獨立主格結構英語句子結構.

1、獨立主格結構獨立主格結構（ Independent Genitive ）有兩部分組成，前一部份是 名詞或者代詞，后一部分是非 謂語動詞 ( 不定式、動名詞和 分詞 ) 或形容詞、副詞、或介詞短語。前后兩部分具有邏輯主謂關系。獨立主格結構在句中做狀語，多用于書面語。 獨立主格結構本身不是句子，在句子中作狀語，表示時間、原因、條件、伴隨、目的等。詳細概述非謂語動詞作狀語，其邏輯 主語須與主句主語保持一致。若不一致， 非謂語動詞形式須另帶主語，從而構成復合結構的形式作狀語。這種結構稱為“獨立結構”。其中，非謂語動詞主動用V-ing ，被動用 V-ed 。非謂語動詞及其短語前面帶有邏輯主語，邏輯主語的

2、 代詞 又是主格，故常稱為“獨立主格”?！蔼毩⒔Y構”在句中起狀語作用，相當于狀語從句，表示時間、原因、條件、方式或伴隨等情況。功能獨立主格結構主要用于描繪性文字中，其作用相當于一個狀語從句 ，常用來表示時間、原因、條件、行為方式或伴隨情況等。例如：表示時間The meeting being over, all of us went home.開完會后我們都回家了。Her work done, she sat down for a cup of tea.她干完了活，坐下來喝茶。表示條件The condition being favourable, he may succeed.若條件有利，他或許

3、能成功。表示原因There being no taxes, we had to walk.沒有出租車，我們只好步行。He wrapped her up with great care,the night being dark and frosty.夜又黑又冷，所以他把她裹得嚴嚴實實的。表示伴隨情況Almost all metals are good conductors,silver being the best of all.幾乎所有的金屬都是良導體，而銀則是最好的導體。(=Almostallmetalsare good conductors,and silveris thebest of

4、all.)用法獨立主格結構主要表示 謂語動詞 發(fā)生的時間、原因、條件或伴隨情況等，相當于一個狀語從句或并列句。用作時間狀語The work done (=After the work had been done), we went home.工作完成后，我們就回家了。用作條件狀語Weather permitting(=Ifweatherpermits),they willgo on an outingto the beach tomorrow.如果天氣允許的話，他們將在明天組織一次海濱小游。用作原因狀語An important lecture to be given tomorrow tomo

5、rrow), the professor has to stay up late into the night.講，教授不得不熬夜到很晚。用作伴隨狀語(=As an important lecture will be given因為明天要發(fā)表一個重要的演He was lying on the grass,his hands crossed under his head(=and his hands were crossedunder his head).他躺在草地上，兩手交叉枕在腦后。表示補充說明We redoubled our efforts,each man working like tw

6、o.我們加倍努力，一個人干兩個人的活。* 注：獨立主格結構表示時間、條件或原因時，相當于一個狀語從句，一般放在句首，表示原因時還可放在句末；表伴隨狀況或補充說明時，相當于一個并列句，通常放于句末。形式1>一般獨立主格形式: 與主句邏輯關系松散形式為 : n. + -ed/-ing形式 ; n. +不定式 ; n. +介詞短語 ; n. +形容詞 ; n. +副詞 . ;名詞 / 主格代詞 +現(xiàn)在分詞名詞 / 主格代詞與現(xiàn)在分詞 之間是主謂關系。如：The girl staring at him(= As the girl stared at him), he didn't kno

7、w what to say.姑娘兩眼望著他，他不知道說什么好。Time permitting(= If time permits), we will go for an outing tomorrow.如果時間允許的話，我們明天去郊游。名詞 / 主格代詞 +過去分詞名詞 / 主格代詞與過去分詞之間是動賓關系。如：The problems solved(= As the problems were solved), the quality has been improved.隨著問題的解決，質量已經提高了。Her glasses broken(= Because her glasses were

8、 broken), she couldn't see the words onthe blackboard.由于眼鏡摔壞了，她看不見黑板上的字。名詞 / 主格代詞 +不定式名詞 / 主格代詞與不定式之間是主謂關系，且強調的是一次具體性的動作。如：He is going to make a model plane,some old parts to help.借助于一些舊零件，他要做一個飛機模型。They said good-bye to each other,one to go home, the other to go to the bookstore. 他們道別后，一個回了家，一個

9、去了書店。名詞 / 主格代詞 +形容詞如：An air accident happened to the plane,nobody alive . 那架飛機遭遇了空難，無一人生還。So many people absent, the meeting had to be called off.這么多人缺席，會議不得不取消。名詞 / 主格代詞 +副詞如：He put on his sweater ,wrong side out. 他把毛衣穿反了。The meeting over , they all went home.會議一結束，他們就都回家了。名詞 / 主格代詞 +介詞短語如：The boy

