初二英語動(dòng)詞不定式講義和練習(xí)

1、動(dòng)詞不定式動(dòng)詞不定式是由“不定式符號(hào)to+動(dòng)詞原形”構(gòu)成的一種非謂語動(dòng)詞結(jié)構(gòu)。有些動(dòng)詞不定式不帶to，動(dòng)詞不定式可以作句子的主語、表語、賓語、定語、補(bǔ)語、狀語或單獨(dú)使用。一、用作主語直接把動(dòng)詞不定式置于句首的情況不多，多數(shù)情況用it作形式主語，把真正的主語動(dòng)詞不定式置于句末，特別是不定式短語較長時(shí)(有時(shí)在不定式的前面還會(huì)用for sb.表示不定式的邏輯主語)。動(dòng)詞不定式作主語，謂語動(dòng)詞用第三人稱單數(shù)形式。帶疑問詞的不定式短語作主語常置于句首，復(fù)合不定式結(jié)構(gòu)作主語常置于句末。如：1、把不定式置于句首。如： To get there by bike will take us half an hou

2、r. 2、用it作形式主語，把真正的主語不定式置于句后，常用于下列句式中。如： Itbe名詞to do It's our duty to take good care of the old. It takes sb + some time +to do How long did it take you to finish the work? Itbe形容詞for sbto do 邏輯主語It is difficult for us to finish writing the composition a quarter of an hour. Itbe形容詞of sbto do “It

3、is stupid of you to write down everything”， the teacher says. 注意：在中，常用表示客觀情況的形容詞，如：difficult, easy, hard, important, impossible, necessary 等；在中，常用careless, clever, good, foolish, honest, kind, lazy, nice, right, silly, stupid, wise等 表示贊揚(yáng)或批評(píng)的詞，強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)人的評(píng)價(jià)。在不定式前的sb，可看作其邏輯主語。這一句式有時(shí)相當(dāng)于Sb is形容詞to do句式 ，如：It&

4、#39;s kind of you to help me with my English.=You are kind to help me with my English.It seems(appears)形容詞to do It seemed impossible to save money. 3、帶疑問詞的不定式短語作主語How to solve the problem is hard for him. 二、用作表語動(dòng)詞不定式作表語，常說明主語的內(nèi)容、性質(zhì)、特征，通常放在連系動(dòng)詞（主要是be動(dòng)詞）后。如：1.The best way to improve your English is to

5、 join an English club. 2.The first thing is to greet the teacher. 注意：不定式作表語表示具體動(dòng)作或?qū)韯?dòng)作；動(dòng)名詞作表語表示抽象的一般行為。Our work is serving the people.三、用作賓語1.可以接帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語的動(dòng)詞主要有：要求、選擇、同意(ask, choose, agree)，期望、決定、學(xué)習(xí)(expect, hope, decide, learn)，寧可、假裝、知道(prefer, pretend, know)，希望、想要、愿意(wish, want, would like / lov

6、e)。如：1)We decided to talk to some students about why they go there.2)He prefers to eat white bread and rice.3)Id love to visit Mexico2.動(dòng)詞decide, know, learn, show, teach, tell.，介詞結(jié)構(gòu)on.可用疑問詞帶to的不定式短語作賓語，但why后面的不定式不帶to。如：1)Could you please tell me where to park my car?2)It gives advice on what to do i

7、n lots of different situations. 注意：疑問詞帶不定式在句中作成分時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。The question is how to put it into practice. 問題是怎樣把它付諸實(shí)施。3.動(dòng)詞feel, find, make, think等后面，可以用it作形式賓語代替真正的賓語動(dòng)詞不定式，句子結(jié)構(gòu)是.feel / find / make / . it+adj. / n.+to do.。如：I find it difficult to remember everything. 4.既可接動(dòng)詞不定式又可接ving形式作賓語，意思差別不太大的動(dòng)詞有be

