110kv變電站設(shè)計(jì)-的外文翻譯(共14頁(yè))

1、精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上學(xué)校代碼：11517 學(xué) 號(hào)：3 HENAN INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING 文獻(xiàn)翻譯 題 目 110kv變電站設(shè)計(jì) 學(xué)生姓名 褚?guī)浄?專業(yè)班級(jí) 電氣工程及其自動(dòng)化1021班 學(xué) 號(hào) 3 系 （部） 電氣信息工程系 指導(dǎo)教師(職稱) 任鵬飛 完成時(shí)間 2012年 2月 18日 專心-專注-專業(yè) 一種實(shí)用的輸配電系統(tǒng)的維護(hù)優(yōu)化計(jì)劃Sohrab Asgarpoor Mohamad Doghman Department of Electrical Engineering Principal Research Engineer University of N

2、ebraska-Lincoln Omaha Public Power Distric摘要：今天，維護(hù)和/或提高系統(tǒng)的可靠性和降低運(yùn)營(yíng)和維護(hù)（OM）成本是電力的首要任務(wù)。由于系統(tǒng)設(shè)備繼續(xù)老化，并逐漸惡化，由于組件故障增加的服務(wù)中斷的概率。一個(gè)有效的維護(hù)策略是在提供安全可靠的電力客戶經(jīng)濟(jì)所必需的。本文的目的是提供一個(gè)預(yù)測(cè)，條件為基礎(chǔ)的框架，且成本有效的維護(hù)，輸電和配電系統(tǒng)的優(yōu)化方案。 引言原則上，提高系統(tǒng)的可靠性和降低運(yùn)營(yíng)和維護(hù)（OM）成本是電力的重中之重。在競(jìng)爭(zhēng)日益激烈的電力輸送環(huán)境，電力公司被迫申請(qǐng)實(shí)用資產(chǎn)管理更加積極主動(dòng)的方法。的電力交貨資產(chǎn)管理的主要組成部分之一，是資本預(yù)算和現(xiàn)有設(shè)施的OM

3、。由于在許多情況下，建設(shè)和設(shè)備采購(gòu)的成本是固定的，澳M的支出為削減成本和潛在的儲(chǔ)蓄的主要候選人。由于系統(tǒng)設(shè)備繼續(xù)老化，并逐漸惡化，由于組件故障增加的服務(wù)中斷的概率。電力公司都面臨著許多挑戰(zhàn)，在這種競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的新時(shí)代：上升的OM成本，系統(tǒng)上的需求不斷增長(zhǎng)，保持高可靠性和電能質(zhì)量水平和管理設(shè)備老化。因此，健康的設(shè)備是由設(shè)備條件的影響，因?yàn)槭杖胄袠I(yè)至關(guān)重要。當(dāng)需求高和設(shè)備的工作秩序，豐厚的收入可以實(shí)現(xiàn)的。相反，不健康的設(shè)備可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致服務(wù)中斷，顧客不滿，善意的損失，并最終失去客戶。提供安全可靠的電力客戶經(jīng)濟(jì)有效的維護(hù)策略是必不可少的。前二戰(zhàn)時(shí)期期間，產(chǎn)業(yè)是不是非常高度機(jī)械化，因此停機(jī)時(shí)間的影響并不十分顯著。

4、此外，設(shè)備簡(jiǎn)單容易解決，公司的表現(xiàn)主要是糾正性維護(hù)（CM）。郵政第二次世界大戰(zhàn)期間，直到20世紀(jì)70年代中期的時(shí)代，提高機(jī)械化導(dǎo)致更紛繁復(fù)雜的設(shè)備。公司已開始大量依靠此設(shè)備。這種依賴導(dǎo)致的預(yù)防性維護(hù)（PM）的概念。下午，在1960年，主要包括在固定的時(shí)間間隔進(jìn)行設(shè)備大修。此外，這臺(tái)設(shè)備的成本增加，導(dǎo)致管理開始尋找方法來(lái)提高這些資產(chǎn)的生命。最新的時(shí)代開始了與中航工業(yè)在早期到1970年代中期。在想，以確保設(shè)備持續(xù)盡可能長(zhǎng)的正確和經(jīng)營(yíng)的企業(yè)造成新的高度機(jī)械化設(shè)備的巨額費(fèi)用。這個(gè)時(shí)代，也標(biāo)志著在提高安全意識(shí)（尤其是在航空業(yè)）和環(huán)境后果。越來(lái)越多，發(fā)生故障的安全或環(huán)境的危害。所有這一切導(dǎo)致的維修費(fèi)用的增

