基于單片機(jī)的交通信號(hào)燈控制系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)完整版

1、目錄中文摘要·················································

2、··················································

3、··1. 引言···············································&

4、#183;·················································&

5、#183;······12. 設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)及思路·········································&#

6、183;··············································13. 單片機(jī)··&

7、#183;·················································&

8、#183;················································33.1 單片

9、機(jī)簡(jiǎn)介·················································

10、83;···········································33.2 單片機(jī)基本結(jié)構(gòu) ····&#

11、183;·················································&#

12、183;······························3 3.3 單片機(jī)硬件特性 ·················

13、··················································

14、··················34. 芯片的選擇······························

15、83;·················································

16、83;·············44.1 74LS373以及74LS07芯片簡(jiǎn)介································

17、83;··································44.2 8255芯片·············

18、3;·················································

19、3;·······························54.2.1 8255可編程并行接口芯片簡(jiǎn)介···············

20、················································54.2.2 8255可

21、編程并行接口芯片方式控制字格式說(shuō)明·········································54.3 晶閘管·····

22、;··················································

23、;············································75. 交通燈控制原理分析及方案論證···

24、;··················································

25、;············86. 系統(tǒng)硬件設(shè)計(jì)····································&

26、#183;·················································&

27、#183;····96.1 總體設(shè)計(jì)···········································

28、3;·················································

29、3;··96.2 單片機(jī)最小系統(tǒng)·············································

30、3;········································96.2.1 振蕩電路········

31、;··················································

32、;···································96.2.2 復(fù)位電路·············

33、··················································

34、····························106.3 顯示及其驅(qū)動(dòng)模塊···················

35、3;·················································

36、3;···········116.3.1 鍵盤(pán)與狀態(tài)顯示功能····································

37、;·······································116.3.2 倒計(jì)時(shí)計(jì)數(shù)功能········&#

38、183;·················································&#

39、183;······················117. 系統(tǒng)軟件設(shè)計(jì)·························

40、83;·················································

41、83;·············127.1 延時(shí)程序設(shè)計(jì)··································

42、83;·················································

43、83;···127.1.1 計(jì)數(shù)器硬件延時(shí)············································

44、·····································127.1.2 軟件延時(shí)···········

45、··················································

46、······························137.2 時(shí)間及信號(hào)燈的顯示·················

47、83;·················································

48、83;··········147.2.1 8031并行口的擴(kuò)展····································

49、83;········································142設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)及思路設(shè)計(jì)一個(gè)能夠控制十二盞交通信號(hào)燈的模擬系統(tǒng)。通過(guò)交通信號(hào)燈控制系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)。3系統(tǒng)工作受開(kāi)關(guān)控制

50、，起動(dòng)開(kāi)關(guān) ON 則系統(tǒng)工作；起動(dòng)開(kāi)關(guān) OFF 則系統(tǒng)停止工作?？刂茖?duì)象如下：東西方向紅燈兩個(gè) , 南北方向紅燈兩個(gè)，東西方向黃燈兩個(gè) , 南北方向黃燈兩個(gè)，東西方向綠燈兩個(gè) , 南北方向綠燈兩個(gè)，圖1 交通信號(hào)示意十字路口東西方向和南北方向各裝有直行（包括右拐彎）控制紅、黃、綠交通信號(hào)燈（如圖1所示）。還有倒計(jì)時(shí)顯示器，顯示器用于顯示相應(yīng)方向直行控制當(dāng)前點(diǎn)亮信號(hào)燈還要持續(xù)的時(shí)間（即剩余時(shí)間）。系統(tǒng)中有兩個(gè)按鈕啟動(dòng)和停止，啟動(dòng)按鈕按下后信號(hào)燈系統(tǒng)開(kāi)始工作，并周而復(fù)始地循環(huán)；停止按鈕按下，所有信號(hào)燈都熄滅。信號(hào)燈的控制規(guī)律如表1所示。即系統(tǒng)啟動(dòng)后，東西方向先綠燈亮25s，然后綠燈閃爍3s，最后黃

