跨文化交際實用教程胡超編著Unit_5

1、Unit 5 Nonverbal Communication2Body language 4The definition1Time language 2Space language 3Paralanguage 5ObjectivesAct out the following ideas:o Me?o Stop.o No.o Come here.o Im full.o Its smelly here.o I dont know.o Go away.o I cant hear it.o I am surprised.o We share a secret.o Everything is fine.

2、o Im warning you.o I feel embarrassed.o I cannot believe this nonsense.o Oops, I forgot it.Act out the following ideas:True or Falseo Verbal language could always be expressive enough to reveal what one thinks.o Nonverbal language only includes ones facial expressions, and other body movements.o If

3、one bears no ill will, all his behavior will be accepted.True or Falseo We dont need to be careful with our pose or gestures in front of our familiar business partners.o Sometimes it is more difficult for people to clear up the misunderstanding caused by improper using of non-verbal languages.o Nonv

4、erbal communication is more accurate, honest than verbal communication.True or Falseo It is rude pointing to someone with the index finger in most cultures.o Crossed arms signal a friendly position. o When riding alone in a taxi in Australia, it is considered polite to sit in the front seat with the

5、 driver.o In many parts of the Middle East and Asia the left hand is considered unclean and it is rude to eat, greet and touch others with this hand. Case Study 1. Is he gentleman-like?o Xiaomei, a summer student from China, is studying in the University of Nottingham. One day when she was visiting

6、Newstead Abbey, she came across a British man at a narrow stair. The stair is very narrow and only allows one person to go comfortably. If two persons walk on it simultaneously, they can not avoid hustling. Xiaomei was at the footstep and about to go upstairs while that man was about to go downstair

7、s. Xiaomei stepped on the stair after thinking twice, and the man stood at the other side waiting for her to pass. She was impressed by the mans gentility, and said “thank you” while passing him. After coming back from the visiting, she told this to her British teacher as an impressive experience. B

8、ut to her surprise, her teacher just smiled and said nothing. Xiaomei was confused, and then she remembered the strange expression on the man when she looked up. Is he gentleman-like or not?o Discussion: Why did the man wait until Xiaomei went upstairs? Do you think that man just wanted to be a gent

9、leman?Case Study2. : Is smiling always the right thing? o Peter is the general manager of an American company in China. Recently, Chen Jun, one of the Chinese managers made a mistake at work that caused difficulties that required a considerable effort to fix. Chen Jun was very upset about what had h

10、appened and came to Peters office to make an apology. With a smile on his face, he said, “Peter, Ive been very upset about the trouble Ive caused to the company. Im here to apologize for my mistake. Im terribly sorry about it and I want you to know that it will never happen again.” He looked at Pete

11、r with the smile he had been wearing since he walked into the office. o Peter found it hard to accept the apology.o He looked at Chen Jun and asked, “Are you sure?”o Chen Jun gave a good yes while smiling.o Still, Peter didnt accept the apology and said angrily, “You dont look sorry at all. If youre

12、 really sorry, how could you still smile?”o Chen Juns face turned quite red, standing there dumbfounded.o Discussion:o 1. Why did Chen Jun wear a smile when he made the apology?o 2. Do you think it reasonable that Peter became so angry with Chen Jun? Why or why not?o 3. What are the different interp

13、retations of a smile by the two people involved in this situation?Case Study 3. Does the invitation say the dinner begins at 7?o Harry is a U.S. manager who intended to negotiate a contract with a Mexican firm. On his first trip to Mexico, he was invited to a dinner party by his Mexican counterpart.

14、 Since the invitation indicated that cocktails would begin at 7 p.m., Harry arrived promptly at that time. His host seemed so surprised, and no one else had arrived. Harry felt very embarrassed. People began arriving about 8 p.m. Harry knew he had read the invitation correctly but felt he had gotten

15、 off a bad start.o Discussion:o Why was there no one, except Harry, who arrived on time?o What do you think is the problem in this case? What advice would you have to give Harry?Case 6 Gesture Issues of Some Famous FiguresoWhat can we learn from this case?oHow about a “V” with the back towards the a

16、udience?oIs “OK” always ok to people all over the world?1The ring gesture It means zero. 234 It means money. Its a signal that you are insulting people.In English-speaking countries In FranceIn Brazil In Japan/South Korea It mean “Ok”, “fine” or “yes”.o Mr. Cohen is an expatriate teacher from the Un

17、ited States teaching in a university in China. He likes to conduct his class in a very casual way. He invariably wears jeans and a T-shirt and sits on the teachers desk with his legs stretched out and his two feet resting on the edge of the students desk in front of him. Once the senior teacher resp