5、加。在某些行業(yè)，維護(hù)成本代表的第二個(gè)最高甚至經(jīng)營(yíng)成本最高的組件。維護(hù)策略在一般情況下，維護(hù)計(jì)劃或無(wú)計(jì)劃.糾正性維修是一種被動(dòng)的戰(zhàn)略，這是無(wú)計(jì)劃和故障發(fā)生后，正在開展。我們的目的是恢復(fù)一個(gè)項(xiàng)目到一個(gè)國(guó)家能夠履行其所需的功能。計(jì)劃中的維護(hù)策略在本質(zhì)上是積極的，可分為兩組：預(yù)防和狀態(tài)監(jiān)測(cè)。有時(shí)也被稱為預(yù)定的預(yù)防性維護(hù)，定期進(jìn)行維護(hù)。這個(gè)類別下，可以選擇有四個(gè)基本任務(wù)：時(shí)間導(dǎo)演的任務(wù)涉及到的操作數(shù)，工作時(shí)間，或季節(jié)性變化。b）未能發(fā)現(xiàn)是用于識(shí)別設(shè)備故障不屬于明顯的經(jīng)營(yíng)人員（隱性故障）。通常用于保護(hù)設(shè)備。C）條件導(dǎo)演適用的情況時(shí)，設(shè)備條件達(dá)到了一個(gè)極限，或者續(xù)令人滿意操作時(shí)不能保證。它可以防止早期失效，

6、成為真正的失敗。D）運(yùn)行故障是一個(gè)選擇的選項(xiàng)，只有在不能確定的事件，技術(shù)上是正確的，符合成本效益的任務(wù)。當(dāng)它認(rèn)為有必要的基礎(chǔ)上定期檢查，診斷測(cè)試或其他狀態(tài)監(jiān)測(cè)手段，進(jìn)行了預(yù)測(cè)性維修（PDM）。狀態(tài)監(jiān)測(cè)是用來(lái)預(yù)測(cè)設(shè)備故障監(jiān)測(cè)或診斷活動(dòng)。4。以可靠性為中心的維修（RCM）在20世紀(jì)60年代末，中航工業(yè)在生產(chǎn)第一“的大型噴氣式客機(jī)”的邊緣。新747的三倍大小ofany目前在空氣中的其他客機(jī)。 747，新的發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)，其結(jié)構(gòu)，航空電子設(shè)備，并像所有聯(lián)邦航空管理局（FAA）最初采取的立場(chǎng)，即747預(yù)防性維護(hù)將是非常廣泛的，很多技術(shù)進(jìn)步公認(rèn)的大小 - 如此廣泛，事實(shí)上，航空公司不可能在一個(gè)有利可圖的方式經(jīng)營(yíng)這

7、架飛機(jī)。這個(gè)問(wèn)題導(dǎo)致飛機(jī)制造業(yè)完全重新評(píng)估它的PM計(jì)劃。是什么導(dǎo)致這方面的努力是一種全新的方式，聘請(qǐng)排名PM任務(wù)，必要時(shí)要保留的關(guān)鍵飛機(jī)飛行3功能決定樹的過(guò)程。這項(xiàng)新技術(shù)，最終由美國(guó)聯(lián)邦航空局的批準(zhǔn)，不久發(fā)展到什么是已知的可靠性為中心的維修（RCM）的。德盛導(dǎo)致主要?jiǎng)趧?dòng)力，原材料成本和庫(kù)存成本降低航空業(yè)使用。此外，它適用于在1980年的核電產(chǎn)業(yè)。今天，RCM是許多行業(yè)，包括電力行業(yè)選擇的維修技術(shù)。優(yōu)點(diǎn)是能夠與制造商合作，創(chuàng)建一個(gè)為新一代設(shè)備的RCM方案不同的是航空業(yè)，公用事業(yè)行業(yè)，尤其是發(fā)電行業(yè)，已采取作為一個(gè)歷史悠久的修改德盛現(xiàn)有電廠的維修方法4 。盡管在“中游”德盛計(jì)劃的實(shí)施有關(guān)的費(fèi)用，他

