be more practical.提示:表示時間、 原因、 條件的獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)一般放在句首, 并且不能保留 連詞?！菊`】 When class being over, the students left their classr oom.【正】 Class (being over, the students left their classroom.下課了,學(xué)生都離開了教室。【誤】 The moon appearing and they continued their way.【正】 The moon appearing, they continued their way. 月亮出來 了,他們繼續(xù)趕路。The strange man was walking down the street, with a stick i n his hand.那個奇怪的男人在街上走著 , 手里拿著根手杖。(= The strange man was walking down the street, and he car ried a stick in his hand.The murderer w