第二章植物的礦質(zhì)和氮素營養(yǎng)（The second chapter mineral and nitrogen nutrition of plants）

1、第二章 植物的礦質(zhì)和氮素營養(yǎng)（The second chapter mineral and nitrogen nutrition of plants）The second chapter mineral and nitrogen nutrition of plantsThere is no income but water.The uptake, translocation and assimilation of mineral salts by plants are called mineral nutrition (mineral nutrition).Section 1 essentia

2、l mineral elements in plantsAbsorption of mineral elements by second plant cellsAbsorption of mineral elements by third plantsTransportation and distribution of fourth mineral elements in plantsAssimilation of nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur by fifth plantsThe physiological basis of sixth rational f

3、ertilizationThe second chapter mineral and nitrogen nutrition of plantsSection 1 essential elements in plantsI. elements in plantswaterdry matterOrganic compoundInorganic substancePlant bodyPlant materials105 - 110 C, 80 C (10-30%) (drying)burningC: CO2H: H2OO: CO2, H2O, etc.N: N2, NH3, nitrogen oxi

4、des, etc.S: SO2, H2SAsh element (ash element)Dry matter combustionThe elements that make up ash are called ash elements, also known as mineral elementsN is not a mineral element.Indispensability:Irreplaceable: lack of specificity,Direct function:Two. Essential mineral elements of plants and determin

5、ation methods(1) the conditions of essential elements in plants(two) determination method of essential mineral elements in plantsSolution culture method (Solution culture method) (referred to as water): in 1860, founded by Knop and SachsSand culture method (sand culture method):Gas culture method (W

6、u Peifa)A. method:The use of containers (or foil wrapped in opaque containers), to prevent light and avoid the reproduction of algae, and often ventilation; nutrient solutionB. film (nutrient) method:The nutrient solution flows from the container a to the shallow slot B that grows into the plant, an

7、d the absorbed nutrient solution flows into the container C, and the D pump returns to the a. The nutrient solution pH and its components can be controlled.ABCDC. gas culture method: the root is suspended above the nutrient solution, and the nutrient solution is stirred into fog.Gas cultivation (aer

8、oponics) methodAttention should be paid to solution culture or sand based culture:1. solution concentration should be appropriate, ion concentration is too high, easy to cause harm;2. adjust the appropriate pH value;3. pay attention to ventilation;4. pay attention to the balance of various ions, oth

9、erwise it will cause poison.Complete culture mediumNutrient solution contains a variety of elements necessary for plant growth and development, each element is the form that plants can use, there is a proper proportion between the elements, and the solution has a proper pH value (usually between 4.5

10、 and 6).Culture medium: Grant (Hoagland), N6 medium and so on.Strictly control the purity of chemical reagents and elements of nutrient solution, and provide or lack of a certain element to confirm whether the element is necessary for plants. Cultivation of nutrient deficiency(three) essential eleme

11、nts in plants:C, H, O, N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Fe, Mn, B, Cu, Zn, Mo, CI, Ni, Na, Si.And P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Fe, Mn, B, Cu, Zn, Mo, CI are essential mineral elements.Effective concentration of essential elements in higher plantsHeavy elements, dry weight, trace elements, dry weightC 45O 45 Cl 0.01H 6 Fe 0.

12、01N 1.5 Mn 0.005K 1 B 0.002Ca 0.5 Zn 0.002Mg 0.2 Cu 0.0001P 0.2 Mo 0.0001S 0.1? Yan Chen? Yan Chen?A large number of elements (major element, macroelement): C, H, O, N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S(10-2%-10%) / dry weightTrace elements (minor, element, microelement): Fe, Mn, B, Cu, Zn, Mo, CI.(10-5%- 10-3%) / dr

13、y weightThree. Physiological function and deficiency of essential elements in plantsThere are three aspects of physiological function:(1) the composition of cell structure substance;(2) the regulator of plant life activities,Participate in enzyme activity;(3) the electrochemical effect is involved i

