初中非謂語動(dòng)詞

1、中考英語非謂語動(dòng)詞講解一、不定式的語法功能：1、 作主語：To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard.= It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes.十分鐘這內(nèi)完成這項(xiàng)工作很難。To lose your heart means failure.= It means failure to lose your heart. 失去信心就意味著失敗。2、作表語，表示主語的“職業(yè)、職責(zé)或性質(zhì)”等：Her job is to clean the hall. 她的工作就是打掃大廳。He seems to

2、 know everything about this matter. 他似乎對(duì)這件事什么都知道。3、作賓語：常與不定式作賓語連用的動(dòng)詞有：want, hope, wish, ask, (would) like, offer, fail, plan, learn, pretend, refuse, manage, help, agree, promise, (would)prefer.如果不定式（賓語）后面有賓語補(bǔ)足語，則用it作形式賓語，真正不定式（賓語）后置，放在賓語補(bǔ)足語后面。He found it important to study English. 他發(fā)現(xiàn)學(xué)習(xí)英語很重要。I hav

3、e no choice but to stay here. 除了呆在這兒我沒有別的選擇。He did nothing last Sunday but to repair his bike.4、作賓語補(bǔ)足語，用以說明賓語的性質(zhì)、身份、特征和行為等情況：如下動(dòng)詞常跟動(dòng)詞不定式充當(dāng)賓語補(bǔ)足語：want, wish, ask, tell, order, beg, permit, help, advise, persuade, allow, prepare, cause, force, invite, call on, wait for. I told Jeff to give up his bad h

4、abits, but he wouldnt listen. 我告訴杰夫讓他改掉壞習(xí)慣，但他不聽。5、作定語：動(dòng)詞不定式作定語，放在所修飾的名詞或代詞后，與所修飾名詞有如下關(guān)系：（A）動(dòng)賓關(guān)系：I have some friends to invite. 我要邀請(qǐng)幾個(gè)朋友。注意：（1）不定式為不及物動(dòng)詞時(shí)，所修飾的名詞如果是地點(diǎn)、工具等，應(yīng)有必要的介詞。He found a good house to live in. 他發(fā)現(xiàn)一個(gè)可以住的好房子。The child has nothing to worry about. 孩子沒有什么可擔(dān)心的。（2）如果不定式修飾time, place, way,

5、可以省略介詞： He has no place to live. 他沒有住的地方。（B）說明所修飾名詞的內(nèi)容：We have made a plan to finish the work. 我們有一個(gè)完成這項(xiàng)工作的計(jì)劃。（C）被修飾名詞是不定式邏輯主語：He is the first to get there. 他是第一個(gè)到那的。6、作狀語：（A）表目的：He worked day and night to get the money. 他日夜工作來賺錢。To prepare for the coming examination, he studied hard these days 為了準(zhǔn)備

6、即將到來的考試，他這些天學(xué)習(xí)很努力。(B)表結(jié)果：He arrived late to find the train gone. 他到晚了結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)火車開走了。常用only放在不定式前表示強(qiáng)調(diào)：Nell went away only to leave his two children by themselves.內(nèi)爾走了，結(jié)果只留下了兩個(gè)孩子。(C) 表原因，這種原因狀語往往跟在表示“高興、愉快、生氣、榮耀、遺憾”等形容詞之后，說明之所以產(chǎn)生這些情緒的原因。They were very sad to hear the news. 聽到這個(gè)消息他們非常傷心。(D) 表程度：Its too dark

7、 for us to see anything. 天太黑了，我們什么也看不見。The question is simple for him to answer. 這個(gè)問題對(duì)他來說太容易回答了。7、作獨(dú)立成分：To tell you the truth, we dont want to have you. 實(shí)話告訴你吧，我們不想和你在一起。8、不定式的并列，第二個(gè)不定式可省略to：He wished to study medicine and become a doctor. 他想學(xué)醫(yī)并成為一名醫(yī)生。二、不帶to的不定式1、使役動(dòng)詞：let (讓), make（使）, have（使） 感官動(dòng)詞：

8、see, hear, feel, watch, notice, look at, listen to 等，跟不帶to的不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語。但改為被動(dòng)句時(shí)，不定式前應(yīng)加上to。如：They heard her sing in the next room. 他們聽見她在隔壁唱歌。She was heard to sing in the next room. （被動(dòng)句）Help后面的不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語，可以帶to也可能不帶to。You must help me do the cooking this afternoon. 你今天下午必須幫我做飯。She helped her parents to c

9、lean the house. 她幫助父母打掃房屋。2、不定式作表語，其前面的主語從句中含有do時(shí)，后面的to省略。What he did was lose the game. 他所做的就是輸?shù)袅吮荣悺?、句中含有動(dòng)詞do時(shí)，but, except, besides, such as等后面to可省略。Dont do anything silly, such as marry him. 不要做任何蠢事了，比如說和他結(jié)婚。4、句中含有不定式， 后面有rather than, rather than后省略to。如：Id prefer to stay here rather than go there

