中美兩國(guó)的社會(huì)制度和對(duì)外政策有著本質(zhì)的區(qū)別

1、Chapter three: Unit four (I): You are What You Think *subject vs. topic (theme) Analysis I Read the following sentences and their translation. Find the difference between them. There are essential differences between China and the United States in their social systems and foreign policies. 中美兩國(guó)的社會(huì)制度

2、和對(duì)外政策中美兩國(guó)的社會(huì)制度和對(duì)外政策有著本質(zhì)的有著本質(zhì)的區(qū)別區(qū)別。 Two widely used household electric a p p a r a t u s a r e t e l e v i s i o n a n d refrigerator. 電視機(jī)和電冰箱電視機(jī)和電冰箱是兩種常用的家用是兩種常用的家用電器電器。Analysis II In other words, students do not have to pass a test to be admitted to a two-year institution. 換句話說，換句話說，進(jìn)兩年制大學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)進(jìn)兩年制大學(xué)學(xué)

3、習(xí)不用考試。不用考試。（original S. omitted) European interest in MBA programs had to wait until the late 1950s. 直到直到20世紀(jì)世紀(jì)50年代，年代，歐洲人歐洲人才才開始對(duì)開始對(duì)MBA 產(chǎn)產(chǎn)生興趣。生興趣。 Courses were designed to integrate functional skills, and to emphasize international cultural and business learning. 課程的課程的設(shè)置設(shè)置旨在將實(shí)用技能融會(huì)貫通，注重國(guó)旨在將實(shí)用技能融會(huì)貫

4、通，注重國(guó)際性文化背景和商業(yè)知識(shí)的學(xué)習(xí)。際性文化背景和商業(yè)知識(shí)的學(xué)習(xí)。Questions What is the difference between the English and Chinese expressions? What do you think causes the difference? Viewpoint, sentence forming E: Hypotaxis: subject + predicate Ch: Parataxis: topic + statement Does Chinese topic function the same as English sub

5、ject? What is a subject?Subject vs. topic (theme) (1) English Subject (the traditional explanation in linguistics) It refers to one of the nouns in the nominative case. She loves her father. Grammatically speaking, subject refers to a noun which can establish correspondence with the verb and which c

6、an be checked by a tag-question test. He is a teacher. (Isnt he? X Isnt a teacher) He was taught by the teacher. (Wasnt he?)Subject vs. topic (theme) (2) Semantically, a subject is the doer of the action. The boy kicked the dog. The dog is kicked. (dog is the doee) The books sold well. (book is not

7、the doer) Psychologically, people tend to regard the first major constituent of a sentence as the subject. The moon is rising. Yesterday, I went to the zoo. Can this be used in the analysis of Chinese sentences?Subject vs. topic (theme) (3) Analyze the following sentences 北京北京我沒到過。我沒到過。 我的法語(yǔ)我的法語(yǔ)看報(bào)很吃

8、力?？磮?bào)很吃力。 他臉色他臉色不大好。不大好。 這墻這墻沒法釘釘子。沒法釘釘子。 自行車自行車騎走了。騎走了。 家里的事家里的事不用你管。不用你管。 In Chinese, topic is what is stated and described. Topic subject Theme (a new idea, from discourse analysis) Halliday divides a sentence into theme and rheme. Theme is the part appears at the beginning of the sentence. Subjec

9、t vs. topic (theme) (4) sentence theme rheme Discourse Modal cognitive Well then /surely /he / must have made a lot of money.Subject vs. topic (theme) (5) More examples: theme-rheme Without computer, it is impossible to solve the problem. , it is impossible to solve the problem. Compare some sentenc

10、es and their translation in the text: (difference) Do you see the glass as half full rather than half empty? Do you see 盛有半杯水的杯子，盛有半杯水的杯子，你是否只考慮它有水的一半，你是否只考慮它有水的一半，而不管哪沒水的一半？而不管哪沒水的一半？ 你你是否只考慮它有水的一半，而不管哪沒水的是否只考慮它有水的一半，而不管哪沒水的一半？一半？Subject vs. topic (theme) (6) In a major study, psychologist Seligman

