北師大版高一英語語法(共7頁)

1、精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上北師大版高一英語語法（必修一-必修四）必修一一、一般現(xiàn)在時和現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時1，一般現(xiàn)在時e: 反復(fù)進(jìn)行的，經(jīng)常性的動作（慣例或習(xí)慣）Eg, He watches soap operas.及狀態(tài) I live in Beijing.一般現(xiàn)在時常和下列時間狀語連用：always, usually, from, time to time, twice a week, rarely, seldom, once a month, never.2,現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時：說話時正在進(jìn)行的動作（現(xiàn)在，此刻）一定時間段內(nèi)經(jīng)常進(jìn)行的動作和現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時連用的時間狀語有now, at the moment,

2、 at present.二、一般將來時：將來的安排和打算1、be going to 表示打算要做的事情。2、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時表示已經(jīng)確定或安排好事情。Eg, Im getting married in June.3、一般現(xiàn)在是表示不可改變的官方活動或時間表The summer term begins on the 15th of February.三、一般過去時和過去進(jìn)行時1,一般過去時 ：表示過去完成的動作或過去的情境和習(xí)慣。Eg: She climb the stairs and went to her room.用一般過去時要在規(guī)則動詞詞尾加-ed，或用不規(guī)則動詞的過去式，一般過去式的疑問句和

3、否定句用did 和didnt 加動詞原形。2、過去進(jìn)行時：過去某段時間正在進(jìn)行的動作形成某些事件發(fā)生的情境動作。Eg, It was raining during the whole match.當(dāng)過去進(jìn)行時和一般過去時出現(xiàn)在同一個句子中時，過去進(jìn)行時描述故事發(fā)生的背景，兒一般過去時則報道該事件。Eg， We driving along a country lane when, suddenly a car drove past us.Form: 過去進(jìn)行時的結(jié)構(gòu)是：主語+was /were +動詞-ing形式。Eg， The driver was sitting behind the whe

4、el.四、現(xiàn)在完成時和一般過去式，現(xiàn)在完成時表示發(fā)生在過去的事情對現(xiàn)在依然有明顯的影響發(fā)生在過去的動作但是不知道動作發(fā)生的時間或?qū)幼靼l(fā)生的確切時間不感興趣。現(xiàn)在完成時經(jīng)常和下列時間狀語連用：Before, ever, never, already, and , yet. already 用于肯定句，yet 用于疑問句和否定句。Venus and Serena have played each other before.(重要的事他們過去進(jìn)行了比賽，但是何時比賽并不重要現(xiàn)在完成時) Venus and Serena have played each other in June 1999.( 我

5、們知道此事發(fā)生的確切時間一般過去時)五、被動語態(tài)在下列情況下使用被動語態(tài)：1、不知道耶不需要知道誰做的這件事。2、動作的執(zhí)行者“顯而易見”3、動作本身比動作執(zhí)行者更重要或不想指出誰做的這件事。4、在書面語特別是在科技報告、報刊文章中被動語態(tài)比主動語態(tài)更正式。Form：Tense時態(tài) form 形式 +past一般現(xiàn)在時 am/is/are +past participle 過去分詞現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時 am/is/are being +pp現(xiàn)在完成時 have/has been +pp一般過去時 was/were +pp過去進(jìn)行時 was/were being +pp六、have to/not have

6、 to, can/cant, ought to/ought not to uses 用法：have to 用來表示義務(wù)責(zé)任，You have to pass your test before you can drive.Dont have to 表達(dá)不必：We dont have to wear uniforms at our school.Can 用來表示允許或請求許可或者表示某事可能發(fā)生。You can buy CDs at the market.Cant 表示禁止或不可能：You cant go out tonight.Ought to 表示應(yīng)該做某事。You ought to visi

7、t your grandparents this weekend.Ought not to 表示不應(yīng)該做某事You ought not to walk alone at night.Form 形式can/cant, have to/not have to 及ought to/ought not to 后用動詞原形?，F(xiàn)在完成時，一般現(xiàn)在時，一般過去時很多語言都有現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)，因此常將它和一般現(xiàn)在時混淆，在英語中，用現(xiàn)在完成時描述發(fā)生在過去但對現(xiàn)在又影響的事件。如果涉及到過去某時間，則要用一般過去時。如果過去事件的確切時間或日期不重要，也可以用現(xiàn)在完成時。必修二一、will 和be going t