10、. 我寧愿呆在這兒也不愿意去那兒。5、why not 后，動(dòng)詞不定式中的to應(yīng)省略。Why not play football? 怎么不踢足球呢？ Id like to, but I have to finish my homework first. 我想去，但我得先將作業(yè)做完。三、動(dòng)詞不定式與疑問詞的連用不定式可以和疑問代詞who, what, which及疑問副詞when, how, where連用，構(gòu)成不定式短語，在句中擔(dān)當(dāng)主語、賓語、表語等成分。1、作主語：What to do is a big problem. 做什么是個(gè)大問題。Where to begin is what I wa

11、nt to know. 從哪兒開始是我想知道的（問題）。2、作賓語：I know how to use the computer. 我知道如何使用計(jì)算機(jī)。I didnt find out when to leave. 我不清楚何時(shí)出發(fā)。3、作賓語補(bǔ)足語：Liu Di asked her when to start. 柳迪問她什么時(shí)候開始。He taught me how to read it. 他教過我如何讀它。4、作表語：The question is how to get there. 問題是如何到達(dá)那兒。The difficulty was when to start. 困難是何時(shí)動(dòng)身呢

12、。注意：“疑問詞+不定式”作賓語和賓語補(bǔ)足語時(shí)，常與下列動(dòng)詞連用：know, show, teach, tell, find out, learn, decide, forget等。有時(shí)疑問詞前可用介詞，如：I have no idea of how to do it. 我不知道如何做此事。四、不定式的常用句型1. Its time to do sth.=Its time for sth. “是做的時(shí)候了”2. Theres no (time) to do sth “沒有（時(shí)間）做某事”3. It takes sb. some time to do sth “某人花費(fèi)多少時(shí)間做某事”4. be

13、 +形容詞 + enough to do sth “足夠做某事”5. be+too+形容詞+to do sth “太不能做某事”6. be ready +to do sth. “準(zhǔn)備做某事” “7. Its +形容詞+for sb/of sb +to do sth. “對(duì)于某人來說做某事（怎么樣） ”8. be afraid to do sth “不敢做某事”9. prefer to do sth rather than do sth. “寧愿也不愿”10. would like to do sth 與would love to do sth 常用于口語中，表示“喜歡”11.had bette

14、r do sth （不帶to的不定式）“最好”12. will/would you please (not) do sth “請(qǐng)你（不要）做好嗎？”13. had/would rather (than) (不帶to的不定式) “寧愿， 寧可”14Why not do sth = Why dont you do sth “為什么不做某事”15. Prefer to do rather than do “寧愿也不愿”動(dòng)名詞一、動(dòng)詞ing形式及語法功能1、動(dòng)詞的ing 形式是英語中用得較多的形式之一，它是由“動(dòng)詞原形+ing”（動(dòng)詞名詞） 構(gòu)成的，它既具有動(dòng)詞的一些特征，又具有名詞的一些特征。在句中

15、可作主語、賓語、賓語補(bǔ)足語、表語、定語、狀語。它沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化，但有時(shí)態(tài)、和語態(tài)的變化。否定式：not+動(dòng)詞的ing形式 2、 動(dòng)詞的ing形式的語法功能：（1）作主語，往往說明事物的普遍性、廣泛性。Reading aloud is very helpful. 大聲朗讀是很有好處的。Collecting stamps is interesting. 集郵很有趣。當(dāng)動(dòng)詞的ing形式短語作主語法常用it作形式主語。Its no use quarrelling. 爭(zhēng)吵是沒用的。不定式和動(dòng)詞的ing形式作主語的區(qū)別：不定式更強(qiáng)調(diào)具體性，往往有明確的時(shí)間，而動(dòng)詞的ing形式是一種泛指、一種體驗(yàn)，不是

16、明確地發(fā)生在過去現(xiàn)在或?qū)淼膭?dòng)作，更具有普遍性。Reading is really fun. 讀書真是有趣。To read such a story is hard. 讀這樣一個(gè)故事真是難。（2）作表語，用以說明事物的身份性質(zhì)等，此時(shí)和不定式的用法基本相同。What he likes is playing football after class. 他所喜歡的事情就是踢足球。（3）作賓語：Do you enjoy listening to pop music? 你喜歡聽流行音樂嗎？We are thinking of making a new plan. 我們正考慮制訂一個(gè)新計(jì)劃。I am n