11、 surveyed sales representatives atCo. , psychologist Seligman surveyed sales representatives atCo. 心理學(xué)家塞里曼心理學(xué)家塞里曼對(duì)保險(xiǎn)公司的銷售人員做過對(duì)保險(xiǎn)公司的銷售人員做過一次重要的調(diào)查。一次重要的調(diào)查。 More examples on the textbook P110 1-3Practice 1 Their way takes them through quiet streets of old brownstones, one of the oldest neighborhoods in

12、 the city, then up and over the Brooklyn Bridge with its cathedral arches supporting the weblike drapery of cables, then down into the skyscraper canyons of the financial district. 他們他們先是沿著褐色石頭鋪成的古老而又寂靜的街先是沿著褐色石頭鋪成的古老而又寂靜的街道向前道向前走走，經(jīng)過一個(gè)全市最古老的街區(qū)，繼而跨經(jīng)過一個(gè)全市最古老的街區(qū)，繼而跨上布魯克林大橋，穿過支撐著網(wǎng)狀鋼纜的教堂式上布魯克林大橋，穿過支撐著網(wǎng)狀

13、鋼纜的教堂式橋拱，最后徑直步入摩天大樓巍然聳立的金融區(qū)。橋拱，最后徑直步入摩天大樓巍然聳立的金融區(qū)。Practice 2 One hundred years later, the life of the Negro is still sadly crippled by the manacles of segregation and the chains of discrimination. 一百年后，一百年后， 黑人的生活黑人的生活仍然是悲慘的，他們?nèi)匀皇潜瘧K的，他們生活在種族隔離的枷鎖下和種族歧視額的鐐生活在種族隔離的枷鎖下和種族歧視額的鐐銬之中。銬之中。 一百年后的今天，一百年后的今天，

14、黑人黑人仍悲慘地生活在種族仍悲慘地生活在種族隔離和種族歧視的枷鎖之下。隔離和種族歧視的枷鎖之下。 一百年后，一百年后， 黑人黑人依然在種族隔離的枷鎖和種依然在種族隔離的枷鎖和種族歧視的鐐銬下過著凄慘的生活。族歧視的鐐銬下過著凄慘的生活。Practice 3 It is obvious today that America has defaulted on this promissory note insofar as her citizens of color are concerned. 很明顯很明顯，今天美國(guó)已經(jīng)拖欠了這張期票，至少，今天美國(guó)已經(jīng)拖欠了這張期票，至少就有色人種公民而言。就有

15、色人種公民而言。 今天，就今天，就有色人種的公民有色人種的公民而言而言，美國(guó)，美國(guó)顯然顯然沒有沒有將這張期票兌現(xiàn)。將這張期票兌現(xiàn)。Practice 4 1. A third of the corn and more than half the soybeans and cotton grown in the U.S. last year were the product of biotechnology, according to the Department of Agriculture. 2. More than 65 million acres of genetically modifi

16、ed crops will be planted in the U.S. this year. 3. Like any new product entering the food chain, genetically modified foods must be subjected to rigorous testing. 4. And by 2050, the U.N. estimates, it will probably near 9 billion. Practice 5 1、A third of the corn and more than half the soybeans and

17、 cotton grown in the U.S. last year were the product of biotechnology, according to the Department of Agriculture. 農(nóng)業(yè)部統(tǒng)計(jì)資料顯示，農(nóng)業(yè)部統(tǒng)計(jì)資料顯示，去年美國(guó)種植的去年美國(guó)種植的1/3玉米及一玉米及一半以上的大豆和棉花半以上的大豆和棉花都是轉(zhuǎn)基因生物技術(shù)產(chǎn)品。都是轉(zhuǎn)基因生物技術(shù)產(chǎn)品。 2、More than 65 million acres of genetically modified crops will be planted in the U.S. this year.

18、 今年，美國(guó)將種植今年，美國(guó)將種植6500多萬(wàn)公頃多萬(wàn)公頃的轉(zhuǎn)基因作物?；霓D(zhuǎn)基因作物?；蜓忠呀?jīng)跑出了瓶子。因妖怪已經(jīng)跑出了瓶子。Practice 6 3、Like any new product entering the food chain, genetically modified foods must be subject to rigorous testing. 比如比如，和和任何一種要進(jìn)入食物鏈的新產(chǎn)品任何一種要進(jìn)入食物鏈的新產(chǎn)品一樣一樣，轉(zhuǎn)基因食物也必須經(jīng)過嚴(yán)格的檢驗(yàn)。轉(zhuǎn)基因食物也必須經(jīng)過嚴(yán)格的檢驗(yàn)。 And by 2050, the U.N. estimates, it w