8、o 表示推測揣想1、Will+動詞原形表示依據(jù)直覺知識經(jīng)驗(yàn)等做出的揣測。二、真實(shí)條件句A表示依據(jù)其他將來事件將來有可能發(fā)生的事件。If the rain stops, the match will begin.句型是：if clause main clause if +present simple will/wont +infinitive/without to也可能用其他句型，特別是使用情態(tài)動詞時：If you have time, we can go for a walk this evening.B建議或命令某人做某事，提出建議或請求：If you feel sleepy, go to

9、bed.句型是If clause main clause If +present simple imperative(祈使句)三. 虛擬條件句A虛擬條件句（1）表示想象的將來不可能發(fā)生的事If I become an MP, Id fight for animals rights.2)現(xiàn)在不可能存在的狀態(tài)If I lived closer to school, I wouldnt have to get up so early.句型是If clause main clause If +past simple would /could /might +infinitive/without to

10、四、突然決定，表示將來的時間狀語；狀語從句；讓步狀語從句。說話瞬間突然做出決定，用will +動詞原形表示。表示將來的時間狀語從句，在when, as soon as, after, before 引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句中用一般現(xiàn)在時表將來。Adverbial clause of concession 讓步狀語從句Although和though可以引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句Although she doesnt enjoy her job, she works hard.五、狀語從句二原因、結(jié)果、目的狀語從句1. as, since, because 等連詞可以引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句As I havent stu

11、died, I wont pass this exam2.so that 可以引導(dǎo)目的狀語從句He is studying hard so that he can become a doctor.3.so that 或such+(an) +名詞+that 可引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句。It is so cold that the lake has frozen over.4.在many, much, few, little 前用so 而不用such.Famous film stars earn so much money nowadays that they can choose who to work

12、 for.用so lovely a boy 可代替such a lovely boy.六、表示時間，地點(diǎn)和動作的介詞Time :時間after lunch, at midnight, at night, at the movement, before Christmas, during the break in 1999, in April, in the morning, on Sunday, on 1st April.Place 地點(diǎn)at home /the bank /the seaside /above the lake/ below the clouds, behind the tr

13、ee, between the bank and the park., in Bake street, in the box, in the picture, on the table/bus/first floor, under the bridge, over the table.Movement 動作: across the park, along the river, in to the building, to/from Warsaw七、定語從句1定語從句可用來修飾，限定正在談?wù)摰娜嘶蛭颯tudents who go to this school沒有定語從句就不知道所談的和人或何物。

14、在定語從句中門要用下列關(guān)系代詞：Who （有時用that ）用來指人，that用來指代動物。Which (that)用來指代物地點(diǎn)等The park that is in the center of the town has beautiful big trees.Where 用來指代位置和地點(diǎn)，whose用來表示所屬關(guān)系。若關(guān)系代詞which，that或who在定語從句中作賓語，而不做主語時， 可以省略。The girl (who) you meet is Peters sister.八、冠詞 ,a, an ,the在下列情況下用a/an1， 所談?wù)摰氖履莻€人或物并不重要時2），所談?wù)摰氖且?/p>

15、類人或物時，3，第一次談?wù)撃橙嘶蛭飼r，2，單詞首字母為輔音前用a ,而首字母為元音或以元音發(fā)音的名詞前用an 3, 在下列情況下用the 1）所談?wù)摰娜嘶蛭锸亲x者或聽者已知曉的且易于辨認(rèn)的。2）當(dāng)所談?wù)摰娜嘶蛭飼r世界上獨(dú)一無二的用或不用冠詞的短語英語有許多短語中冠詞的使用很難解釋清楚，所以需要牢記No article：零冠詞at home, at school, go to work, go to bed, have breakfast /lunch, in hospital,和the 連用的短語：at the station, to the cinema, play the piano, i

