語言學(xué)第2章習(xí)題.

1、Chapter 2： PhonologyI. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1. Voicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in both Chinese and English.2. If two phonetically similar sounds occur in the same environments and they distinguish meaning, they are said to be i

2、n complementary distribution.3. A phone is a phonetic unit that distinguishes meaning.4. English is a tone language while Chinese is not.5. In linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing.6. In everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information

3、 conveyed.7. Articulatory phonetics tries to describe the physical properties of the stream of sounds which a speaker issues with the help of a machine called spectrograph.8. The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important areas: the throat, the mouth and the chest.9. Vi

4、bration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called voicing.10. English consonants can be classified in terms of place of articulation and the part of the tongue that is raised the highest.11. According to the manner of articulation, some of the types into which the consonants ca

5、n be classified are stops, fricatives, bilabial and alveolar.12. Vowel sounds can be differentiated by a number of factors: the position of tongue in the mouth, the openness of the mouth, the shape of the lips, and the length of the vowels.13. According to the shape of the lips, vowels can be classi

6、fied into close vowels, semi-close vowels, semi-openvowels and open vowels.14. Any sound produced by a human being is a phoneme.15. Phones are the sounds that can distinguish meaning.16. Phonology is concerned with how the sounds can be classified into different categories.17. A basic way to determi

7、ne the phonemes of a language is to see if substituting one sound for another results in a change of meaning.18. When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two words are said to form a phonemic contrast.19. The

8、rules governing the phonological patterning are language specific.20. Distinctive features of sound segments can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemic segments.II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:21A _ refers to a strong puff o

9、f air stream in the production of speech sounds.22A_ phonetics describes the way our speech organs work to produce the speech soundsand how they differ.23The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/ have one feature in common, i.e, they are all b_ sounds.24 Of all the speech organs, the t _ is the most flexi

10、ble, and is responsible for varieties of articulation thanany other.25English consonants can be classified in terms of manner of articulation or in terms of p_ ofarticulation.26When the obstruction created by the speech organs is total or complete, the speech sound producedwith the obstruction audib

11、ly released and the air passing out again is called a s_.27S_ features are the phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments. Theyinclude stress, tone, intonation, etc.28The rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are called srules.29The transcription of s

12、peech sounds with letter-symbols only is called broad transcription while thetranscription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics is called n_ transcription.30When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they arecollectively known as i_.31

13、P_ is a discipline which studies the system of sounds of a particular language and howsounds are combined into meaningful units to effect linguistic communication.32The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important cavities: the pharyngealcavity, the o_ cavity and the nasa

14、l cavity.33T_ are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cordsand which can distinguish meaning just like phonemes.34Depending on the context in which stress is considered, there are two kinds of stress: word stress ands_ stress.III. There are four choice

15、s following each of the statements below. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:35 Of all the speech organs, the _ is/ are the most flexible.A. mouthB. lipsC. tongue D. vocal cords36The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are _ sounds.A. voicelessB. voicedC. vowelD. cons

16、onantal37_ is a voiced alveolar stop.A. /z/C. /k/B. /d/D./b/38The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another bythus making the two phones _.A. identicalB. sameC. exactly alikeD. similar“ copying”a feature of a se39Since /p/ and /b/ are phonetically similar, occur in the same environments and

17、 they can distinguishmeaning, they are said to be _.A. in phonemic contrastB. in complementary distributionC. the allophonesD. minimal pair40The sound /f/ is _.A. voiced palatal affricateB. voiced alveolar stopC. voiceless velar fricativeD. voiceless labiodental fricative41. A _ vowel is one that is

18、 produced with the front part of the tongue maintaining the highest position.A. backB. centralC. frontD. middle42. Distinctive features can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemic segments. The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called _.A. phonetic com

19、ponentsB. immediate constituentsC. suprasegmental featuresD. semantic features43. A(n) _ is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit, a collection of distinctive phonetic features.A. phoneB. soundC. allophoneD. phoneme44 The different phones which can represent a phoneme in differ

20、ent phonetic environments are called the _ ofthat phoneme.A. phonesC. phonemesB. soundsD. allophonesSuggested answers to supplementary exercisesI. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:l.T2.F3.F4.F5.T6.T7.F 8.F9.T10.F11.F 12.T13.F14.F 15.F 16. F 17. T18. F 19. T20. TII. Fi

21、ll in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:21.Aspiration22.Articulatory 23.bilabial 24. tongue 25. place26. stop 27.Suprasegmental 28. sequential 29. narrow 30. intonation31.Phonology32. oral 33. Tone34. sentenceIII. There are four choices following each of t

22、he statements below. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:35.C36.A37.B38.D39.A40.D41.C42.C43.D 44.DIV. Define the terms below:45. phonology46. phoneme47.allophone48. international phonetic alphabet49. intonation50. phonetics51. auditory phonetics52. acoustic phonetics53. phone54. pho

23、nemic contrast55. tone56.minimal pairV. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give examples for illustration if necessary57. Of the two media of language, why do you think speech is more basic than writing?58. What are the criteria that a linguist uses in classifying vowels?

24、59. What are the major differences between phonology and phonetics?60. Illustrate with examples how suprasegmental features can affect meaning.61. In what way can we determine whether a phone is a phoneme or not?Suggested answers to supplementary exercisesIV. Define the terms below:45. phonology: Ph

25、onology studies the system of sounds of a particular language; it aims to discover how speechsounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.46. phoneme: The basic unit in phonology is called phoneme; it is a unit of distinctive value. B

26、ut it is an abstract unit. To be exact, a phoneme is not a sound; it is a collection of distinctive phonetic features.47. allophone: The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the allophones of that phoneme.48. international phonetic alphabet: It

27、 is a standardized and internationally accepted system of phonetic transcription.49. intonation: When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, theyare collectively known as intonation.50. phonetics: Phonetics is defined as the study of the phonic medium of lang