8、們已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)自己在很短的時(shí)間內(nèi)支付。 RCM，已被主要應(yīng)用于核電廠，往往需要最大的維修量，因?yàn)榘踩铜h(huán)境方面的考慮。然而，這些成功的方案現(xiàn)在經(jīng)營(yíng)，化石發(fā)電廠和輸電和配電系統(tǒng)，最近已進(jìn)入混合。因?yàn)檫@些設(shè)施都面臨著一個(gè)不太嚴(yán)格的監(jiān)管環(huán)境，他們應(yīng)該能夠直接適用簡(jiǎn)化RCM的形式更容易，從而降低了實(shí)施成本。 改造維修方案的第一步是要落實(shí)在RCM的方法whichwill幫助建立一個(gè)新的方案的優(yōu)先次序。具體來(lái)說(shuō)，RCM是一套旨在幫助一個(gè)實(shí)用程序來(lái)確定一套最低限度的預(yù)防性維修任務(wù)，要妥善處理關(guān)鍵設(shè)備故障不影響服務(wù)的可靠性的方法和工具。 RCM是一種結(jié)構(gòu)化的過(guò)程，在一個(gè)特定的經(jīng)營(yíng)環(huán)境，以確定最佳的設(shè)備維護(hù)要求。它

9、結(jié)合了糾正性維護(hù)，預(yù)防性維護(hù)和預(yù)測(cè)性維護(hù)策略，并適用于這些策略是適當(dāng)?shù)?，其中每個(gè)功能失敗的后果和頻率的基礎(chǔ)上。這種結(jié)合產(chǎn)生的維修計(jì)劃，優(yōu)化可靠性和成本效益。對(duì)于重大件設(shè)備，電力變壓器，如RCM可能表明，預(yù)測(cè)性維修是一個(gè)有吸引力的選擇，傳感器和診斷技術(shù)和運(yùn)行設(shè)備故障增加了成本的降低成本。 RCM是一個(gè)基于條件的維護(hù)計(jì)劃，重點(diǎn)是防止有可能是最嚴(yán)重的失敗。 RCM和預(yù)測(cè)維修（PDM）的分析相得益彰，當(dāng)它們同時(shí)執(zhí)行，維護(hù)優(yōu)化提供了一個(gè)極好的方法。在過(guò)去的幾年中，監(jiān)測(cè)設(shè)備市場(chǎng)上的成熟，電子和計(jì)算機(jī)的價(jià)格下降了現(xiàn)場(chǎng)監(jiān)測(cè)應(yīng)用具有成本效益的現(xiàn)實(shí)?？梢院苋菀捉忉尩幕靖拍詈突驹瓌t的RCM。其主要方法可以歸結(jié)為

10、以下四點(diǎn)：1）保護(hù)系統(tǒng)功能2）確定主要失效模式3）優(yōu)先功能的需求，使預(yù)算可以集中保存最關(guān)鍵的功能4）選擇只適用和有效的維護(hù)任務(wù)RCM的一些好處是：1）減少主要整改措施2）消除不必要的大修和日常工作提供一點(diǎn)好處3）優(yōu)化的頻率所需的大修4）提高預(yù)測(cè)技術(shù)的使用，幫助與資源規(guī)劃5）減少使用侵入性的任務(wù)，可誘發(fā)設(shè)備故障6）提高日常工作的成本效益7）創(chuàng)建記錄的維修方案的技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)8）允許納入現(xiàn)有的維護(hù)，已被證明是具有成本效益的做法，容易實(shí)施9）過(guò)程的知識(shí)，通信和團(tuán)隊(duì)精神正在開發(fā)廉價(jià)的固態(tài)傳感器，例如，可以插在變壓器油檢測(cè)的保溫開始惡化時(shí)，產(chǎn)生的氣體的存在。一旦信息變得可預(yù)測(cè)性維護(hù)技術(shù)，它需要與來(lái)自全國(guó)各地電