10、goes to the classroom,book in hand . 那男孩手里拿著書去教室。Mary was sitting near the fire,her back towards the door.瑪麗靠近火爐坐著，背對著門。2>with 引導的獨立主格: 與主句邏輯關系緊密形式為 : with + n. + -ed/-ing形式 ; with + n. +abj.; with +n. +介詞短語3>each 引導的強調型獨立主格: 強調句 尾的復數(shù)名詞形式為 : 句子 + 復數(shù)名詞結尾, each +介詞短語 / 形容詞短語 / 名詞短語 /-ing形式 /-ed形

11、式如 :Under the restructuring, the huge organization that operates the company's basicbusinesses will be divided into five groups,each with its own executive. （題源 : GMAT語法全解 白勇 著， Page38）4>其他形式There being +名詞（代詞）如：There being nothing else to do There being no further business我宣布散會。, we went hom

12、e.沒有別的事可做，我們就回家了。, I declare the meeting closed.沒有再要討論的事了，It being +名詞（代詞）如：It being Christmas, the government offices were closed.由于圣誕節(jié)的緣故，政府機關都休息。= When the test was finished, we began our holiday. 考試結束了，我們開始放假。The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.= After the president

13、was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. 總統(tǒng)被謀殺了，舉國上下沉浸在悲哀之中。It being a holiday, all the shops were shut.由于今天是 假日 ，所有商店都關門了。特點1）獨立主格結構的邏輯主語 與句子的主語不同，它獨立存在。2）名詞或代詞與后面的分詞 ，形容詞，副詞，不定式， 介詞 等是主謂關系。3）獨立主格結構一般有逗號與主句分開。舉例：The test finished, we began our holiday.Weather permitting, we are going

14、 to visit you tomorrow.如果天氣允許，我們明天去看你。This done , we went home.工作完成后，我們才回家。The meeting gone over, everyone tired to go home earlier.會議結束后，每個人都想早點回家。He came into the room,his ears red with cold.他回到了房子里，耳朵凍壞了。He came out of the library,a large book under his arm.他夾著本厚書，走出了圖書館注：獨立主格結構有時可在其前加上介詞with 。如：

15、 Dont sleepwith the windows open.別開著窗睡覺。He was lying on the bedwith all his clothes on.他和衣躺在床上。She came inwith a book in her hand.她手里拿著一本書走了進來。He fell asleepwith the lamp burning.他沒熄燈就睡著了。I won t be able to go on holidaywith my mother being il因為媽媽有病，我無法去度假。He sat therewith his eyes closed.他閉目坐在那兒。Al

16、l the afternoon he workedwith the door locked.整個下午他都鎖著門在房里工作。I can t go outwith all these clothes to wash.要洗這些衣服，我無法出去了。注意事項1. 獨立主格與狀語從句的轉換當狀語從句的主語與主句的主語不是指同一個對象時，可用獨立主格結構取代狀語從句，但不再保留連詞。 如：Afterclasswas over (= Class being over / Class over ),the students soon left the classroom.2. 不能省略 being (havin

17、g been) having been ）不能省略。下課后，學生很快離開了課室。的情形：在下列兩種情況下，獨立主格結構中的being （或(1)獨立主格的邏輯主語是代詞時。如：It being Sunday, we went to church.因為是星期天，我們去了做禮拜。(2) 在 There being名詞的結構中。如：There being no bus, we had to go home on foot.因為沒有公共汽車，所以我們不得不步行回家。3.在“名詞（或代詞）介詞短語”構成的獨立主格結構中，一般不用形容詞性物主代詞和冠詞。如： Miss Smith entered the

18、classroom,book in hand . 史密斯小姐走進了課室，手里拿著一本書。比較 with 的復合結構。如：Miss Smith entered the classroom,with a book in her hand.4.獨立主格結構沒有所有格形式The chief-editor arriving, we began the meeting.主編來了，我們開始開會。( 比較 動名詞 復合結構。 )示例請看下面一道題：Not far from the school there was a garden, _ owner seated in it playing chesswith

19、 his little grandson every afternoon.A. its B. whose C. which D. that【分析】此題很容易誤選B，許多同學會認為句中逗號后是一個非限制性的定語從句 ， whose 在定語從句中用作定語修飾其后的名詞owner 。此分析從表面上看，似乎天衣無縫，但實質上是錯的，原因是空格后根本不是一個句子，因為沒有謂語。盡管句中有兩個動詞，但它們都是非謂語動詞。也許有的同學認為，其中的seated可視為謂語動詞，但是注意，seat用作動詞時，它總是及物的，其后要么接 賓語 ，要么它就用于被動語態(tài) ，所以若在seated前加上助動詞is ，則可以選