8、gin, start, like, love等。一般說來，動(dòng)詞不定式表一次、數(shù)次的具體動(dòng)作、將來動(dòng)作或動(dòng)作的全過程，ving形式表習(xí)慣性的連續(xù)動(dòng)作。但是這種區(qū)別并不很嚴(yán)格，特別是美國英語，即使是習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作也可以用動(dòng)詞不定式。如：1)Then I started to watch English-language TV.2)Im beginning to understand my Chinese roots, and who I am. begin用了進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)，后面只接不定式作賓語，表示事情剛開始，還要繼續(xù)下去。3)I like to eat vegetables. 感知?jiǎng)釉~like, lo

9、ve, know等一般不用進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)。5.后接動(dòng)詞不定式或ving形式作賓語，意思差別較大的動(dòng)詞有forget, remember等。后接不定式作賓語，表動(dòng)作尚未發(fā)生；后接ving形式作賓語，表動(dòng)作已經(jīng)發(fā)生。stop to do停下來做另外一件事，to do是目的狀語；stop doing停止做、不做當(dāng)前這件事，doing是賓語。try to do盡力做，try doing試試看；go on to do接著做另外的事，go on doing繼續(xù)做原來的事。如：1)When I left home, I had forgotten to bring it with me.2)I stopped u

10、sing them last year.及物動(dòng)詞+不定式一般形式：謂語動(dòng)詞(vt.)+不定式(作賓語)說 明want(想) / try(試圖) / decide(決定) / would like(想要) / hope(希望) / love(喜愛) / learn(學(xué)會(huì)) / afford(提供) / agree(同意) / fail(失敗、未能) / mean(意味著) / prefer(寧愿) / wish(希望) + to (do)(無)help(幫助)to可以省略begin(開始)/ start(開始)/hate(憎恨) 也可跟動(dòng)名詞,意義變化不大forget(忘記) / remembe

11、r(記得)/ like(總愛) 也可跟動(dòng)名詞,意義變化較大及物動(dòng)詞+疑問詞+不定式： 謂語動(dòng)詞(vt.)+wh-疑問詞+不定式 (作賓語)說明tell (告訴) / show (顯示) / know (知道) / ask (問) / find out (發(fā)現(xiàn)) / understand (明白) / wonder(疑惑) / learn(學(xué)會(huì)) / forget(忘記) / remember(記得) / teach sb.(教某人) / discuss(商討)what where+ how + to (do)whowhich不定式疑問形式還可以作句子的主語、表語等。四、用作定語 1.句子的主語

12、或賓語是動(dòng)詞不定式的邏輯主語，不定式與其所修飾的名詞、代詞等存在邏輯的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系時(shí)，用動(dòng)詞不定式的主動(dòng)式。如：1)I have so many chores to do today.2)I cant think of any good advice to give her. 3)Basketball has also become a more popular sport for people to watch.具體關(guān)系如下例子：The next train to arrive is from Washington. Do you have anything to be taken to you

13、r sister? Do you have anything to say on the question? Would you please give me some paper to write on? 不定式短語作定語和被修飾詞之間表示以下關(guān)系： (1)表示將來的動(dòng)作（例）。 (2)與被修飾詞之間有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，如是不及物動(dòng)詞，則需加介詞（例）。 (3)與被修飾詞之間有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，同時(shí)與句中其它詞之間又有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系時(shí)，盡管有被動(dòng)含義，卻仍用主動(dòng)語態(tài)（例）；如只有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，而無邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，則需用被動(dòng)語態(tài)（例）。 2.動(dòng)詞不定式所修飾的名詞是place, time, way等時(shí)，不定式

14、與這些名詞呈現(xiàn)出動(dòng)狀關(guān)系或同位關(guān)系。如：1)He needs time to do homework2)Is that a good place to hang out？3)You want to know the best way to get around the city.3.在“there be.”句型里，句子的主語是動(dòng)詞不定式動(dòng)作的對(duì)象，常用主動(dòng)式。如：1)Theres just so much to see and do here.2). but there are still many things to do there.注意：1、記住下面的一些結(jié)構(gòu)：被修飾部分 + 不定式(作

15、后置定語)漢 語 意 思a keyto lock the door鎖門的鑰匙a boxto hold these things裝這些東西的箱子give her a bookto read給她一本書讀Is there any(+名詞/代詞)to (do)?有要(做的)嗎?Its timeto go.是走的時(shí)間了。Do you have any workto do?你有工作要做嗎?Id like somethingto eat.我要點(diǎn)兒吃的。I have nothingto say.我沒有話要說。Would you like somethingto drink?你要點(diǎn)兒喝的嗎？2、在這種情況下,如