11、力網(wǎng)絡(luò)，并從歷史記錄上線的數(shù)據(jù)集成。5。新技術(shù) 有許多技術(shù)可用的今天，一些新的方法正在調(diào)查，以確定設(shè)備狀態(tài)5。以下僅僅是用于監(jiān)測(cè)電力傳輸設(shè)備的幾個(gè)應(yīng)用程序： 􀂉超聲波噪聲分析􀂉局部放電檢測(cè)該技術(shù)采用電傳感器檢測(cè)絕緣子和終止，如電氣設(shè)備的初始絕緣擊穿。局部放電檢測(cè)是用來(lái)檢測(cè)重大損害發(fā)生前的早期故障。􀂉變壓器油天然氣分析這是必要的，以保持變壓器上線盡可能。異常的指標(biāo)之一是在變壓器油中溶解氣體的含量。某些氣體含量可以表明老化，需要維修，或潛在的故障。􀂉紅外熱成像熱調(diào)查涉及紅外攝像機(jī)的使用在電廠使用的大型電機(jī)檢測(cè)熱點(diǎn)。И

12、713;聲音強(qiáng)度測(cè)量聲強(qiáng)計(jì)需要找出潛在的問(wèn)題，在設(shè)備和錄制的聲音和輸出設(shè)備的歷史變遷 對(duì)于輸電和配電系統(tǒng)，如變壓器故障氣體分析儀的傳感器可能被證明是有益的。此設(shè)備提供實(shí)時(shí)測(cè)量變壓器故障電流的四個(gè)關(guān)鍵氣體：一氧化碳，氫氣，乙炔和乙烯。下一步是把一個(gè)額外的傳感器檢測(cè)水分的存在，從而可降低介電強(qiáng)度和導(dǎo)致失敗。這將被用來(lái)測(cè)量變壓器負(fù)載，使負(fù)載的功能特點(diǎn)，演化的關(guān)鍵氣體和水分可以作為與其他設(shè)備。隨著濕度傳感器和負(fù)載電流監(jiān)視器，我們可以開發(fā)加載壓力條件下的變壓器，而不是依靠現(xiàn)在提供了過(guò)于保守的評(píng)級(jí)準(zhǔn)確的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。6.擬議的綜合方法輸電和配電系統(tǒng)的集成方法，將確保導(dǎo)致為一個(gè)特定的負(fù)載設(shè)備或子系統(tǒng)，在各部門的維修

13、水平將得到統(tǒng)一和一致，從而提升和優(yōu)化維修過(guò)程。為了建立一個(gè)維修方案，RCM過(guò)程大概需要是驅(qū)動(dòng)點(diǎn)。圖2顯示為維護(hù)優(yōu)化方案需要不同的策略。經(jīng)典的RCM過(guò)程包括識(shí)別系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行研究，他們的功能，功能故障，故障模式，故障原因，維修任務(wù)選擇。 需要確定設(shè)備最關(guān)鍵部分，從而影響系統(tǒng)的整體功能。換句話說(shuō)，我們需要識(shí)別設(shè)備時(shí)失敗的嚴(yán)重后果。此外，關(guān)鍵客戶和領(lǐng)先的負(fù)載設(shè)備需要確定。影響這些客戶的所有設(shè)備都需要進(jìn)行分析，并應(yīng)確定設(shè)備的最關(guān)鍵部分。我們還需要了解客戶在可靠性，安全性，電能質(zhì)量，成本等方面的需要，這些屬性必須加權(quán)，以確定最佳的維護(hù)策略與這些客戶打交道。 為了優(yōu)化公用事業(yè)維修計(jì)劃，所有相關(guān)信息，必須使用最有

14、效的啟動(dòng)，計(jì)劃，跟蹤，記錄，分析維護(hù)任務(wù)。一個(gè)開放的通訊協(xié)議，使各種監(jiān)控設(shè)備（不管制造商）與utilityoffices，互相交談，并與控制中心，最適合電力的需求，通過(guò)整合各種數(shù)據(jù)源和其他軟件模塊。 目前，許多大型公用事業(yè)機(jī)構(gòu)執(zhí)行一些診斷測(cè)試設(shè)備。許多電腦他們的維修工作，包括保留維護(hù)的歷史，記錄重要的業(yè)務(wù)活動(dòng)，維護(hù)設(shè)備的設(shè)計(jì)資料庫(kù)管理功能。適當(dāng)?shù)臏贤?，整合和分析所有這些信息將導(dǎo)致更準(zhǔn)確的建議，關(guān)于何時(shí)執(zhí)行維護(hù)和/或特定的設(shè)備如何操作。在同行業(yè)中的一個(gè)典型的問(wèn)題是，在次，收集大量的數(shù)據(jù)，但它沒(méi)有集成和處理方便快速評(píng)估。無(wú)法在此結(jié)果使直接Mrecommendations的，而未能提供成本效益可能已