14、n osmotic adjustment, that is, equilibrium ion concentration, stable colloid and neutralization charge.1, nitrogen NLife elements of plants,Ammonium nitrogen (such as NH4+) and nitrate nitrogen (NO-3) were mainly absorbed, and organic nitrogen (such as urea) was absorbed.(1) when the nitrogen supply

15、 is enough, the vegetative growth of the plant is accelerated,(2). Too much easy to cause excessive growth.(3) lackPhysiological function- N- NCKCKCKCK- N- NNitrogen deficiencyThe plants are short, with small pale leaves (less chlorophyll) or redness.Nitrogen deficient plants are short, with small p

16、ale leaves (less chlorophyll) or redness. Direct impact on yield.Symptoms of nitrogen deficiency.First of all, on old leavesPlants short, small, pale yellowBranches and tillers lessN is sufficient, the plant growth, leaf yield, but excessive growth. It is not suitable to apply too many N in the late

17、 growth stage of fruit, vegetable or root tuber2, PUsually to orthophosphate (H2PO4) form absorbed by plants.Physiological function(1) it is a component of cytoplasm and nucleus(2) in plant metabolism, ATP, FMN and NAD are involved in photosynthesis and respiration, which are indispensable in the me

18、tabolism of carbohydrates, fats and nitrogen.(3) play a role in the regulation of cell osmotic potential.Lack：Absorption in the form of H2PO4 - or HPO4-2,The distribution of phosphorus in plant body is uneven, and the growth point, fruit and seed of rhizome are more.Phosphorus deficiency, all metabo

19、lic activities of plants can not be normal.Symptoms of P deficiencyThe leaves are abnormally dark green or purple red.Plants short, slender stems and roots.Branches and tillers less. Buds and young leaves growth stagnation.First of all, on old leavesPhosphorus deficiency in Chinese CabbagePhosphorus

20、 deficiency in oilseed rapePhosphorus deficiency in MaizePhosphorus deficiency in barley3, potassium K+In plants, they are ionic and do not participate in the composition of important organic compounds.Physiological function:(1) enzyme activators are involved in metabolism. Pyruvate kinase, an activ

21、ator of more than 60 enzymes.(2) promote the synthesis and transportation of protein, sugar and so on.(3) increase the degree of hydration of the protoplasm, reduce its viscosity, so that the cell water retention increased, drought resistance increased.(4) the effect of cell solute potential and tur

22、gor pressure, may be involved in the control of cell uptake and stomatal closure.Lack：The roots absorbed K+, and almost all of the potassium in plants was in ionic state, and some of them were in the adsorbed state. In contrast to nitrogen and phosphorus, potassium does not participate in the compos

23、ition of important organic compounds. It acts as an activator of enzymes in various biochemical reactions in plants. Potassium is mainly concentrated in the most vigorous part of plant physiological activity.Symptoms of K deficiencyFirst of all, on old leavesLeaf margin withered, leaf shrinkage, yel

24、lowing, easy lodging.The old leaves appeared chlorosis, tip and leaf margin to yellow, then easily lead to the whole leaf curling yellow, namely potassium blight.The three elements of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are in great demand, while the soil is often lack of these three elements, so it

25、is called the three element of fertilizer.4, sulfurBeing absorbed by plants in the form of sulfate ionsPhysiological function:(1) sulfur-containing amino acids are almost all the components of proteins(2) sulfur is the component of CoA, thiamine, biotin, and sugar,Protein and fat metabolism are clos

26、ely related.Lack：Sulfur deficiency, Leaf Chlorosis symptoms showed yellow leaf, easy to fall off. Toxic effects of excessive sulfur on plants.Beet leaf5, calciumAbsorbed by plants in the form of Ca2+.Physiological function:(1) the composition of pectin calcium in the intercellular layer of plant cel

27、l wall.(2) the role of stabilizing biofilms.(3) it is related to cell division(4) it is an activator of few enzymes(5) Ca2+ can be involved in cell signal transduction as a second messenger.(6) it is beneficial to the formation of plant callus, and has a certain effect on plant disease resistance.La

28、ck：Calcium deficiency growth point of stems and roots and leaves the first symptoms, the growing point of wilting and death.The typical symptoms of calcium deficiency: bud, pale green leaves, tip appears hook, followed by necrosis.Deficiency symptoms appear first in the upper stem leaves and fruit o