16、n the morning/ evening .和a 連用的短語：have a bath /shower, have a rest, have a cake, have a drink.在國家和城鎮(zhèn)名稱前不用the 但在河流，海洋和山脈名稱前要用the。必修三一、引導(dǎo)的定語從句關(guān)系副詞where, when 引導(dǎo)的定語從句可提供時間和地點(diǎn)的信息，在reason后可用why 引導(dǎo)的定語從句。介詞+ which /whom 引導(dǎo)的定語從句關(guān)系代詞可做介詞的賓語，通常在which和whom前加介詞即介詞+which/whom 結(jié)構(gòu)This is the book for which he is lo

17、oking.可以根據(jù)定語從句所修飾的名詞或代詞來選介詞，也可以依據(jù)從句的相關(guān)動詞來選用。但在日常英語中，通常是吧介詞放在從句句末，省略關(guān)系代詞which 和whomThe train(which /that) Im travelling on is for Shanghai.二、形容詞和副詞的比較More and more 越來越Less /the least 不如/最不The the 越就越 The less I worried, the better I worked.三、修飾形容詞比較級Much, a lot, slightly, a little, almost, a bit, far

18、, even, still, twice/ three times more than/twice as much/many as/twice the +n +of 比多/是 的兩倍/三倍。四、狀態(tài)或動作動詞英語中動詞分為兩類：動作動詞和狀態(tài)動詞。動作動詞描述動作，可用于一般時態(tài)和進(jìn)行時態(tài)；狀態(tài)動詞描述狀態(tài)，一般不用于進(jìn)行時態(tài)。狀態(tài)動詞表達(dá)思維活動的動詞：admit, believe, know, mean, prefer, realize, remember, think, understand, want, 表達(dá)情感的動詞：adore，care, like, dislike, love,

19、hate, hope表達(dá)擁有和存在的動詞：appear, be, belong, contain, have, include, need, seem, possess, own.感官動詞feel, hear, look, see, smell, sound, taste,有些狀態(tài)動詞也可以表示動作，在此意義上，這些動詞可用于現(xiàn)在時。 How are you feeling?感官動詞后用形容詞修飾二不用副詞。The roses look and smell beautiful.四、定語從句：限制性和非限制性定語從句限制性定語從句修飾限定名詞和代詞，清楚表明所修飾的人或物，The girl wh

20、o is playing tennis is my friend.非限制性定語從句提供句子意義以外的額外信息要用逗號隔開My friend, who is playing tennis, comes from Italy.非限制性定語從句中的關(guān)系代詞which 可指整個句子：Its very difficult to give up smoking, which is why my father failed several times.五、現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時用法：1.過去開始的反復(fù)或正在進(jìn)行的尚未完成的動作Ive been going everywhere by bike for the las

21、t two months.2. 最近的過去開始的對現(xiàn)在又影響的動作。He s been doing his science project all night.(thats why hes so sleepy, now.)Form:形式Subject + have /has +been + -ingYouve been studying very hard.六、現(xiàn)在完成時和現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時1.我們用現(xiàn)在完成時談?wù)撘粋€完成的動作，用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時談?wù)撐赐瓿傻膭幼鳌?.現(xiàn)在完成時關(guān)注動作結(jié)果，尤其談到數(shù)字或數(shù)量時，現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時關(guān)注動作本身，特別是解釋動作可見的結(jié)果時。He has run thre

22、e timesHe has been running for an hour.七、現(xiàn)在完成時和時間狀語現(xiàn)在完成時使用下列時間狀語：.1.before,ever, never, seldom, sometimes often, usually, just, 這些副詞一般放在has /have 之后，有時放在句末。2. already 用在陳述句中（一般在have 之后）yet 用在疑問句和否定句中（常放在句末）3.for, since, all my life For 說明動作的時間長度，since說明動作的起點(diǎn)。八、too 加形容詞，not + 形容詞 + enough Too + 形容詞表示