15、經(jīng)實(shí)現(xiàn)，therebyadding數(shù)據(jù)收集的成本。 其他，可能有助于維護(hù)改善的因素是：保持設(shè)備的健康廉價(jià)的傳感器技術(shù)和有效的診斷中的應(yīng)用;數(shù)據(jù)從多種分析和決策的來(lái)源協(xié)調(diào);橫跨和變電站的信息有效的交流制度;和經(jīng)驗(yàn)池的訓(xùn)練有素的專業(yè)人員。應(yīng)編制管理工作人員和硬件/軟件的投資，積極管理維護(hù)計(jì)劃。一個(gè)團(tuán)隊(duì)的方式到德盛必須保留和RCM的概念，必須在組織所接受。 為了使用適當(dāng)?shù)能浖陀布?，教育和培?xùn)工作應(yīng)該是這一進(jìn)程的一個(gè)組成部分。必須保證實(shí)用的維修方案和工作經(jīng)驗(yàn)的工作人員所需的工具的基本知識(shí)的理解。維持一個(gè)成功的維修計(jì)劃的關(guān)鍵是發(fā)展進(jìn)程的很長(zhǎng)一段時(shí)間，這將確保維護(hù)計(jì)劃的延續(xù)。這是必要的定期審查和更新維護(hù)

16、方案，使用結(jié)構(gòu)化的方法。7。結(jié)論 今天，降低運(yùn)營(yíng)和維護(hù)成本和維護(hù)服務(wù)的可靠性，實(shí)用輸電和配電系統(tǒng)的管理者的首要任務(wù)。 RCM的概念是健全的，應(yīng)提供一個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)化的方法與維修維護(hù)和可靠性改進(jìn)的成本之間的最佳平衡方案的事業(yè)。 RCM和PDM分析相得益彰，并同時(shí)進(jìn)行時(shí)，提供一個(gè)很好的方法來(lái)維護(hù)的優(yōu)化。參考文獻(xiàn)1 G. J. Anders, Probability Concepts in Electric Power Systems, 1990, John Wiley & Sons. 2 J. Moubray, Reliability-Centered Maintenance, Industria

17、l Press Inc., 1992. 3 A. M. Smith, Reliability-Centered Maintenance, McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1993. 4 S. Asgarpoor and C. Singh, “Methods for Detection of Equipment Aging and Incorporating it in the Reliability Analysis”, Proceedings of NSF Symposium on Electric Power Systems Infrastructure, Pullman, W

18、A, October 1994. 5 J. Douglas, “The Maintenance Revolution”, EPRI Journal, Vol. 20, No. 3, May/June 1995, pp. 6-15.A Maintenance Optimization Program for Utilities Transmission and Distribution Systems Sohrab Asgarpoor Mohamad Doghman Department of Electrical Engineering Principal Research Engineer

19、University of Nebraska-Lincoln Omaha Public Power Distric ABSTRACT: Today, preserving and/or enhancing system reliability and reducing operations and maintenance (O&M) costs are top priorities for electric utilities. As system equipment continue to age and gradually deteriorate, the probability

20、of service interruption due to component failure increases. An effective maintenance strategy is essential in delivering safe and reliable electric power to customers economically. The objective of this paper is to provide a framework for a predictive, condition-based, and cost effective maintenance

21、 optimization program for transmission and distribution systems. 1. INTRODUCTION In principle, improving system reliability and reducing Operations and Maintenance (O&M) costs are top priorities of electric utilities. In an increasingly competitive power delivery environment, electric utilities

22、are forced to apply more proactive methods of utility asset management. One of the main components of electric power delivery asset management is the capital budgeting and O&M of existing facilities. Since in many cases the cost of construction and equipment purchases are fixed, O&M expendit