20、擇B（當然若將 seated改為 sitting，也應選擇A）。所以此題最佳答案選A。請再看一個類似的例子：(1) He wrote a lot of novels, many of _ translated into foreign languages. A. it B. them C.which D. that(2)He wrote a lotof novels,many of _ were translatedintoforeignlanguages.A.it B. them C. which D. that第 (1) 應選 B，而不能選C，是因為句中的translated是過去分詞 (

21、 非謂語動詞 ) ，若選 C，則該從句無謂語；第(2) 應選 C，該句是典型的非限制性定語從句，因為該句修飾的是前面的novels ，即指物，所以只能用which 做 of 的賓語，故本題選C。再請看下面一例：(3) He wrote a lot of novels, and many of _ were translated into foreign languages.A. it B. them C. which D. that【分析】此題與上面的第(2) 題不同，兩句間多了一個并列連詞and，說明這是一個并列句，故應選 B，則不能選 C。請做做以下三題 ( 答案均為 B) ：(1)The

22、re I met several people, two of _ being foreigners.（獨立主格結構）A. which B. them C. whom D. that(2)There I met several people, two of _ were foreigners.（非限制性定語從句）A. which B. whom C. who D. that(3)There I met several people, and two of _ were foreigners.（兩個句子）A. which B. them C. whom D. that英語句子結構英語句子分為簡單

23、句 (simple sentence)和多重句 (multiple sentence)。所謂的簡單句就是一個句子中只包含一個主謂結構的句子。多重句包含兩種基本情況，一種是兩個或者兩個以上的簡單分句形成并列關系，這樣的句子叫做并列句 (compound sentence)；另一種是兩個或兩個以上的簡單分句構成主從關系，這樣的句子叫做復雜句 (complex sentence)。下面我們分別對這三種情況加以分析。一 . 簡單句 : 英語句子看上去紛繁龐雜，但仔細觀察不外乎五個基本句式。這五個基本句式可以演變出多種復雜的英語句子。換言之，絕大多數(shù)英語句子都是由這五個基本句式生成的。這五個基本句式如下

24、：S十 V 主謂結構S十 V 十 P主系表結構S十 V 十 O 主謂賓結構S十 V 十 O1 十 O2 主謂雙賓結構S十 V十 O十 C 主謂賓補結構說明： S主語； V 謂語； P表語； O賓語； O1間接賓語； O2直接賓語； C賓語補足語五個基本句式詳細解釋如下：1. S十V 句式在此句式中， V 是不及物動詞，又叫自動詞(vi )。例如：He runs quickly他跑得快。They listened carefully他們聽得很仔細。He suffered from cold and hunger他挨凍受餓。China belongs to the third world coun

25、try中國屬于第三世界國家。The gas has given out煤氣用完了。My ink has run out我的鋼筆水用完了。2. S十V十P句式在此句式中， V 是系動詞 (link v )，常見的系動詞有： look，seem，appear，sound，feel，taste，smell，grow， get， fall ill/asleep，stand/sit still，become， turn 等。例如：He is older than he looks他比看上去要老。He seen interested in the book他似乎對這本書感興趣。The story soun

26、ds interesting這個故事聽起來有趣。The desk feels hard書桌摸起來很硬。The cake tastes nice餅嘗起來很香。The flowers smell sweet and nice花聞起來香甜。You have grown taller than before你長得比以前高了。He has suddenly fallen ill他突然病倒了。He stood quite still他靜靜地站看。He becomes a teacher when he grew up他長大后當了教師。He could never turn traitor to his c

27、ountry他永遠不會背叛他的祖國。注意：有些動詞同時也是及物動詞，可構成SVO 句式，例如：He looked me up and down他上下打量我。He reached his hand to feel the elephant他伸出手來摸象。They are tasting the fish他們在品嘗魚。They grow rice in their home town他們在家鄉(xiāng)種水稻。He's got a chair to sit on他有椅子坐。Please turn the sentence into English請把這個句于澤成英語。3S十 V十 O句式在此句式中，

28、 V 是及物動詞 (vt)，因此有賓語。例如：I saw a film yesterday我昨天看了一部電影。Have you read the story? 你讀過這個故事嗎 ?They found their home easily他們很容易找到他們的家。They built a house last year他們去年建了一所房子。They've put up a factory in the village他們在村里建了一座工廠。They have taken good care of the children這些孩子他們照看得很好。You should look after y