18、onsible for teaching affairs spoke to him about his very informal posture in class and told him that it was not acceptable, Mr. Cohen was annoyed at this criticism as he felt that by acting in this way in class he would help students to relax more and be ready to talk more.o Discussion:o 1. As an En

19、glish major student, what do you think of the posture adopted by Mr. Cohen in class?o 2. What do you think of his view that this would encourage students to talk more and profit more from the oral interaction with a native speaker of English?Case Study 4. Posture in the classroomWhat is nonverbal la

20、nguage?o NVC is a process in which communicators use the natural features of their bodies to deliver information and express specific meaning to the other communicator.o Nonverbal communication is the communication without words.Study Areas ChronemicsProxemics KinesicsParalanguageCharacteristicsoThe

21、 characteristics of nonverbal communicationinvisibleomnipresentspontaneous elusive ambiguous or contextual o Read the following situations and try to figure out some basic functions of nonverbal communication.o1. When we say The new library is south of that building, we usually point in a certain di

22、rection. Repetitiono2. You tell someone that you are pleased with his or her performance, and at the same time you pat the person on the shoulder.Accentuation3. A group of people is boisterous, you might place your index finger to your lips to send the message: “please calm down so that I can speak.

23、”Substitutiono4. Just before an important examination, you tell someone you are relaxed and at ease, yet your voice quavers and your hands shake.o5. The pause in a conversation may indicate a turn-taking.ContradictionRegulationStatus “This means of communication is so important that we may actually

24、say more with our movements than we do with words.” MorMore tha than 55% % m messassages ars are commucommunicatcated no onv verballrbally!The shared nonverbal behaviors SurprisedCultural Differences in NVCo How to show disapproval or “NO”?o In Bulgaria, Greece, Turkey and Iran, swaying head from si

25、de to side means “yes”. o How to show “Im full.”?In AmericaWhats wrong with this poster?o It was this poster that made the film banned in Thailand. Why?Avoid cultural assumptionsStudy AreasoTime Language oSpace LanguageoBody LanguageoParalanguageTime orientationTime systemBody distanceBody touchFaci

26、al expressions; eye behaviorGesture; posture; stanceAppearancevolumespeedpausesilencePast-oriented culturesGreat Britain, China, Japan, Greece, France Value the past and respect the elderlyPresent-oriented culturesFilipino; Latin AmericaBe impulsive and spontaneous; Enjoy a casual & relaxed life

27、styleFuture-oriented cultureAmericaWelcome innovation and changes;Do not respect the elderlyTime OrientationTime LanguageMonochronic Time (): punctuality and promptnessPolychronic Time ():More flexible and human-centeredNorthern American, Western and Northern European culturesLatin American, African

28、, Arab and most Asian culturesMonochronic PeoplePolychronic Peopledo one thing at a timedo many things simultaneouslyconcentrate on a jobare highly distractible and subject to interruptionsbe serious about time commitmentsconsider an objective to be achieved, if possibleare low-context and need info

29、rmationare high-context and already have informationare committed to the jobare committed to people and human relationshipsadhere religiously to planschange plans often and easilyare concerned about not disturbing others; follow rules of privacy and considerationare more concerned with those who are

30、 closely related than with privacyshow great respect for private property; seldom borrow or lendborrow and lend things often and easilyemphasize promptnessbase promptness on the relationshipare accustomed to short-term relationshipshave strong tendency to build lifetime relationshipso 1. The focus o

31、f M-time people is on the schedule while P-time people on people.o 2. M-time people plan things ahead and always adhere to plans while P-time people change plans frequently.o 3. Peoples understanding of punctuality is different, even they are of the same time system.o 4. View about duration of an ac

32、tivity are also different between or among culture.The Roots of Differenceso Oriental view of time: Cyclical Shapeo According to the observation of nature, shift of days and nights, shift of four seasons, people in Orient believe that time will be repeated. Therefore, they seem to have plenty of tim

33、e, and concept of time is more flexible. 年輪 四季更替 o Occidental view of time: According to Holly Bible, God creates the whole world, and time begins. It is just like a line which is non-reversible. o All time is no time when it is past.o To save time is to lengthen life.Space LanguageBody distance and

34、 body touchBody bubbles Interpersonal relationshipPersonalityIntrovertsExtroverts2-3 m1.3-3 m45-80cm0-45cmCulture and Space keepingCase Studyo Before coming back to work in France, Pierre had lived in the U.S. for seven years. He had become accustomed to the social habits in North America and is dis