23、ures is the primary candidate for cost cutting and potential savings. As system equipment continue to age and gradually deteriorate, the probability of service interruption due to component failure increases. Electric utilities are confronted with many challenges in this new era of competition: risi

24、ng O&M costs, growing demand on systems, maintaining high levels of reliability and power quality, and managing equipment aging. Therefore, the health of equipment is of utmost importance to the industry because revenues are affected by the condition of equipment. When demand is high and equipme

25、nt is in working order, substantial revenues can be realized. On the contrary, unhealthy equipment can result in service interruption, customer dissatisfaction, loss of good will, and eventual loss of customers. An effective maintenance strategy is essential to delivering safe and reliable electric

26、power to customers economically.2.MAINTENANCE During the Pre-World War II era, industry was not very highly mechanized, therefore the impact of down time was not very significant 2. Also, equipment was simpler which made it easy to fix, and companies performed mainly Corrective Maintenance (CM). Dur

27、ing the Post-World War II until the mid 1970s era, increased mechanization led to more numerous and complex equipment. Companies were beginning to rely heavily on this equipment. This dependence led to the concept of Preventive Maintenance (PM). In the 1960s, PM consisted mainly of equipment overhau

28、ls done at fixed intervals. Also, the increased costs of this equipment led management to start finding ways to increase the life of these assets. The latest era began with the aircraft industry in the early to mid 1970s. The huge costs of new highly-mechanized equipment resulted in companies wantin

29、g to ensure that equipment lasted and operated correctly for as long as possible. This era also marked an increased awareness in safety (especially in the airline industry) and environmental consequences. Increasingly, occurrence of failures represent safety or environmental hazards. All of this has

30、 led to an increase in the cost of maintenance. In some industries, maintenance costs represent the second highest or even the highest component of operating costs.3.MAINTENANCE STRATEGIES In general, maintenance is either planned or unplanned as shown in Figure 1. Corrective maintenance is a reacti

31、ve strategy which is unplanned and is carried out after failure has occurred. The intention is to restore an item to a state that can perform its required function. Planned maintenance strategies are proactive in nature and can be divided into two groups: Preventive and Condition Monitoring. Prevent

32、ive maintenance which is sometimes called scheduled, is a maintenance carried out at regular intervals. There are four basic tasks that can be selected under this category:Time Directed task involves number of operations, operating hours, or seasonal change.Failure Finding is for identifying equipme

33、nt failure that are not evident to the operating crew (hidden failures). Usually used for protective equipment. Condition Directed applies to the situation when the condition of equipment reaches a limit, or when continued satisfactory operation can not be ensured. It prevents incipient failure from

34、 becoming real failure. Run To Failure is an option that is selected only in the event that a technically correct and cost-effective task can not be identified. Predictive Maintenance (PdM) is carried out when it is deemed necessary, based on periodic inspections, diagnostic tests or other means of

35、condition monitoring. Condition Monitoring is the monitoring or diagnostic activity that is used to predict equipment failure. 4.RELIABILITY CENTERED MAINTENANCE (RCM) During the late 1960s, the aircraft industry was on the verge of manufacturing the first “jumbo jets”. The new 747s were three times

36、 the size ofany other passenger jets currently in the air. The recognized size of the 747, its new engines, and its many technology advances in structures, avionics, and the like, all led to Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) to initially take the position that preventive maintenance on the 747 w

37、ould be very extensive so extensive, in fact, that the airlines could not likely operate this airplane in a profitable fashion. This problem led the aircraft industry to completely reevaluate its PM program. What resulted from this effort was a whole new approach that employed a decision-tree proces

38、s for ranking PM tasks that were necessary to preserve critical aircraft functions during flight 3. This new technique was eventually approved by the FAA and soon thereafter evolved into what is known as Reliability Centered Maintenance (RCM). RCM used by the airline industry led to major reduction

39、in labor, material cost and inventory cost. Further it applied to nuclear power industry in the 1980s. Today, RCM is the maintenance technique of choice for many industries including power industries. Unlike the airline industry which had the advantage of being able to work with manufacturers to cre

40、ate an RCM program for a new generation of equipment, the utility industry, especially the electric power generation industry, has had to adopt RCM as a modification of long-established maintenance practices at existing plants 4. Despite the costs associated with the implementation of these RCM prog