16、果不定式動(dòng)詞是不及物動(dòng)詞,則后面必須加介詞。如：They could not find a place to live in.(他們找不到住的地方) Please give me a chair to sit on.(請(qǐng)給我一張椅子坐坐) He has got a writing brush to write with.(他找到了寫字的毛筆)五、用作補(bǔ)語動(dòng)詞不定式作補(bǔ)語時(shí)，在主動(dòng)語態(tài)句里補(bǔ)賓語，在被動(dòng)語態(tài)句里補(bǔ)主語，句子的賓語或主語是不定式動(dòng)作的邏輯執(zhí)行者。如果不定式是to be done，句子的賓語或主語就是邏輯承受者。1.在主、被動(dòng)語態(tài)句里用帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式作補(bǔ)語的動(dòng)詞主要有：要求、允許

17、、提議(ask, allow, permit, advise)，期望、邀請(qǐng)、鼓勵(lì)(expect, suppose, invite, encourage)，教導(dǎo)、告訴、想要(teach, tell, want)，等待、希望、愿意(wait for, wish, would like / love)。如：1) Id invite her to have dinner at my house.2) Teenagers should be allowed to choose their own clothes.3) Email English is supposed to be used on mob

18、ile phones.2.動(dòng)詞不定式作補(bǔ)語，在主動(dòng)語態(tài)句里不帶to，被動(dòng)語態(tài)句里帶to時(shí)多數(shù)動(dòng)詞是感官動(dòng)詞和使役動(dòng)詞，包括四“看”：look at, observe, see, watch，三“讓”：have, let, make，二“聽”：hear, listen to，一“感覺”：feel，一“注意”：notice。如：1)This picture makes me feel tense！2)Of course we want to see Liu Yu achieve his dreams.注意：主動(dòng)語態(tài)中to省略，但是在被動(dòng)語態(tài)中to要還原。I saw him dance. =He w

19、as seen to dance.The boss made them work the whole night.=They were made to work the whole night.3.help后接動(dòng)詞不定式作補(bǔ)語，to可帶可不帶。一般說來，帶to表間接幫助，不帶to表直接幫助。在被動(dòng)語態(tài)句里，或者用不定式的否定式作補(bǔ)語時(shí)要帶to。如：1). they can help you to compare two different products so that you can buy the one you really need.2)Using email English hel

20、ps you write quickly.4.be said, be sure, happen, seem等后面可以接帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式作主語的補(bǔ)語。如：1)He doesnt seem to have many friends.2)Be sure not to miss them if they come to a city near you.總結(jié)：謂 語 動(dòng) 詞(vt.)+ 賓語 (人 / 物)+不定式 (作賓語補(bǔ)足語)ask(請(qǐng)) / tell(關(guān)照) / teach(教) / want(想要) / would like(想要) / get(讓) / invite(邀請(qǐng)) / like(

21、喜歡) / warn(警告) / help(幫) /+sb. / sth.+to (do)make(使得) / let(讓) / hear(聽) / see(看) / feel(感覺) / watch(觀看)/ have(使得) / help(幫助) +sb. / sth.+ (do)注意：hear / see / feel / watch之后的賓補(bǔ)用不定式與現(xiàn)在分詞時(shí),含義不同,試比較：I heard her crying when I walked past.(我路過時(shí)聽到她正在哭)(指當(dāng)時(shí)瞬間的情況)I sat near her and heard her sing the new so

22、ng.(我坐在她附近聽她唱新歌)(指整個(gè)過程)六、用作狀語 1.目的狀語，置于句首或句末，置于句首時(shí)常表示強(qiáng)調(diào)。如：1)In order not to offend people, learning about language etiquette is just as important as learning grammar or vocabulary.2)A group of young people got together to(in order to / so as to) discuss this question.to do / in order to do / so as t

23、o do用作目的狀語，置句末時(shí)都可以用，置句首時(shí)只用to do / in order to do。so as to do一般不置于句首，可以引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句，in order to do不引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句。2.原因狀語，多見于“sb.+be+adj.+to do.”結(jié)構(gòu)句中。如：1)My dogs name is “Lucky”a good name for him because I feel very lucky to have him.2)On Monday he told a radio interviewer that he had run out of money to buy o