23、某物超過我們所需。標(biāo)識語too + 形容詞相反的意思用not + 形容詞 + enough結(jié)構(gòu)。九、形容詞的順序Quality size/age/shape-color-origin-made of-type/usage-nounBeautiful long brown hairMetal half-moon glassesOld French car 10、 冠詞 a/an1，冠詞a/an用在單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前，泛指某人某事，并把該人該事作為一群/一種的例子時。2， 第一次談?wù)撃呈聲r用冠詞a/an。The，定冠詞1，當(dāng)別人知道我們談?wù)摰哪莻€人那件事，并能容易地判定該人，該事時，The car i

24、s dirty.2,談?wù)撌郎溪?dú)一無二的事物。3，河流，海洋，山脈和群島名稱前，the Nile.4,單數(shù)名詞表達(dá)整個種類時，The whale is the biggest mammal.5,形容詞談?wù)撓碛型惶卣鞯娜后w時， 零冠詞1，在表示泛指的復(fù)數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞前2，在洲，城鎮(zhèn)， 湖泊，單座山脈，單個島嶼和國家名稱前,3，機(jī)場，車站，街道的名稱前4，在復(fù)數(shù)形式的國名和國名中含有一個普通名詞的國家名稱前要加the.必修四一、some /any /no; a lot of /many /much; there is /are英語名詞分為可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞，可數(shù)名詞有單，復(fù)數(shù)形式，而不可數(shù)名

25、詞只有單數(shù)形式。Some, any, no, a lot of 是數(shù)量詞，用在可數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞前。通常some用于肯定句，any用于否定句。Much和a little 用于不可數(shù)名詞前I need some new shoes. I dont have any money.We havent bought much sugar. There is a little milk left.Many 和a few 用于可數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)名詞前There arent many quiet place nowadays.I invited a few friends to my birthday party.A

26、lot of 用于可數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞前。Much和many主要用于否定句。Not many people come to her party.He havent got much homework tonight.表示某處有某物時常用there is /are 結(jié)構(gòu)。二、all none, both neither, 是限定詞，all用于復(fù)數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞前表示人或物種的每一個或全部整體。All (of) the players are fit. She ate all (of) her rice.Noun of 用于復(fù)數(shù)名詞或the +集合名詞前，和noun 連用得動詞可以使單數(shù)或復(fù)

27、數(shù)，但總是肯定形式。表達(dá)兩人或兩物時，用both of和neither of。三、another，other, the other, the second.Another, other, the other , second 是限定詞，another用于單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前表示“又一個”或另外一個，其他一種。Other ,用于復(fù)數(shù)名詞前，表示另外的，更多的。There are other routes to school but this is the nicest one.四、不定式不定式to do在句中可做主與，表語，賓語，賓語補(bǔ)足語，定語和狀語。It is useful to know how

28、 to drive.（賓補(bǔ)）The best way to learn a foreign language is to make friends with a foreigner.(定語，表語)I need to attend the meeting.(賓語)在特定動詞后，不定式可以和疑問詞連用。Verb+ who /which /how / when + to do不定式的否定式是not to do.五、被動語態(tài)。1，可用于不知道或不需要強(qiáng)調(diào)動作執(zhí)行者時，The press conference will be held in the hotel lobby.2, 動作的執(zhí)行者很明確時。3

29、，要強(qiáng)調(diào)動作本身二不是強(qiáng)調(diào)誰做的這件事時。4，有時，要強(qiáng)調(diào)的動作執(zhí)行者時（人或物）通常在句末用by + 名詞表示。Form：一般現(xiàn)在時：is/are +過去分詞 一般過去時 was /were + 過去分詞現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時：is/are being + 過去分詞過去進(jìn)行時：was /were being + 過去分詞現(xiàn)在完成時：have /has been +過去分詞過去完成時：had been +過去分詞Will : will be +過去分詞Can : can be + 過去分詞Be going to : is going to be +過去分詞六、動名詞動名詞（ing形式）在句中起名詞的作用，

30、可用作主語，表語，定語和賓語（用在動詞或介詞后）Smoking is a terrible habit.(主語)The advertising of products and services is big business.（主語）His hobby is colleting stamps.(表語)He doesnt like my singing.(賓語)We are tired from working all day. (賓語)Where is the publishing house?(定語)注意：不要混淆介詞to 和不定式符號to (do) 動名詞用于介詞后。Im looking forward to getting y