詞匯與語(yǔ)法(4非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞)2009年11月

1、Non-infinitiveNon-infinitive一、分類：1、動(dòng)詞不定式（to）do2、分詞 doing/ done3、動(dòng)名詞 doing二、特點(diǎn)：1、不能單獨(dú)作謂語(yǔ)2、沒(méi)有人稱和數(shù)的變化形式形式句法功能句法功能否定形式否定形式不定式時(shí)態(tài)時(shí)態(tài)主 動(dòng)被 動(dòng)一般式to doto be done進(jìn)行式to be doing完成式to have doneto have been done完成進(jìn)行式to have been doing否定式not /never + (to) do不定式的形式不定式的形式 不定式的句法功能不定式的句法功能 n1.作主語(yǔ)： To make a speech here

2、 is an honor. To lose heart means failure. 動(dòng)詞不定式短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，常用形式主語(yǔ)it作形式主語(yǔ)，如上兩句可用如下形式： It is an honor to make a speech here. It means failure to lose heart. 不定式的句法功能不定式的句法功能-主語(yǔ)主語(yǔ)n常用結(jié)構(gòu)： It+be+ adj./n.+ for sb. to do sth. It+be+ adj. + of sb. to do sth. =sb. be + adj. + to do sth. nIts necessary for us to h

3、ave a good knowledge of English. nIt is foolish of you to make such a mistake.n=You are foolish to make such a mistake. 與of連用的形容詞nclever, silly, foolish, stupid, wise, kind, rude, impolite, careless, cruel, crazy, etcn（事物本身具備的某種特質(zhì)）不定式的句法功能不定式的句法功能n2.作表語(yǔ)： Her wish is to become a novelist. He appears

4、to have caught a cold.n不定式一般緊跟在系動(dòng)詞如be, seem, remain, appear等后面,用來(lái)說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的內(nèi)容。n這類結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語(yǔ)一般為名詞，如：idea, purpose, hope, plan, intention, wish, dream, etc. neg.) My purpose is to teach them a lesson. 不定式的句法功能不定式的句法功能-表語(yǔ)n有時(shí)句子主語(yǔ)也可以是不定式或名詞性從句nTo be strict with students is to be responsible for them. What I want

5、to do is (to )tell you the truth. n如果主語(yǔ)中含有如果主語(yǔ)中含有do的任何形式的任何形式, 那么不定式可那么不定式可以省去以省去to. The only thing he could do was ( to) tell the truth. 不定式的句法功能不定式的句法功能n3.作賓語(yǔ)：nA. 動(dòng)詞+ to do常見(jiàn)動(dòng)詞: hope, wish, long, want, refuse, pretend, promise, agree, aim, decide, expect, offer, fail, plan, learn, manage, intend,

6、desire, etc.nI longed to become an artist. He helped (to) bring up the orphan. 不定式的句法功能不定式的句法功能-賓語(yǔ)nB.動(dòng)詞+(間接賓語(yǔ))+疑問(wèn)詞+ to don常見(jiàn)動(dòng)詞: know, decide, wonder, learn, remember, understand, find out, etc. n I dont know what to say to comfort her. The farmer showed us how to milk the cow. 不定式的句法功能不定式的句法功能-賓語(yǔ)nC.

7、動(dòng)詞+ it+賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)+( for sb.)+ to don常見(jiàn)動(dòng)詞:find, consider, think, make, feel, n通常不說(shuō)： I think to recite some English articles is important for you. nI think it important for you to recite some English articles. 不定式的句法功能不定式的句法功能-賓語(yǔ)nD.介詞but, except后可接to do作賓語(yǔ)n 注意句中謂語(yǔ)或非謂語(yǔ)部分含有do，那么不定式可省去to nSeeing the room crow

8、ded, I had no choice but to stand in the dark. nSeeing the room crowded, I could do nothing but stand in the dark. 不定式的句法功能不定式的句法功能n4.作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)： A. 動(dòng)詞/動(dòng)詞詞組+賓語(yǔ)+to don常見(jiàn)動(dòng)詞: want, wish, ask, tell, order, beg, allow, permit, help, advise, persuade, cause, force, warn, invite, urge, encourage, prepare, call

9、 on, would like, wait for, etc. nThey are waiting for the school bus to come. 不定式的句法功能不定式的句法功能-賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)nB. 動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)+不帶to的不定式 n常用動(dòng)詞: feel (一感) ; hear, listen to(二聽(tīng)); make, let, have(三讓); see, watch, observe, notice, look at(五看) ;help (半幫助,可帶to或不帶to)etc. n但改為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，不定式要加to. n I saw him cross the road. He was