29、rgans.6, magnesiumMg2+Physiological function:(1) the component of chlorophyll(2) the activators of many enzymes in photosynthesis and respiration. Such as Rubisso, acetyl CoA(3) the activator of DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase.Lack：Absorbed in the form of Mg2+,It is an activator of RUBP carboxylas

30、e, 5- phosphate and sugar kinase, and plays an important role in photosynthesis.Is the activator glucokinase, fructose kinase enzyme, and carbohydrate and nitrogen metabolism on transformation and degradation.It is the activator of ribonucleic acid polymerase, the synthesis of DNA and RNA, and the a

31、ctivation of amino acids in protein synthesis require magnesium to participate. Magnesium plays an important role in protein metabolism.Symptoms of magnesium deficiencyMg2+First of all, on old leavesThe mesophyll turns yellow and leaves remain greenLack of magnesium, between the vein chlorosis, yell

32、owing, sometimes purplish red; severe formation of necrotic brown spots.7, ironFe2+Physiological function:(1) the cofactor of many important enzymes(2) the enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of chlorophyll needs Fe+ activationLack：Absorbed in the form of Fe2+,It is the cofactor of many enzymes, suc

33、h as cytochrome oxidase, hydrogen peroxide, magnesium and peroxidase.It is the cofactor of ferredoxin, and Fd can transfer electrons in the photosynthetic electron transfer chain, which can participate in the reduction of sulfate and nitrate.Is a solid N enzyme composition, solid N enzyme by ferriti

34、n and MoFe protein.Symptoms of iron deficiencyFirst of all, on young leavesBud leaves yellow chlorosisChelates-Fe-FeCKCornIron deficiency affects the synthesis of chlorophyll, yellow leaves.-FeSoybeanFlaxIron deficiency affects the synthesis of chlorophyll, yellow leaves.CK-Fe8, manganeseMn2+(1) phy

35、siological function(2) lack1.Mn2+ can activate some enzymes in fatty acid synthesis, nucleic acid synthesis, and decarboxylase and dehydrogenase in three carboxylic acid cycle, nitrate reductase and so on. Therefore, manganese is related to the synthesis of amino acids, fats, proteins and nucleic ac

36、ids.Manganese can also maintain the structure of chloroplast thylakoid membrane.It is an essential element to form chlorophyll and maintain normal structure of chlorophyll.It is a major member of the photosynthetic oxygen evolution complex.It is an activator of many enzymes in photosynthesis and res

37、piration, and is related to photosynthesis and respiration.Symptoms of manganese deficiencyMn2+First of all, on young leavesChlorophyll can not be formed, chlorosis of vein, but leaves remain green.Absorption by Mn2+,When manganese deficiency occurs, the leaves are chlorotic and necrotic spots.Manga

38、nese deficiency in Cucumber9, zincZn2+(1) physiological function(2) lackWhen zinc deficiency, the plant is short. Fruit trees in North China are easy to suffer from zinc deficiency disease, also known as spot leaf disease. Pale leaf disease of Maize with zinc deficiencyCitrusAppleCKCK-Zn-ZnSoybeanFl

39、ax10, boronH3BO3(1) physiological function(2) lackCK-BSoybeanThe results showed that the boron deficiency of Brassica napus was flower and not solid, and boron without flower appeared in boron deficiency of cotton. The deficiency of wheat in Heilongjiang was caused by boron deficiency.Boron deficien

40、t beet roots. Pay attention to change the black heart organizationCu2+11, copper(1) physiological function(2) lackCopper deficiency leaves grow slowly, bluish green, green leaves.Wheat lacks Cu and leaves lose water and become whiteMoO42-Lack of molybdenum leaves smaller, green vein, the general inc

41、idence of old Ye Xian. Lack of molybdenum also inhibits flower formation and flower shedding before maturation.12, molybdenumCl-13, chlorineLeaf growth slowed, leaf wilting and leaves chlorosis and necrosis when chlorine deficiency occurred. The root growth of chlorine deficient plants was blocked,