24、ld bikes. 3.結(jié)果狀語，多見于“too.to”(太以致不能)，“enough to.”結(jié)構(gòu)句中。如：1)Then Im too tired to do well. What should I do? 2)The room needs to be big enough for three people to live in.4.有些動(dòng)詞不定式作狀語，常說明前面形容詞的性質(zhì)和特性。動(dòng)詞不定式與句子的主語有邏輯的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。動(dòng)詞不定式前面的形容詞一般是：cheap, dangerous, difficult, easy, fun, hard, interesting, necessary。不

25、定式常用主動(dòng)式表被動(dòng)意義。. the mistakes you made are necessary for you to learn and understand.這類句子中的動(dòng)詞不定式可改為主語。5.獨(dú)立動(dòng)詞不定式多用作插入語，表示說話人的心理狀態(tài)或?qū)κ虑榈目捶?。如?)Id like to stay healthy, but to be honest, I only eat food that tastes good.2)To begin with, she spoke too quickly, and I couldnt understand every word. 七、動(dòng)詞不定式的復(fù)

26、合結(jié)構(gòu)動(dòng)詞不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)是“for / of sb. to do sth.”，for / of引出不定式動(dòng)作的邏輯主語。這種結(jié)構(gòu)在句子中可以作主語、賓語、表語、定語、狀語等。不定式復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)的介詞用for還是of，主要決定于前面形容詞的性質(zhì)。一般說來，of前面的形容詞是careful, clever, foolish, good, kind, nice, wise等，既說明人的特性，又說明不定式動(dòng)作的特性。for前面的形容詞是dangerous, difficult, easy, hard, heavy, important, interesting, necessary等，一般說明不定式動(dòng)作

27、的特性，不說明人的特性。前面如果是名詞用for。如：1.Its also probably a good idea for parents to allow teenagers to study in groups during the evening. 2.Zoos are terrible places for animals to live八、帶疑問詞的不定式短語 動(dòng)詞不定式前面可以帶疑問代詞what, which, who或疑問副詞how, when, where, why等。這種結(jié)構(gòu)起名詞的作用，在句子里用作賓語、主語、表語等，或者單獨(dú)使用。要注意的是，why后面的不定式不帶to。如

28、：1.用作句子的成分。1)I dont know what to try next. (作賓語)2)Where to go is not decided yet.(作主語)2.單獨(dú)使用時(shí)相當(dāng)于一個(gè)特殊疑問句。1)What to do next?(=What will we / you do next?)2)Why go there?(=Why do we / you go there?)九、動(dòng)詞不定式的否定式不定式的否定式是not / never to do.，不帶to的不定式的否定式是not / never do.如：1.Sometimes they have disagreements,

29、and decide not to talk to each other.2.His parents tell him never to drive after drinking. 十、后面加動(dòng)名詞與不定式時(shí)語義不同的1、stop to do停止，中斷做某事后去做另一件事。 stop doing停止做某事。2、forget to do忘記要去做某事。(未做) forget doing忘記做過某事。(已做)3、remember to do 記得去做某事(未做) remember doing記得做過某事(已做)4、regret to do對(duì)要做的事遺憾。(未做) regret doing對(duì)做過的事

30、遺憾、后悔。(已做)5、cease to do長時(shí)間，甚至永遠(yuǎn)停做某事。cease doing短時(shí)停止做某事，以后還會(huì)接著做。6、try to do努力，企圖做某事。 try doing試驗(yàn)，試著做某事。7、go on to do做了一件事后，接著做另一件事。 go on doing繼續(xù)做原來做的事。8、mean to do打算、想 mean doing意味著一、動(dòng)詞不定式作主語1. It's our duty _ the room every day.A. to clean B. cleaned C. clean D. cleans2. It's hard for us _

31、English well.A. learn B. learns C. to learn D. learning（江西省）3.建造這座立交橋?qū)⒒ㄙM(fèi)工人們一年多的時(shí)間。It will _ the workers over a year _ _ the flyover.4. It's very nice _ you to get me two tickets _ the World Cup.A. for，of B. of， for C. to， for D. of， to（二、動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語1. He wants _ some vegetables.A. buy B. buying C.