41、rams in “midstream”, they have been found to pay for themselves in very short order. RCM, as has been mainly applied to nuclear power plants, often requires the largest amount of maintenance because of safety and environmental considerations. However, with these successful programs now operating, fo

42、ssil power plants and power transmission and distribution systems have recently been getting into the mix. Because these facilities face a less restrictive regulatory environment, they should be able to directly apply the streamlines forms of RCM much more easily, thus reducing the implementation co

43、sts. The first step in revamping a maintenance program is to implement an RCM approach whichwill help establish priorities for a new program. Specifically, RCM is a set of methods and tools aimed at helping a utility to determine the minimum set of preventive maintenance tasks necessary to appropria

44、tely address critical equipment failures without compromising service reliability. RCM is a structured process used to determine optimal maintenance requirements for equipment in a particular operating environment. It combines the strategies of corrective maintenance, preventive maintenance and pred

45、ictive maintenance, and applies these strategies where each is appropriate, based on the consequence and frequency of functional failures. This combination produces a maintenance program which optimizes both reliability and cost effectiveness. For major pieces of equipment, such as power transformer

46、s, RCM may indicate that predictive maintenance is an attractive option, given the decreasing cost of sensor and diagnostic technology and the increasing cost of running the equipment to failure. RCM is a condition-based maintenance program that focuses on preventing failures that are likely to be t

47、he most serious. RCM and Predictive Maintenance (PdM) analyses complement each other, and when they are performed concurrently, offer an excellent approach to maintenance optimization. In the last few years, the sophistication of monitoring equipment on the market and the falling price of electronic

48、s and computers have made the on-site monitoring applications a cost effective reality. The very basic concepts and underlying principles of the RCM can be explained very easily. Its main methodology can be reduced to the following four points:1) preserve system functions 2) identify dominant failur

49、e modes 3) prioritize function needs so that budget can be focused on preserving most critical functions 4) select only applicable and effective maintenance tasks Some of the benefits of RCM are:1) Reduces major corrective actions 2) Eliminates unnecessary overhauls and routine tasks that provide li

50、ttle benefits 3) Optimizes the frequency of required overhauls 4) Increases use of predictive technology that help with resource planning 5) Decreases use of intrusive tasks that can induce equipment failures 6) Improves cost-effectiveness of routine tasks 7) Creates documented technical bases for m

51、aintenance programs 8) Allows easy implementation by incorporating existing maintenance practices that have proven to be cost-effective 9) Processes Knowledge, communications, and teamwork Inexpensive solid state sensors are being developed, for example, that can be inserted in transformer oil to de

52、tect the presence of gases produced when insulation begins to deteriorate. Once the information from predictive maintenance technology becomes available, it needs to be integrated with on-line data from across a power network and from historical records.5.NEW TECHNOLOGIES There are many technologies

53、 available today, and several new methods are being investigated to determine the equipment condition 5. The following are just a few applications for monitoring power delivery equipment:􀂉 Ultrasonic Noise Analysis The presence of tones in the ultrasonic range can be an indication of leaks

54、of air, gas, steam, and vacuum. Ultrasonic noise can be emitted as a result of friction between moving parts.􀂉 Partial Discharge Detection This technology employs an electrical sensor to detect the initial insulation breakdown in electrical equipment such as insulators and terminators. Part

55、ial discharge detection is used to detect incipient failures before significant damage occurs.􀂉 Transformer Gas-in-Oil Analysis This is needed to keep the transformer on-line as much as possible. One indicator of abnormalities is the dissolved gas content in the transformer oil. Certain gas

56、 levels can indicate aging, the need for maintenance, or potential failure.􀂉 Infrared Thermography Thermography surveys involving the use of an infrared camera to detect hot spots in large motors used in power plants.􀂉 Sound Intensity Measurement Sound Intensity Meter is needed to

57、identify potential problems in equipment and record the historical changes in sound and output of equipment For transmission and distribution systems, sensors such as transformer fault gas analyzer might prove to be beneficial. This device provides real-time measurement of the four key gases associated with fault currents in transformer: carbon monoxide, hydrogen, acetylene, and ethylene. The next step is to incorporate an additional sen