42、and the root tips became thicker.1. participates in the photolysis of water in photosynthesis. In photosynthesis, chlorine acts as a cofactor of manganese to participate in the photolysis of water, and promotes the phosphorylation of photosynthesis and promotes the synthesis of ATP. But chlorine did

43、 not affect the photosynthetic rate of leaves.2. Participate in the regulation of stomatal opening and closing. Stomatal opening is mainly regulated by potassium ions entering guard cells,However, K+ influx requires organic acid anions (mainly malate) as accompanying ions, which are produced by cons

44、uming starch. The chloroplast in the guard cells of some plants (such as onion) is poorly developed and starch synthesis is insufficient. Therefore, when K+ flows into the guard cells, Cl- is required as the accompanying ion. When chlorine deficiency occurs, stomatal opening and closing of these pla

45、nts are inhibited. This indirectly affects photosynthesis and plant growth.3. Activate the H+-ATP enzyme on the tonoplast. The Mg-ATP enzymes on the plasma are mainly activated by monovalent cations (especially K+). The H+-ATP enzyme on the tonoplast needs chloride to activate the translocation of H

46、+ in the vacuole to the pH 6 in the vacuole, thereby affecting the transport of other ions to the vacuole.4. Charge balance and osmotic adjustment. Cl- is the most stable anion in biological chemistry. It has strong mobility and can quickly enter the extracellular vacuole. It can maintain charge bal

47、ance with cations and maintain osmotic pressure in cells.17, nickelNi2+Nickel deficiency can accumulate urea and cause toxicity to plants.Nickel is also an essential element in most plantsRecent studies have shown that nickel is also an essential element for most plants.P, K and B are often related

48、to the transport of substances, such as the accumulation of carbohydrates.The symptoms of plant deficiency are related to the presence, distribution and physiological function of the element in the body.Strong mobility - old leaves, such as N, K, Mg, etc.;Poor mobility - young leaves, such as Ca, Fe

49、;Element chlorosis associated with chlorophyll synthesis.Four. Useful elements and harmful elements1. useful elements2. harmful elementsNon plant essential, but can promote the growth and development of some plants. Such as sodium, silicon, cobalt, selenium, vanadiumToxic to plants in a small amount

50、 or excess. Such as heavy metals, mercury, lead, tungsten, aluminum3. rare earth elementsThe atomic number in the periodic table of elements consists of 17 elements of lanthanides and scandium and yttrium of 57711. rare earth elements can promote seed germination and seedling growth;2. promote rooti

51、ng of cuttings;3. increase nodule number and increase nodule nitrogen fixation activity.Physiological function of rare earth elements:Five. Diagnosis of plant deficiency syndrome1. diagnostic methods of chemical analysis;2. external diagnosis - disease index;3. adding diagnostic methods, etc.Symptom

52、 classificationSymptom recordinvestigationExclusion and confirmationAnalysisDiagnostic processAdd missing elementsAvailable:N yellow, P violet, K edge coke; S white Ca volume, Mg flower strip;Fe, Mn lack green B rotten heart; Ca, Mo, Cl slow Zn leaf small;N, P, K, Mg and Cl are the main diseases in

53、old leavesB, Fe, Ca, S, Cu in the leaves of a disease.Absorption of mineral elements by second plant cellsTransfer to waterTransfer to waterInhibition of respirationNormal conditionAbsorption solution masstimeIIIThe first stage is the passive diffusion of solute to apoplast.The uptake of solutes by

54、cells can be differentiated into two stages:In the second stage, the solute enters the cell or vacuole through the membrane, and takes the active absorption as the main factorThe way in which plant cells absorb minerals:Passive absorptionActive absorption: the main wayEndocytosisSimple diffusionAssi

55、sted diffusionAccording to the present data, there are four types of plant cells absorbing solutes:1. channel transport (diffusion mode, passive transport)2. carrier transport (can be active transport, but also passive transportation)3. pump transportation (primary active and secondary active transport)4. Yin DecoctionPassive absorptionRefers to the absorption of solute due to diffusion or other physical processes without metabolic energy, so it is also called non metabolic absorption.There are simple diffusion, assisted diffusion and other t