生態(tài)學(xué)：緒論

1、態(tài)學(xué)生態(tài)學(xué)講師主講教師:董鳴 生態(tài)學(xué)態(tài)學(xué)課程安排緒緒論課程安排1.生物與環(huán)境 1.自然保護2.生物個體32.污染治理33.生物種群4.生物群落3.生物入侵4.生態(tài)恢復(fù)5.生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中國科學(xué)院研究生院課程進程計劃表(2012-2013課程名稱: 生態(tài)學(xué)課程類型:學(xué)科基礎(chǔ)課課程編號: 511010Y主講教師: 董鳴學(xué)時/學(xué)分: 40/2董鳴中國科學(xué)院植物研究所dongmingTel&Fax: 82594676緒論一.生態(tài)學(xué)的概念二.生態(tài)學(xué)的研究對象和分支學(xué)科三.生態(tài)學(xué)的研究方法四生態(tài)學(xué)發(fā)展簡史四.生態(tài)學(xué)發(fā)展簡史五.參考書五參考書一、生態(tài)學(xué)的概念Haeckel(1866/1869:關(guān)于有機體與

2、其周圍環(huán)境相互關(guān)系的關(guān)于“”的研究。The study of betweenThe study of relationships between organisms and their environment.and their一、生態(tài)學(xué)的概念有機體:個體;群體;環(huán)境:生物和非生物;異質(zhì)性(heterogeneity相互關(guān)系:選擇和改造;線性與非線性。生態(tài)學(xué)的概念一、生態(tài)學(xué)的概念定義繁多,可歸為3類(孫儒泳等, 2002:(1著重自然歷史和適應(yīng)性(2強調(diào)動物種群生態(tài)學(xué)和植物群落生態(tài)學(xué)(3針對生態(tài)系統(tǒng)生態(tài)學(xué)二、生態(tài)學(xué)的研究對象和分支學(xué)科生態(tài)學(xué)的研究對象:從分子到生物圈。對4個層次特別感興趣:個體

3、、種群、群落和生態(tài)系統(tǒng)?？臻g尺度、時間尺度和組織尺度空間尺度時間尺度和組織尺度二二、生態(tài)學(xué)的研究對象和分支學(xué)科生態(tài)學(xué)的分支學(xué)科:龐大的學(xué)科體系按研究對象的組織層次劃分按研究對象的生物分類劃分按研究對象的棲息地劃分按交叉的學(xué)科劃分三、生態(tài)學(xué)的研究途徑1、觀察、實驗、模擬和綜合2、野外、室內(nèi) 幻燈片 13dm1 dongming, 2003-10-14三、生態(tài)學(xué)的研究途徑三生態(tài)學(xué)的研究途徑 Bernd Heinrich (1993 大黃蜂(bumblebees生態(tài)學(xué)研究:contributions of field andcontributions of field and lab studies

4、 NaliniNadkarni(1981三生態(tài)學(xué)的研究途徑Nalini Nadkarni (1981,Forest nutrient budgets:i t i三、生態(tài)學(xué)的研究途徑inventories 三生態(tài)學(xué)的研究途徑Gene Liken &Herbert三、生態(tài)學(xué)的研究途徑Gene Liken & Herbert Bormann (1994,Hubbard Brook ExperimentalHubbard Brook Experimental Forest of New HampshireForest nutrient budgets: large-scale expe

5、riment scale experiment三生態(tài)學(xué)的研究途徑Margaret Davis三、生態(tài)學(xué)的研究途徑 Margaret Davis (1983, eastern North America, Vegetation change:information from information frompollen records 三生態(tài)學(xué)的研究途徑Bruce Milne (1996三、生態(tài)學(xué)的研究途徑Bruce Milne (1996, eastern North America,V i hVegetation change: information frommodelingEcotone

6、/phase transition四、生態(tài)學(xué)發(fā)展簡史四生態(tài)學(xué)發(fā)展簡史Origins of ecology as a disciplineO i i f l di i liA. Official: probably in the 1800s as a recognized area of study.1 Ernst Haeckel 1866: formal definitionGreek (Oikos= home Greek(=home2 First ecologists (?: Clements 1898 and Cowles 18991898d C l18993Time line四、生態(tài)學(xué)發(fā)

7、展簡史3 Time line 1798: Thomas Malthus-Principle of Populations1859:Charles Darwin -Origin of Species 1859: Charles Darwin Origin of Species 1866: Ernst Haeckel -"ecology"1898:Clements plant associate 1898: Clements -plant associate 1899: Cowles -plant associate1913: Shelford -Animal communit

8、ies 1913: BES (British Ecological Society (g y 1915: ESA (Ecological Society of America 1927: Elton: Animal ecology 四、生態(tài)學(xué)發(fā)展簡史gy 1929: Clements: Plant ecology 1929:Vernadski:Biosphere 1929: Vernadski: Biosphere1942: Lindeman: Trophic dynamics 1953:Fundamentals of Ecology1953: Odum : Fundamentals of Ecology (Energy basis1964-74 IBP (International BiosphereProgramg 1962: Rachael Carson: Silent SpringThe environmental movement The environme