10、 seen to cross the road. n比較: nI saw him crossing the road. He was seen _the road. nI saw him carried downstairs. He was seen _ downstairs. to be crossingto be carried不定式的句法功能不定式的句法功能n5.作定語(yǔ)：nA.與被修飾名詞構(gòu)成動(dòng)賓關(guān)系： n I have a meeting to attend. He found a good house to live in. (如果不定式是vi，其后應(yīng)有適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~.)n 如果不定式修

11、飾time, place, way，可以省略介詞： He has no place to live. This is the best way to work out this problem.不定式的句法功能不定式的句法功能-定語(yǔ)定語(yǔ)nB. 與被修飾名詞構(gòu)成主謂關(guān)系： nHe is the right person to do that job. He is the first to get here. 不定式的句法功能不定式的句法功能n6.作狀語(yǔ)： A.表目的： n He worked day and night to pay off the debt . n注意不定式邏輯主語(yǔ)與句子主語(yǔ)要

12、一致：nTo save money, every means has been tried. To save money, he has tried every means. ()()= He has tried every means in order to/so as to save money.= In order to save money, he has tried every means.不定式的句法功能不定式的句法功能-狀語(yǔ)nB.表結(jié)果： nI visited him only to find him out. The patient is strong enough to wa

13、lk about. 不定式的句法功能不定式的句法功能-狀語(yǔ)ntooto結(jié)構(gòu) nIts too dark for us to see anything. The question is too simple for him to answer. n注：對(duì)少數(shù)幾個(gè)表示心情或傾向的形容詞，如：glad, ready, pleased, willing, anxious, happy, satisfied, etc.用于tooto結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)表示肯定意義。 nThey were too anxious to leave. I am only/but too glad to do you the favor.

14、 不定式的句法功能不定式的句法功能-狀語(yǔ)nC.表原因： nThey were very excited to hear the news that their team had won the game. 不定式的句法功能不定式的句法功能n7.作插入語(yǔ)和同位語(yǔ)： n常見(jiàn)插入語(yǔ):nto tell (you) the truth/to be frank實(shí)不相瞞nto start/begin with; to conclude; to make matter worsen to be more exact確切地講nto make a long story short長(zhǎng)話短說(shuō)，簡(jiǎn)而言之nto be f

15、air公平地說(shuō)，憑心而論nto be sure肯定地，毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)地 nTo tell (you) the truth, I dont like the way he talked. 不定式的不定式的時(shí)態(tài)時(shí)態(tài)n一般式 ：to don進(jìn)行式 : to be doingnThe play is said to be made into a film soon (所表示的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生或發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作之后)nThe boy pretended to be working hard .(所表示的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生)n(常用于seem, appear, happen, p

16、retend等動(dòng)詞的結(jié)構(gòu)中) 不定式的不定式的時(shí)態(tài)時(shí)態(tài)完成式：to have doneI regretted to have told a lie. (表示的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作之前 )不定式的不定式的否定形式否定形式 not/never + (to ) 不定式 They hurried along in order not to be late. The boy promised never to play tricks again. 不定式符號(hào)的省略與保留 n1. 在had better, would rather, would ratherthan, would soonerth

17、an, cannot but, why (not) 等結(jié)構(gòu)后面的不定式符號(hào)to通常被省略。如: nYoud better tell her the truth. n2. 動(dòng)詞不定式短語(yǔ)作介詞but, except, besides的賓語(yǔ)，且介詞之前有行為動(dòng)詞do或其它形式時(shí)，不定式符號(hào)to通常被省略。 n What do you like to do besides swim?nMy mother could do nothing but wait for the doctor to arrive.nNow he had given himself no choice but to tell

18、her. n3. 兩個(gè)或多個(gè)不定式短語(yǔ)表示并列關(guān)系時(shí)，后面不定式短語(yǔ)的不定式符號(hào)to通常被省略；如果表示對(duì)比關(guān)系，則不定式符號(hào)to通常保留。 n They didnt tell me whether to go on or to stop. （對(duì)比關(guān)系）n She told the child to stay there and wait till she came back. （并列關(guān)系） 分詞n現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞nV-ing, v-edn在句中充當(dāng)定語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、補(bǔ)語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)。 分詞句法功能 n1. 作表語(yǔ)nv-ing:一般表示主動(dòng)或主語(yǔ)的性質(zhì)和特征, “令人”的意思, 主語(yǔ)多數(shù)情況是sth.