19、ill probably near 9 billion. 聯(lián)合國(guó)估計(jì)，聯(lián)合國(guó)估計(jì)，到到2050年年，這個(gè)數(shù)字可能將達(dá)，這個(gè)數(shù)字可能將達(dá)到到90億。億。Discussion and HomeworklDiscussion on passage 7lParagraph 7: context, “section”, “for six years”lParagraph 8 & 9: connection, “know”lParagraph 10: description: “head lowered, his hands hanging between his knees”lParagraph

20、 11: moodlParagraph 13: “the right thing is usually just what everybody dont do.lParagraph 14: “secretary”, “when he did not come back,”Discussion 1l“We borrow the money for six years. Well, with the money we buy a half-section from Linstrum and a half from Crow, and a quarter from Struble, maybe. T

21、hat will give us upwards of fourteen hundred acres, wont it? l“我們我們借借6年的錢年的錢。那么，用這筆錢我們從林斯特倫姆家。那么，用這筆錢我們從林斯特倫姆家買買半塊地半塊地，克羅家買，克羅家買半塊地半塊地，從斯特魯布爾那買，從斯特魯布爾那買四分之四分之一快地一快地，也許。這會(huì)給我們總共，也許。這會(huì)給我們總共1400多英畝多英畝地。是不是？地。是不是？ l“我們我們貸款以貸款以6年為期年為期。那么，用這筆錢我們可以買下林。那么，用這筆錢我們可以買下林斯特倫姆家斯特倫姆家320英畝英畝和克羅家和克羅家320英畝英畝兩塊宅地，說不定兩塊

22、宅地，說不定還能把斯特魯布爾那還能把斯特魯布爾那160英畝英畝也買過來(lái)。這樣我們就將有也買過來(lái)。這樣我們就將有1400多英畝多英畝地。不是嗎？地。不是嗎？ l“我們我們貸款貸款6年年。那么，用這筆錢我們可以從林斯特倫姆。那么，用這筆錢我們可以從林斯特倫姆家和克羅家家和克羅家各買各買320英畝英畝地，說不定還能從斯特魯布爾那地，說不定還能從斯特魯布爾那買買160英畝英畝地。這樣我們就會(huì)有地。這樣我們就會(huì)有1400多英多英畝地。不是嗎？畝地。不是嗎？ Discussion 2lYou wont have to pay off your mortgages for six years. By tha

23、t time, any of this land will be worth thirty dollars an acreit will be worth fifty, but well say thirty; then you can sell a garden patch anywhere, and pay off a debt of sixteen hundred dollars. l你們用不著非你們用不著非用六年的時(shí)間用六年的時(shí)間償還抵押。償還抵押。到時(shí)候到時(shí)候這兒的每這兒的每塊地都值塊地都值30美元一英畝！美元一英畝！其實(shí)是其實(shí)是50美元。我們就說美元。我們就說是是30美元。然后你可

24、以賣掉一塊花園來(lái)償還美元。然后你可以賣掉一塊花園來(lái)償還1600元的債元的債款款.l在在6年之內(nèi)你用不著年之內(nèi)你用不著償還貸款。等償還貸款。等6年年期限到時(shí)期限到時(shí)，(6年內(nèi)年內(nèi)你用不著你用不著還款。還款。六年后六年后，) 這里的任何一塊土地都會(huì)值這里的任何一塊土地都會(huì)值30美元美元1英畝英畝 很可能會(huì)值很可能會(huì)值50美元，但我們姑且按美元，但我們姑且按30算。算。那時(shí)候隨便賣一塊那時(shí)候隨便賣一塊(花園大小的花園大小的)地就可以還清地就可以還清1600元欠元欠債。債。l你們的貸款你們的貸款不用還六年不用還六年。到那時(shí)到那時(shí)，這里的任何一塊土地，這里的任何一塊土地都會(huì)值都會(huì)值30美元美元1英畝英畝很可能會(huì)值很可能會(huì)值50美元，但我們按美元，但我們按30算。那么你可以賣掉任何一塊地來(lái)還清算。那么你可以賣掉任何一塊地來(lái)還清1