51、燈亮2s，與此同時(shí)南北方向紅燈亮30s。南北方向紅燈亮30s后轉(zhuǎn)為先綠燈亮25s，然后綠燈閃爍3s，最后黃燈亮2s，東西向紅燈亮30s。由此周而復(fù)始地循環(huán)。要求采用單片機(jī)實(shí)現(xiàn)交通燈的控制規(guī)律。表1 信號(hào)燈控制規(guī)律東西方向信號(hào)綠燈亮綠燈閃爍黃燈亮紅燈亮?xí)r間25s3s2s30s南北方向信號(hào)紅燈亮綠燈亮綠燈閃爍黃燈亮?xí)r間30s25s3s2s設(shè)計(jì)電路中使用到的主要元器件，單片機(jī)芯片、8255芯片和晶閘管。十字路口分四條道，每條道有三個(gè)紅綠燈，共十二個(gè)。每個(gè)紅綠燈由一塊8031芯片單獨(dú)控制，我們只設(shè)計(jì)一個(gè)紅綠燈的燃亮情況，同理根據(jù)燃亮順序設(shè)計(jì)其它紅綠燈。然后再組合起來(lái)，達(dá)到設(shè)計(jì)要求。3單片機(jī)3.1單片機(jī)

52、簡(jiǎn)介單片機(jī)是一種集成電路芯片，簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)為單片微型計(jì)算機(jī)。是采用超大規(guī)模集成電路技術(shù)把具有數(shù)據(jù)處理能力的中央處理器CPU，隨機(jī)存儲(chǔ)器RAM，只讀存儲(chǔ)器ROM，多種I0口和中斷系統(tǒng)，定時(shí)器，計(jì)時(shí)器等功能，集成在一塊硅片上構(gòu)成的一個(gè)小而完善的計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)。3.2單片機(jī)基本結(jié)構(gòu)單片機(jī)由運(yùn)算器，控制器，存儲(chǔ)器，輸入輸出設(shè)備組成。3.3單片機(jī)硬件特性（1）單片機(jī)集成度很高，單片機(jī)包括CPU、4KB容量的ROM(8031無(wú))、128B容量的RAM、2個(gè)16定時(shí)計(jì)時(shí)器、4個(gè)8位并行口、全雙工串口行口。（2）單片機(jī)系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單，使用方便，實(shí)現(xiàn)了模塊化。（3）單片機(jī)可靠性能好，可工作很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間。（4）處理功能強(qiáng)，速度快4

53、芯片的選擇4.1 74LS373以及74LS07簡(jiǎn)介74LS373 是一種帶三態(tài)門(mén)的8D鎖存器，其管腳示意圖2如下所示：圖2 74LS373管腳示意圖其中：1D-8D為8個(gè)輸入端。1Q-8Q為8個(gè)輸出端。LE為數(shù)據(jù)打入端：當(dāng)LE為“1”時(shí)，鎖存器輸出狀態(tài)同輸入狀態(tài)；當(dāng)LE由“1”變“0”時(shí)，數(shù)據(jù)打入鎖存器OE為輸出允許端；當(dāng)OE=0時(shí)，三態(tài)門(mén)打開(kāi)；當(dāng)OE=1時(shí)，三態(tài)門(mén)關(guān)閉，輸出高阻。六驅(qū)動(dòng)器(OC高壓輸出) 74LS07       Vcc  6A  6Y  5A  5Y&#

54、160; 4A  4          14  13  12  11  10   9   8Y = A    ）                  &

55、#160;                 1   2   3   4   5   6   7         7805實(shí)現(xiàn)正電壓輸出，負(fù)電壓截止。4.2 8255芯片4.2.1 8255可編程并行接口芯片簡(jiǎn)介8255可編程并行接口芯片有三個(gè)輸入輸出

56、端口，即A口、B口和C口，對(duì)應(yīng)于引腳PA7PA0、PB7PB0和PC7PC0。其內(nèi)部還有一個(gè)控制寄存器，即控制口。通常A口、B口作為輸入輸出的數(shù)據(jù)端口。C口作為控制或狀態(tài)信息的端口，它在方式字的控制下，可以分成4位的端口，每個(gè)端口包含一個(gè)4位鎖存器。它們分別與端口AB配合使用，可以用作控制信號(hào)輸出或作為狀態(tài)信號(hào)輸入。8255的內(nèi)部組成框圖如圖3所示：圖3 8255內(nèi)部組成框圖4.2.2 8255可編程并行接口芯片方式控制字格式說(shuō)明8255有兩種控制命令字：一個(gè)是方式選擇控制字；另一個(gè)是C口按位置位復(fù)位控制字。其中C口按位置位復(fù)位控制字方式使用較為繁難，說(shuō)明也較冗長(zhǎng)，故在此不作敘述。方式控制字格