19、nV-ed作表語(yǔ): 一般表示被動(dòng)或說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)情感心理上的感受, “感到的”,主語(yǔ)多數(shù)情況是sb. n以-ing結(jié)尾的形容詞表達(dá)事物給人的感覺(jué)，以ed 結(jié)尾的形容詞表達(dá)人對(duì)事物的感覺(jué)。 nexciting, excitednannoying, annoyednamazing, amazednamusing, amusednastonishing, astonishednboring, borednconfusing, confused ndisappointing, disappointednencouraging, encouragednembarrassing, embarrassednfri

20、ghtening, frightenedninspiring, inspired nThe result was _ (surprising, surprised) nThey were _ (surprising, surprised) at the news. 分詞句法功能n2.作定語(yǔ)： 現(xiàn)在分詞表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作;過(guò)去分詞表示已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作。 boiling water, boiled water; developing country, developed country; falling leaves, fallen leaves rising sun, risen sun, etc

21、. 分詞n注意分詞所表示動(dòng)作的發(fā)生時(shí)間: n 表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作 Tell the children playing there not to make too much noise. n 表示經(jīng)常性動(dòng)作或現(xiàn)在/當(dāng)時(shí)的狀態(tài) I used to live in a room facing south. n其他情況,一般不用現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ),而用定語(yǔ)從句 nThe man who came this morning is our headmaster. (過(guò)去時(shí)) nThe students who will attend the meeting will arrive here tomorro

22、w. nIs there anyone who can answer this question? nThose who have finished their work can go home now. (完成時(shí)) ing結(jié)構(gòu)做定語(yǔ)后置 nDo you know the woman talking to Tom?nWho were those people waiting outside? nThe road joining two villages is very narrow.nThere were some children swimming in the river. 以-ing o

23、r ed 結(jié)尾的形容詞做表語(yǔ) nJane is bored because her job is boring.nJanes job is boring, so Jane is bored. n以-ing結(jié)尾的形容詞表達(dá)事物給人的感覺(jué)，以ed 結(jié)尾的形容詞表達(dá)人對(duì)事物的感覺(jué)。nJulia thinks politics is very interesting.nThe film was disappointing. I expected it to be much better. nWe were shocked when we heard the news.nEverybody was su

24、rprised that he passed the exam. 3. 動(dòng)詞-ing形式做賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)nI saw him walking along the street at night yesterday.nI could hear it raining.nI found Sue in my room reading a letter.n類似的詞還有：feel, listen to, look at, notice, watch, observe, etc 4. ing 從句做狀語(yǔ) nA man ran out of the house shouting. (=he ran out of

25、the house and he was shouting)nHaving finished her work, she went home. (=after she had finished her work, she went home)nFeeling tired, I went to bed early. (=because I felt tired, I went to bed early)動(dòng) 名 詞 (The Gerund) n動(dòng)名詞可以起名詞的作用n在句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ)n同時(shí)，它還保留著動(dòng)詞的一些特征，如有完成式和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，可以有自己的賓語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ). 動(dòng)名詞的形式：以wr

26、ite為例 主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)一般式writingbeing written完成式having writtenhaving been written句法功能 n1 作主語(yǔ) nReading books makes one wise. Collecting stamps is interesting. 句法功能-主語(yǔ) n與不定式區(qū)別: n動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)表示經(jīng)常性、習(xí)慣性的抽象動(dòng)作;n不定式作主語(yǔ)表示具體的特別是將來(lái)的動(dòng)作。 n _ (Walking, To walk) is a good form of exercise for both young and old. _ (Finishing, T

27、o finish) the work in a week is impossible. n用于結(jié)構(gòu): nThere is no doing sth. No doing. nhave a good (hard ) time/ difficulty/ problem/trouble /fun/ pleasure (in) doing sth.n There is no _ (know) what will happen in the future. No _ (spit) in public places. With the boy _ (lead) the way, we had no diff

28、iculty _ (find) his house. 動(dòng)名詞句法功能n2.作表語(yǔ)：(be, remain, taste, sound, smell等link-v.后) nIn the ant city, the queens job is laying eggs.nMy job is _(type) letters. (抽象、習(xí)慣性、經(jīng)常性的動(dòng)作)動(dòng)名詞句法功能n3.作定語(yǔ)： 動(dòng)名詞和現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)的區(qū)別: n動(dòng)名詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí),表示它所修飾的名詞的用途,而不表示動(dòng)作.n現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí),表示它所修飾的名詞正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作. na walking stick= a stick for walkin