17、ow busy sending postcards. 我現(xiàn)在正忙著郵寄賀年卡。注意：(1) 動(dòng)詞的ing形式即可作動(dòng)詞賓語也可作介詞和形容詞賓語。如上面三個(gè)例句。此外，動(dòng)詞的ing 形式作賓語時(shí)，若跟有賓語補(bǔ)足語，則常用形式it.We found it no good making fun of others. 我們發(fā)現(xiàn)取笑他人不好。(2) 如下動(dòng)詞及短語只跟動(dòng)詞ing形式作賓語：enjoy, finish, suggest, avoid, excuse, delay imagine, keep, miss, consider, admit, deny, mind，permit, forbid

18、, practise, risk, appreciate, be busy, be worth, feel like, cant stand, cant help, think of, dream of, be fond of, prevent. (from), keep.from, stop.(from), protect.from, set about, be engaged in, spend. (in), succeed in , be used to, look forward to, object to, pay attention to, insist on, feel like

19、（4）作定語，表示被修飾詞的性質(zhì)、身份、用途、正在進(jìn)行的行為或狀態(tài)等。The old man has to walk with a walking stick. 這位老人只好借助拐杖行走。This is an interesting story. 這是個(gè)有趣的故事。（5）作賓語補(bǔ)足語， 表明賓語的性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)或正在進(jìn)行的行為：如下動(dòng)詞后可跟動(dòng)詞的ing形式作賓語補(bǔ)足語。see, watch, hear, feel, find, get, keep, notice, observe, listen to, look at, leave, catch, discover.Can you hear h

20、er singing the song in the next room? 你能聽見她在隔壁唱歌嗎？He kept the car waiting at the gate. 他讓小汽車在門口等著。（6）作狀語，表示時(shí)間、原因、伴隨、條件、結(jié)果、目的等。（While）Working in the factory, he was an advanced worker. 在工廠工作時(shí)，他是一名先進(jìn)工人。（時(shí)間）Being a League member, he is always helping others. 由于是共青團(tuán)員他經(jīng)常幫助他人。（原因）He stayed at home, cleani

21、ng and washing. 他呆在家里，又擦又洗。（伴隨）(If) Playing all day, you will waste you valuable time. 要是整天玩，你就會(huì)浪費(fèi)寶貴的時(shí)間。（條件）He dropped the glass, breaking it into pieces. 他把杯子掉了，結(jié)果摔得粉碎。（結(jié)果）He went swimming the other day. 幾天前他去游泳了。（目的）（7）作讓步狀語Though raining heavily, it cleared up very soon. 雖然雨下得很大，但不久天就晴了。二、不定式與動(dòng)詞i

22、ng形式作賓語的比較：1、在下列一些動(dòng)詞后面常跟動(dòng)詞ing作賓語，而不跟不定式：admit, appreciate, advise, avoid, allow, consider, delay, dislike, enjoy, escape, excuse, face, feel like, finish, fancy, forbid, forgive, imagine, include, keep, mention, mind, miss, practice, resist, risk, suggest等2、在下列一些動(dòng)詞后只跟不定式，不跟動(dòng)詞ing作賓語：want, hope, expec

23、t, wish, decide, would like, refuse, manage, pretend, demand, offer, afford, plan, wonder, intend等，如：I am expecting to get a letter from my parents. We are planning to build another research center.3、在下列一些動(dòng)詞后面跟不定式或動(dòng)詞ing形式作賓語，意義不同， 如：I remember doing this exercise before. 這記得以前做過這個(gè)練習(xí)。Remember to post

24、 the book for me. remember doing 記得（做過的事，某事已做過）remember to do 記住 （去做某事，某事還沒做）We shall never forget hearing Jackson singing.Dont forget to give m regards to them.forget doing 忘了（做過的事，某事已做過）forget to do 忘了（去做某事，某事還沒做）Ill try to improve my pronunciation.Since no one answered the front door, why not try

25、 knocking at the back door?try to do 盡力去做某事try doing (用另外一種方法) 試一試，試試看I suggest we stop working and have a rest.They stopped to listen, but there was no more sound.stop to do 停下（某事）去做某事（表目的）stop doing 把某事停下來（賓語）What do you mean to do with your old bicycle?I wont wait if it means delaying a week or s

26、o. mean to do 打算做某事mean doing 意味著做某事4、在love, like, hate prefer后面跟不定式和動(dòng)詞ing形式無多大區(qū)別，如：Do you like to eat an ice-cream? I like traveling very much.I like driving (to drive) fast cars.5、在start, begin后面，一般接不定式和動(dòng)詞ing形式無大區(qū)別，在下列情況下，多用不定式：（1）自然界變化： It started to rain Snow started to melt as spring came.（2）心理活動(dòng)，在understand, know, realize等詞前面：I began to understand my mothers feelings.（3）begin, start 本身為進(jìn)行時(shí)：Mother was starting to cook in the kitchen when I got home.6、在allow, advise, permit, forbid等動(dòng)詞后面，有名詞或代