35、satisfied with some behaviors in France, which cause him some discomfort. For example, one day when he was waiting in a queue to use an ATM, he noticed that people stayed very close to each other. In fact, the person behind him could even see him entering the PIN of ATM card. To make people be aware

36、 of the discomfort, Pierre deliberately kept distance from the person in front of her. However, the people behind her pushed her to move forward. Body touch Middle East; ItalyFrance, GreeceTouch cultureEast Asians; BritainUnited StatesNon-touch cultureCase Studyo Rose, An American girl, came to Chin

37、a as a foreign teacher in one university. Yang Mei, another woman teacher, was assigned by the university to meet Rose at the airport. Out of hospitality and warm-heartedness, she invited Rose to her house for a dinner after helping her settled. Rose felt ill every time Yang Mei touched her while Ya

38、ng Mei failed to notice it. At the dinner, Rose tried to escape from sitting by Yang Mei, but failed. When Yang Mei found Rose trembling, she patted Rose in order to comfort her, which led to more tremble. At last, the dinner turned out to be a disaster for both of them.o After having stayed in Chin

39、a for two months, Rose decided to quit the job and returned to America. It was from the letter left by Rose Yang Mei knew the reasons. Rose thought Yang Mei was homosexual because Yang Mei always tried touching her. And then in her stay in China, most female teachers had physical contact with her wh

40、ich shocked her to death by thinking “so many homosexuals in China.” She could not bear it, so she chose to quit the job and China.Chapter 6 Nonverbal Intercultural CommunicationSeating In the United States, they tend to talk with those opposite them rather than those seated or stand beside them. Th

41、e Chinese often experience uneasiness when they face someone directly or sit on opposite side of a desk or table from someone. Seating ArrangementsWhere to sit?Choose the seat and describe whyBody Languageo Body language studies the meanings of the movement of all parts of body such as posture, stan

42、ce, gestures, eye language, facial expressions and appearance (clothing, hair style, cosmetics and smell)o p102A case about PostureSlouching postureUS: comfortable, friendlyArab/ Thailand: the sole should never be pointed in the direction of another person.Germany/Sweden/China: a sign of rudeness an

43、d poor mannersWhere is it? WaiEye Contact The Arabs VS Americans VS the Japanese P106 Case Study (P107)o What is valued in American culture? And what is valued in Puerto Rico?o According to Puerto Rican culture, a good girl does not meet the eyes of an adult. Such behavior is a sign of respect and o

44、bedience.o In America, you are expected to meet other peoples gazes when you communicate. If you fail to do this, you can be interpreted as being deceptive, weak or dishonest.Clothingo 1. 人靠衣裝馬靠鞍。人靠衣裝馬靠鞍。 2. “By the husk you may judge the nut.” Clothingo Examples: 1. dress = rank (social status) 2.

45、dress = occupationWhite tieLounge suitDress informalSmelloA medical doctor from Saudi Arabia was completing an internship in a hospital in the southern United States. Problems arose when the patients refused to have the Saudi doctor examine them. An interview with patients reveals that he smelled ba

46、d and he breathed on the patients.56Smell o Saudi Arabians: natural odor is normal o Americans: feel uncomfortable with natural smells57Paralanguage o Definition: P108 voice modulation/ vocalizationo Three kinds of vocalizations (發(fā)聲):o vocal characterizers (特征性語聲): laughing，crying, yelling, moaning,

47、 whining, belching, yawningn vocal qualifiers (限定性語聲)：volume, pitch （音高）, rhythm (節(jié)奏), tempo （速度）, resonance （響度）, tone（音調(diào)）o vocal segregates (頓語): “un-huh”, “shh”, “uh”, “ooh”, “mmmh”, “humm”, etc. o Silence; pauseParalanguage oExamples: BurpoWestern cultures: rude.oIndia and some Eastern cultures:

48、 satisfaction; appreciationParalanguage o Examples: Loud Volume (音量音量)o Arabs: strength and sincerityo Israelis: strong beliefs o Germans: self-confidence o Thais: being impolite o Japan: a lack of self-control o African Americans are far more emotional, intense, dynamic and enthusiastic in their us

49、e of voice than are most white Americans.SilenceoIntercultural implications of silence 嫁嫁給給我好我好嗎嗎？美國美國：日本：日本：伊布人伊布人(Igbo)：Silence in Different Cultureso Chinese culture (high-context culture)： meanings are not expressed explicitly; many things are left unsaido American culture (low-context culture):

50、 meanings are expressed clearly o It is agreed that silence plays a more important role in high-context culture. Case study: Silence in the classroomo An American teacher in China often feels ill at ease about the silence shown by the Chinese audience, because in his/her culture the more questions the audience ask after a speech, the more interested they ar