32、to buy D. buys 2. Don't forget _ your homework with you when you come to school.A. to bring B. bringing C. to take D. taking 3. He found it very difficult _.A. sleeping B. sleepsC. slept D. to fall asleep 三、動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語1. Robert often asks us _ his Chinese, so his Chinese is much better than befo

33、re.A. help him B. to help him with C. to help with D. helps him with 2. Mr Li often teaches his Japanese friends _ Chinese food.A. cook B. cooks C. to cook D. cooked 四、動(dòng)詞不定式作狀語1. She went _ her teacher.A. to see B. looks C. saw D. seeing 2. Meimei likes English very much. She does her best _ English

34、 well.A. learn B. learning C. to learn D. learns 3. I'm sorry _ that. A. hears B. hearing C. hear D. to hear 4. I'm sorry _ you.A. trouble B. to trouble C. troubling D. troubled）5. The panda is so fat that it can't go through the hole.（改為意思相同的句子）The hole _ _ _ _ such a fat panda to go th

35、rough. 6. The ice on the lake was so thin that people couldn't skate on it. （改為意思相同的句子）The ice on the lake wasn't _ enough _ people _ _ _.【典型考題】1. “What are you going to do this weekend?” “Id like my parents.” A. to visit    B. visit      C. visiting2.

36、 Whats your plan for the summer holidays? Ive no idea, but Ive decided at home.A. stay     B. to stay C. stayed   D. staying3. Last week our geography teacher told us more information about how to protect the environment. A. get      B. got C. t

37、o get   D. getting4. Our headmaster asked us a report on how to protect wild animals. A. write     B. writing C. to write  D. wrote5. How do you feel when you watch the national flag go up?It makes me very proud.A. felt B. to feel C. feeling D. feel6. It took her h

38、alf an hour the Water Park by bus last Sunday. A. gets to    B. get to C. to get to  D. getting to7. Its dangerous for you that tall tree.A. climb     B. to climb C. climbing  D. climbed8. My brother is ill in hospital.Im sorry that. A. hear   &

39、#160; B. hearing C. heard    D. to hear9. more information about the trip, you can go to .A. Find      B. Finding C. To find   D. Found10. Some children are arguing about what TV programs . A. watching   B. for watching C. to watch

40、60; D. will watch動(dòng)詞不定式專項(xiàng)練習(xí) 1. Its wrong _ not _ her a letter.A. of you; to write           B. for you; writing C. of you; writing           D. for you; write2. Im sorry, I _ my exercise book at h

41、ome.Dont forget _ it to school tomorrow, please.A. forget; to take            B. left; to bring C. forget; to bring            D. left; to take3. Before you go abroad, you need _ about table

42、 manners in that country.  A. knew   B. known   C. to know   D. knowing4. I need some paper _.A. to write    B. to write on C. to write in             D. writing5. I have no pens _. Cou

43、ld you please lend me one?Sure. Here you are.    A. to write               B. to write down C. to write with           D. to write in6.Do you think our football

44、 team will win the match?  Yes, we have better players. So I _ them to win. A. hope     B. ask     C. help     D. expect7. I am allowed _ until 12:00 on the evening of the Spring Festival.   A. stay up  &#

45、160;             B. to stay up C. staying up             D. to staying up8. the“No Car Day”campaign（活動(dòng)）asks Beijing drivers _their cars at home one day each month.A. leave 

46、60;             B. leaving C. to leave             D. to be left9. Do you like sports?    Sure. Im looking forward to _ the 29th Olympic Gamesn Beijing on TV.A. watc

47、h B. watching C. watch        D. watching10. Good manners usually help people to _ each other. A. get on well with       B. get started C. be friendly            D. get together11.

48、They prefer _ TV to _ newspapers.A. watching; reading        B. watching; to read C. to watch; read        D. to watch; reading12. Oh, terrible! I forgot _ the window. Its windy.    Really? Lets go back home quickly.A. closing   B. to close   C. closed   D. close13. Shopping with me?Sorry, I have a lot of clothes