29、our children well你應該好好照看你的孩子。4S十 V十 O1十 O2句式在此句式中， V 是帶有雙賓語的及物動詞。 常見的須帶雙賓語的動詞有give，ask，bring，offer，send，pay，lend， show，tell，buy， get； rob，warn 等。例如：He gave me a book/a book to me他給我一本書。He brought me a pen/a pen to me他帶給我一枝鋼筆。He offered me his seat/his seat to me他把座位讓給我。注意下邊動詞改寫后介詞的變化：Mother bought m

30、e a book/a book for me.媽媽給我買了一本書。He got me a chair/a chair for me他給我弄了一把椅子。Please do me a favor/a favor for me請幫我一下。He asked me a question/a question of me他問我個問題。注意，下邊動詞只有一種說法：They robbed the old man of his money他們搶了老人的錢。He's warned me of the danger.他警告我注意危險。The doctor has cured him of his disea

31、se醫(yī)生治好了他的病。We must rid the house of the rats我們必須趕走屋里的老鼠。They deprived him of his right to speak他們剝奪了他說話的權利。5S十V十O十C句式在此句式中， V 是有賓語補足語的及物動詞。常帶賓語補足語的詞有形容詞、副詞、介詞短語、名詞、不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞常見的可接賓語補足語的動詞很多，哪些動詞可接哪幾種形式作賓補，須根據(jù)動詞的慣用法而定，不能統(tǒng)而概論。請看下面的例子。They made the girl angry他們使這個女孩生氣了。They found her happy that day他

32、們發(fā)現(xiàn)那天她很高興。I found him out我發(fā)現(xiàn)他出去了。I saw him in我見他在家。They saw a foot mark in the sand他們發(fā)現(xiàn)沙地上有腳印。They named the boy Charlie他們給這個男孩起名為查理。I saw him come in and go out我見他進來又出去。They felt the car moving fast他們感到汽車行駛得很快。I heard the glass broken just now我剛才聽到玻璃碎了。He found the doctor of study closed to him他發(fā)現(xiàn)研

33、究所的大門對他關閉了。2、并列句（ compound sentence）英語的并列句一般情況下引不起巨大的閱讀障礙，因為在分句之間往往有固定的連接詞說明前后分句的關系。這樣的連接詞有以and 為代表的表示意義延伸的并列連詞、以or 為代表的表示選擇概念的并列連詞、以 but 為代表的表示轉折的并列連詞和表示原因的for 四個類型。第一種包括and, not onlybut (also )neither ( nor) 。第二種包括 or , eitheror；第 三種包括 but , while , whereas等。第四種只有一個for。對此我們分別舉一個例句說明問題：(1)As is rep

34、orted, a trade agreement was signed and a cultural exchange was arranged.(2)Not only is he himself interested in the subject but all his students are beginning to show an interest in it.(3)Dr. Fisher neither loves the environment, nor is he accustomed to the weather.(4)The children can go with us, o

35、r they can stay at home.(5)You can either go it by yourself, or you can ask someone else to do it.(6)The young man has often been praised, but he is never conceited.(7)While our country has plenty of oil, theirs has none.(8)They want to live in town, whereas we would rather live in the country.(9)Th

36、ey apparently have a good drainage system, for the streets never seem to flood after a downpour.有必要說明的是以上的關聯(lián)詞并非只能有一個含義，比如and 就可以表示意義增補、動作先后、轉折或讓步、條件和結果等等一些用法。這里筆者只是提醒大家辨別從句，所以這方面的語言知識請參考相關的語法書。另外我們還應該把并列分句和并列結構(coordinate construction)區(qū)分開來。并列結構是由并列連詞或者其他并列手段例如標點符號連接起來的語法結構序列，它包括并列分句，也包括并列的詞或者詞組。3、 從

37、屬句構成從屬關系的復雜句包括名詞性分句(Nominal Clauses)（可以作主語、賓語、同位語、主語補語）、關系分句（ Relative Clauses）、狀語分句（ Adverbial Clauses）。對于它們的連接詞，在相應的語法書上都不難找到，這里就不再多講了。需要提醒讀者的是，在判定句子的類型之后，最主要的工作就是分析簡單句的成分，找到主句的謂語，真正抓住句子的綱領。下面請作練習二，首先辨認多重分句的類型，然后找出主句和從屬分句的謂語。Laboratory scientists accustomed to noticing subtle changes in the properties of substances they are investigating are doubtless better than you or I at certain sorts of observations.這里的主語是 Laboratory scientists，但是后面跟了一個過去分詞定語，其中分詞中