雨水管理設(shè)計(jì)

1、1Daniel E. Medina, PhDFellowWashington DCOutline大綱Basins集水盆地Swales and strips草溝帶Filters過濾Infiltrators滲濾設(shè)施Gross pollutant traps污染物整體攔截2Infiltrators 滲濾設(shè)施UOs in which the entire design capture volume infiltrates to the soil and percolates to shallow aquifers from which it flows to streams as interflow整

2、個(gè)設(shè)施捕捉的雨水下滲到土壤和淺水層中，之后整股地匯入溪流。Most effective when distributed over the drainage area在整個(gè)排水區(qū)范圍使用效率最好Designed using Darcys law for unsaturated flow使用不飽和流達(dá)西定理設(shè)計(jì)Performance depends on infiltration properties of soils滲透介質(zhì)決定性能Two general types:一般有兩種類型：Surface infiltrators表面滲濾Underground infiltrators地下滲濾34蒸發(fā)

3、蒸騰表面儲(chǔ)水層飽和水力傳導(dǎo)率原始土巖基/季節(jié)性地下水巖基/季節(jié)性地下水飽和水力傳導(dǎo)率透透水或普通鋪面水或普通鋪面地地下儲(chǔ)水設(shè)施下儲(chǔ)水設(shè)施管管道或水箱道或水箱礫石層礫石層透水鋪面地基透水鋪面地基至至少少1.2米米至至少少1.2米米Performance depends on soil properties滲透介質(zhì)決定性能Hydrologic soil groups fine to use水力介質(zhì) 可以使用USDA soil texture classifications much better!USDA土壤成分分類 更好！(Saxton, K. E. (2009) Soil Water Char

4、acteristics: Hydraulic Properties Calculator /soilwater/Index.htm)Low temperatures reduce hydraulic conductivity低氣溫降低介質(zhì)的水力傳導(dǎo)率Types:類型：Infiltration basins 滲濾池Infiltration trenches and vaults 滲濾溝和水窖Dry wells干井Permeable pavement透水鋪面5Infiltrators 滲濾設(shè)施Infiltrators-filter combina

5、tion滲濾-滲透的組合Useful when soil infiltration is too fast or too slow當(dāng)滲濾介質(zhì)太快或太慢時(shí)，使用這樣的組合6Infiltration Basin 滲濾池A dry basin that captures the design volume and allows it to percolate into the ground滲濾池捕捉雨水達(dá)到設(shè)計(jì)容量后，將雨水釋放到地下Surface infiltrator表面滲濾UPsVolume reduction (evapotranspiration and infiltration)減少?gòu)搅?/p>

6、量（蒸發(fā)蒸騰和下滲）Peak flow attenuation 削峰作用Filtering 過濾Sorption 吸附作用Biological processes生物過程Temperature reduction降低溫度78Infiltration Basin 滲濾池Treats drainage areas of 2-20 ha (5-50 acres)可處理的排水范圍達(dá)到2-20公頃（5-50英畝）Requires permeable soils需要使用透水介質(zhì)Infiltration rates need to be field tested下滲率需要實(shí)地測(cè)試Too high of a

7、rate may not allow adequate filtration (e.g., karst); need an upstream filter過高的下滲濾可能導(dǎo)致過濾的效率不足（如卡斯特地質(zhì)條件）；需要設(shè)計(jì)上游過濾Design volume should infiltrate within 24-72 h設(shè)計(jì)容量應(yīng)在24-72小時(shí)內(nèi)下滲Pretreatment needed to remove solids (e.g., forebay)大型固體需要經(jīng)過預(yù)處理去除（如使用前池）Bottom must be at least 1.2 m (4 ft) above the season

8、al groundwater table or bedrock設(shè)施底部必須至少比巖基或季節(jié)性地下水高1.2米Need to be located away from buildings, slopes, highways, wells, critical infrastructure需要原理建筑物、坡度較大地區(qū)、高速路、水井、重要設(shè)施等Mounding may be an issue堆坡可能成為問題9Infiltration Basin 滲濾池Infiltration trenches and vaults滲濾溝和水溝Small-scale underground infiltrators d

9、istributed throughout a site to collect runoff and infiltrate it to the soil分布在整個(gè)場(chǎng)地，用于收集徑流并在下滲的小型地下滲濾設(shè)施UPs:Volume reduction (evapotranspiration and infiltration減少?gòu)搅髁浚ㄕ舭l(fā)蒸騰和下滲）Peak flow attenuation if deployed watershed-wide如果在整個(gè)流域分布則可發(fā)揮削峰作用Filtering過濾Sorption吸附Biological processes (if filled with roc