29、g a dancing hall= a hall for dancing n比較: a sleeping car， a sleeping boyna sleeping car= a car for sleeping ( _ ) na sleeping boy=a boy who is sleeping ( _ ) 現(xiàn)在分詞動(dòng)名詞動(dòng)名詞句法功能n4.作賓語(yǔ)：(動(dòng)賓,介賓)n 有些動(dòng)詞及短語(yǔ)后跟動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)： na) 常見(jiàn)動(dòng)詞: advise, avoid（避免）, appreciate(感激), admit（承認(rèn)）,consider(考慮), complete, delay, deny（否認(rèn)）,

30、 enjoy, excuse, escape, finish, forbid, forgive, imagine, keep, miss, mind, mention, permit, practise, risk（冒險(xiǎn)）, suggest(建議), understand, etc. nI enjoy dancing.nWould you mind closing the window? nAmy suggested going to the cinema.nDont keep interrupting me while I am speaking. nb）介詞(in, for, about,

31、 before, )+ingnWhat are the advantages of having a car?nHow about playing tennis tomorrow?nI bought a new bicycle instead of going away on holiday.nBefore going out, I phoned Sarah.nWhat did you do after leaving school? c）動(dòng)詞+介詞的詞組+ingnI am thinking of buying a house.nDo you feel like going out for d

32、inner tonight?nI am used to driving on the left because Ive lived in Britain for a long time.nAre you looking forward to seeing Ann again?nI prefer driving to travelling by train.n這類的詞組有g(shù)ive up, put off, carry on, succeed in, dream of, insist on 等 n常見(jiàn)短語(yǔ):nbe busy, be worth, burst out, ninsist on, fee

33、l like, cant help (忍不住), nset about開(kāi)始, succeed in, persist innbe/get used/accustomed to, look forward to,nobject to, be opposed to, pay attention to, nget down to開(kāi)始，著手 ndevote oneself/ones life ( energy, effort, time) tonbe reduced to (淪為), admit/ owe to（承認(rèn)） 后接名詞,一般不接動(dòng)名詞的詞組nlead to, stick to, listen

34、 to, nrefer to, turn to, thanks tonowing to, due to, be open to (愿意接受), nin addition to (除外), be familiar tongive ones mind to (專心于), be sentenced tonbe equal to，keep to堅(jiān)持堅(jiān)持, 遵守遵守npoint to, give rise to (引起), nstand up to (勇敢面對(duì)), nsee to （注意，處理，照料）, trust to (依靠，憑), nlook up to（尊敬） nallow, advise, c

35、onsider, forbid, permit等動(dòng)詞 +doing sth. + sb. to do sth. n The doctor advised _ (take ) a good rest. The doctor advised the patient _ (take ) a good rest. n某些動(dòng)詞后既可接動(dòng)名詞,也可接不定式.n常見(jiàn)動(dòng)詞: nbegin/start, continue;n love, like, dislike, hate, prefer; nneed, want, require; nforget, remember, regret; nmean, try

36、, go on, stop, nbe used to, cant help forget, remember, regretnThe light in the office is still on. I forgot _ (turn) it off. Ill never forget _(see) the musical comedy in New York. Remember_( meet) me tonight. I remember _(take) to Beijing when I was a child. I regret _ (inform) you that you are di

37、smissed. I regret _( not take ) his advice. 這類動(dòng)詞：stop, forget, remember, regret, try, need等，V-ing往往表示過(guò)去的動(dòng)作；動(dòng)詞不定式表示將來(lái)的動(dòng)作或過(guò)去未做的動(dòng)作。nI regret saying that you spend too much money.nI regret to say you spend too much money. nRemember to lock the door before you leave.nI clearly remember locking the door b

38、efore you leave.nLisa stopped buying candy.nLisa stopped to buy candy.動(dòng)名詞句法功能-同位語(yǔ)nHis habit, listening to the news on the radio, remains unchanged. need 的用法n后跟動(dòng)名詞，注意兩點(diǎn)： 1.主動(dòng)形式的動(dòng)名詞doing具有被動(dòng)的含義； 2.該動(dòng)名詞可以改為其動(dòng)詞不定式的被動(dòng)形式而句子的意義不變。例如： The door needs painting. = The door needs to be painted. 那扇門(mén)需要油漆一下。n need后面需要接帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式,表示有義務(wù)或責(zé)任去做某事。 You need to take good care of your mother. 你要好好照料你媽媽。 Exercises n1.Most of the people _ to the party were famous scientists.nA.