57、式說(shuō)明如圖4所示：圖4 8255方式控制字方式0：基本輸入輸出方式。適用于三個(gè)端口中的任何一個(gè)。每一個(gè)端口都可以用作輸入或輸出。輸出可被鎖存，輸入不能鎖存。方式0適合于兩種情況：一種是無(wú)條件傳送，另一種是查詢(xún)方式傳送。方式1：選通輸入輸出方式。這時(shí)A口或B口的8位外設(shè)線用作輸入或輸出，C口的4條線中三條用作數(shù)據(jù)傳輸?shù)穆?lián)絡(luò)信號(hào)和中斷請(qǐng)求信號(hào)。方式2 ：雙向選通輸入/輸出方式。只有A口具備雙向選通輸入/輸出方式，8位外設(shè)線用作輸入或輸出。5交通燈控制原理分析與方案論證本設(shè)計(jì)以單片機(jī)為核心，以LED數(shù)碼管作為倒計(jì)時(shí)指示，根據(jù)設(shè)計(jì)的要求我們考慮了各功能模塊的幾種設(shè)計(jì)方案，以求最佳方案，實(shí)現(xiàn)實(shí)時(shí)顯示系統(tǒng)

58、各種狀態(tài)，系統(tǒng)還增設(shè)了根據(jù)交通擁擠情況可分別設(shè)置主干道和次干道的通行時(shí)間，以提高效率，緩減交通擁擠。系統(tǒng)總體設(shè)計(jì)框圖如圖8所示：?jiǎn)纹瑱C(jī)最小系統(tǒng)倒計(jì)時(shí)交通燈鍵盤(pán)與狀態(tài)顯示圖8 系統(tǒng)總體設(shè)計(jì)1電源提供方案為使模塊穩(wěn)定工作，須有可靠電源。本次設(shè)計(jì)考慮了兩種電源方案：方案一：采用獨(dú)立的穩(wěn)壓電源。此方案的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是穩(wěn)定可靠，且有各種成熟電路可供選用；缺點(diǎn)是各模塊都采用獨(dú)立電源，會(huì)使系統(tǒng)復(fù)雜，且可能影響電路電平。方案二：采用單片機(jī)控制模塊提供電源。該方案的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是系統(tǒng)簡(jiǎn)明扼要，節(jié)約成本；缺點(diǎn)是輸出功率不高。綜上所述，選擇第二種方案。2顯示界面方案該系統(tǒng)要求完成倒計(jì)時(shí)功能?；谏鲜鲈颍敬卧O(shè)計(jì)考慮了兩種方案：方

59、案一：完全采用點(diǎn)陣式LED顯示。這種方案功能強(qiáng)大，可方便的顯示各種英文字符，漢字，圖形等，但實(shí)現(xiàn)復(fù)雜，且須完成大量的軟件工作。方案二：完全采用數(shù)碼管顯示。這種方案優(yōu)點(diǎn)是實(shí)現(xiàn)簡(jiǎn)單，可以完成倒計(jì)時(shí)功能。缺點(diǎn)是功能較少，只能顯示有限的符號(hào)和數(shù)碼字符。根據(jù)本設(shè)計(jì)的要求，方案二已經(jīng)滿(mǎn)足了要求，所以本次設(shè)計(jì)采用方案二以實(shí)現(xiàn)系統(tǒng)的顯示功能。圖10 鍵盤(pán)電路6.3.2 倒計(jì)時(shí)計(jì)數(shù)功能本系統(tǒng)使用數(shù)碼管完成倒計(jì)時(shí)顯示功能。以南北方向?yàn)槔?，?shù)碼管顯示的數(shù)值從綠燈的設(shè)置時(shí)間最大值往下減，每秒鐘減1，一直減到1。然后又從紅燈的設(shè)置時(shí)間最大值往下減，一直減到1。接下來(lái)又顯示綠燈時(shí)間，如此循環(huán)。系統(tǒng)共有4個(gè)兩位的LED數(shù)碼管，分別放置在模擬交通燈控制板上的四個(gè)路口。各個(gè)方向的數(shù)碼管個(gè)位（把數(shù)碼管第二位定義為個(gè)位，第一位定義為十位）用一根信號(hào)線控制，十位用另一根信號(hào)線控制。這里采用動(dòng)態(tài)顯示。LED數(shù)碼管如圖11所示：圖11 LED數(shù)碼管7系統(tǒng)軟件設(shè)計(jì)7.1延時(shí)程序設(shè)計(jì)延時(shí)方法可以有兩種一種是利用MCS-51內(nèi)部定