10、k)生物過程（如果填充了石塊）Temperature reduction降低溫度10Infiltration Trench 滲濾溝Source: City of Bellingham, WA11Well suited for linear projects; e.g., highways與直線型項(xiàng)目配合良好，如高速路12Infiltration Trench 滲濾溝To treat pollutants through sedimentation and infiltration 通過沉降和下滲處理污染物Well Cap 井蓋Pavement 鋪面Runoff 徑流Fabric Edges T

11、ucked to Prevent any Bypass土工布折卷防止?jié)B流200 mm (8 in)Clean Sand200毫米潔凈沙土Anchor 固定Observation Well監(jiān)測(cè)井Overflow Containment Berm溢流控制護(hù)坡Level Entry Berm水平護(hù)坡Grass Filter Strip 5% Slope草坪過濾帶5%坡度Filter Gravel過濾礫石13Infiltration Trench 滲濾溝Treat drainage areas up to 0.4 ha (1 ac)處理排水面積達(dá)0.4公頃（1英畝）Require pretreatme

12、nt需要預(yù)處理Require permeable soils需要使用透水介質(zhì)Filled with rock or plastic lattices填充石塊或塑料格架Clogging is the main reason for failure; need pre-treatment, e.g., strips瘀堵是造成滲濾溝無法發(fā)揮功能的主要原因，因此需要預(yù)處理Bottom clogs quickly; infiltration occurs through walls底部瘀堵迅速；有時(shí)透過墻體發(fā)生滲濾Same limitations as infiltration basins與滲濾池有相

13、同的限制14Infiltration Trench 滲濾溝Dry wells 滲水井Underground controls designed to infiltrate small volumes of stormwater用于滲透少量雨水的地下雨水管理設(shè)施Filled with rock or plastic lattices填充石塊或塑料格架UPs:Volume reduction (evapotranspiration and infiltration)減少?gòu)搅髁浚ㄕ舭l(fā)蒸騰和下滲）Peak flow attenuation if deployed watershed-wide如果在整個(gè)

14、流域分布則可發(fā)揮削峰作用Filtering過濾Sorption吸附Biological processes (if filled with rock)生物過程（如果填充了礫石）Temperature reduction 降低溫度15Source: Lake George Association16Dry wells 滲水井17Dry wells 滲水井 Long term usage in areas with fractured rock, glacial outwash, or karst geology在斷裂巖層、冰川沖蝕，或卡斯特地質(zhì)等地區(qū)長(zhǎng)期使用Restrictions: 局限Bot

15、tom 1.2 m (4 ft) above seasonal groundwater table or bedrock底部需要至少比巖基或季節(jié)性地下水層高1.2米3 m (10 ft) away from foundations需要離地基3米遠(yuǎn)25 m (75 ft) from drinking wells and septics需要離飲用水井25米遠(yuǎn)Subject to underground injection control regulations需要遵守地下水注入的相關(guān)規(guī)定Often used to infiltrate roof runoff經(jīng)常用于滲濾屋頂徑流Need pre-t

16、reatment (e.g.; leaf gutter guards)要求預(yù)處理（如在道路雨水溝攔截落葉）Need to drain empty in 12 to 72 hours需要在12-72小時(shí)內(nèi)排空18Dry wells 滲水井Permeable pavement 透水鋪面A stormwater control consisting of a load-bearing, permeable paving surface that rapidly passes the rainwater falling to an reservoir where it is temporarily s

17、tored until it infiltrates to the underlying soil一種由有一定負(fù)荷容載量的透水鋪面組成的雨水管理措施，迅速將落入其表面的雨水捕捉并暫時(shí)性儲(chǔ)存，直到雨水完全下滲到基層土壤UPs:Volume reduction (evapotranspiration and infiltration)減少?gòu)搅髁浚ㄕ舭l(fā)蒸騰和下滲）Peak flow attenuation if deployed watershed-wide如果在整個(gè)流域分布則可發(fā)揮削峰作用Filtering滲透Sorption吸附Biological processes生物過程Temperatur

18、e reduction降低溫度19Types: 類型Pervious asphalt pavement (PAP)透水瀝青鋪面Pervious concrete pavement (PCP)透水混凝土鋪面Permeable interlocking concrete pavers (PICP)透水混凝土咬合鋪面Concrete grid pavement (CGP)混凝土格柵鋪面Reinforced grass pavement (RGP) (turf pavement)人工草地鋪面(草地鋪面）20Permeable pavement 透水鋪面21Permeable pavement 透水鋪面Must meet loading criteria; low traffic volume必須達(dá)到負(fù)荷要求；低交通量Flat or m