定語從句講解總結(jié)

1、定語從句講解一定語從句1. 注意英漢差異：漢語的定語無論多長都放在被修飾詞的前面，而英語中的定語則不然，是一個詞時，放在被修飾詞的前面，如： .a beautiful girl .a lovely boy 是兩個以上的詞組、短語或從句則放在被修飾詞的后面，如： .She is the girl in red. 她就是穿紅衣的女孩。 .The lady carried a bag full of money. 那位女士背了個裝滿錢的包。 .He is the man who you are looking for. 她就是你在找的人。 2.分清主句與從句，看究竟哪個句子缺少成分。 如上面第5：

2、主句：He is the man 從句：who you are looking for 在從句中，looking for 的賓語是the man.因此選用關(guān)系代詞 who(whom)放置于句首，便是定語從句。 3.從句中做賓語的關(guān)系代詞可以省略，故第5題可以寫成： He is the man you are looking for. 二定語從句（從句部分）1、功能：相當(dāng)于形容詞，修飾名詞或代詞，在句中作定語 2、位置：定語從句置于被修飾詞之后 Those who are willing to attend the party, sign here please. 3、先行詞：被定語從句修飾的詞

3、稱為先行詞 （1）先行詞一般是名詞和不定代詞，如:some-, any-, every-和no與-boy, -thing的合成詞；或all、none、any、some、that、those等代詞。 數(shù)詞也可以作先行詞，人稱代詞也同樣可作先行詞。 （2）先行詞與關(guān)系詞是等量關(guān)系。必須注意兩點： 先行詞在從句中作主語時，從句謂語動詞的數(shù)由先行詞而定。 This is the place which is worth visiting. 關(guān)系詞在從句句子中充當(dāng)了成分，其意思就是先行詞的意義，所以在從句中不能重復(fù)其意。 There are many places we can visit（them）i

4、n China. 4、關(guān)系詞：引導(dǎo)定語從句的都稱關(guān)系詞 關(guān)系代詞：which, that, who, whom, whose, as。 關(guān)系副詞：when, where, why。that偶爾也作關(guān)系副詞。 5、確定關(guān)系詞的步驟 （1）先找關(guān)系詞，看先行詞指的是什么。 （2）看關(guān)系詞在從句中所充當(dāng)?shù)某煞?。一關(guān)系代詞which的用法先行詞 格主格所有格賓格事、物、動物whichwhose=of which which1. English is a language. It is spoken all over the world.=> English is a language which

5、 is spoken all over the world.英語是世界各地都在使用的語言。2. He looked for a car. The engine of the car was in good condition. =>He looked for a car the engine of which was in good condition.3. Where is the parcel?We received it this morning. => Where is the parcel (which) we received this morning? 今天早上我們收

6、到的包裹在哪里？二關(guān)系代詞that的用法先行詞 格主格所有格賓格人、物、動物thatwhosethat1. He 's in love with a girl that/who has red hair. 他正和一位紅發(fā)女孩談戀愛。2. Baseball is the sport that/ which most boys like. 棒球是大多數(shù)男孩喜歡的運動。三注意that/ which區(qū)別： 在定語從句中，當(dāng)先行詞指物時，下列情況的關(guān)系詞宜用that而不用which （1） 先行詞被形容詞最高級修飾 1. Today is the coldest day (that) we ha

7、ve ever experienced.今天是我們經(jīng)歷過最寒冷的一天。（2）先行詞被序數(shù)詞修飾 2. The first thing (that) you have to do is to study mathematics.你必須做的第一件事就是學(xué)習(xí)數(shù)學(xué)。（3） 先行詞中既有人又有物時。 3. The driver and the car that had fallen into the sea were quickly recovered.掉到海里的司機和車子很快就被撈起來了。（4） 主句中已有疑問詞who 或 which 時 4.1 Who is the woman that was p

8、raised at the meeting? 在大會上被表揚的那位婦女是誰？ 4.2 Which is the picture (that) Mary painted? 哪一幅是Mary 畫的畫？（5）先行詞被 only、any、few、little、no、all、one of、the same、the very等修飾時。 5. Li Ming is the only one that wants to be a teacher.李明是唯一一個想當(dāng)老師的學(xué)生之一。（6）先行詞為all、much、little、none、few、one、something、anything等不定代詞時。 6.1

9、All (that) he said was not true. 他所說的并非全是真的。 6.2 We haven't got much that we can offer you. 我們沒有多少東西能身你們提供。 6.3 My brother fixed almost anything that needed repairing. 我哥哥幾乎修理了任何一個需要修理的東西。 （7）有兩個定語從句，其中一個關(guān)系代詞已用which,另一個宜用that. 7. Edison built up a factory which produced things that had never bee

10、n seen before.愛迪生辦了一家工廠，生產(chǎn)過去從未見到過的東西。在定語從句中，下列情況的關(guān)系詞宜用which 而不用that(1) 可用于非限定性定語從句中，代替物、整個主句或主句中的一部分。(2) 可用于介詞之后，即介詞 + which (代物)。 1.Is that the man? You lent the money to him. Is that the man (whom/that) you lent the money to. 那位就是跟你借錢的人嗎？ Is that the man to whom you lent the money ?(這里的whom不能被that

11、代替) 2. The train for which I am waiting is now half an hour late. 那班我正在等的火車現(xiàn)在已晚了半小時。 3. This is the habit which you must try to do with. 這是你必須改掉的習(xí)慣。 （如果是固定短語，介詞不能被提到關(guān)系代詞前）4 關(guān)系代詞who/whom的用法先行詞 格主格所有格賓格人whoWhose = of whomwho / whom1. This is the man with whom I worked. 這位就是和我一起工作的人2. This is the teach

12、er who often tells jokes. 這就是那個常講笑話的老師。5 關(guān)系詞who與that的區(qū)別關(guān)系詞who與that指人時，也有不同情況分別用不同的關(guān)系詞 （1）當(dāng)主句是there be句型時，關(guān)系詞用who。 （2）先行詞是為anyone、those、someone、everyone、one等詞時，關(guān)系詞用who。 （3）當(dāng)主句是who作疑問詞時，關(guān)系詞用that。 Who is that girl that is standing by the window? （4） whom在從句中只作賓語，可被who取代。6 關(guān)系代詞whose的用法先行詞 格主格所有格賓格人、物-wh

13、ose=of which -Whose 是代詞的所有格，它既可以代人也可以代物1. He looked for a car. Its engine was in good condition.=> He looked for a car whose engine was in good condition.他在找一部引擎狀況好的車子。7 What的用法先行詞 格主格所有格賓格含先行詞what- what重點：What = the thing(s) which = all that = anything that1. The thing which I want is peace of m

14、ind. => What I want is peace of mind. 我所析是心靈的平靜。（經(jīng)典口語句）2. She told the detectives all that they wanted to know.=> She told the detectives what they wanted to know. 她告訴偵探們他們想要知道的所有事情。3. I don't know what they were talking about.A. 我不知道他們談?wù)摰氖虑椤＃P(guān)系代詞）B. 我不知道他們在談?wù)撌裁?。（疑問詞）注意what的重點：1. What is c

15、alled/ what we(you, they) call 所謂的She is what is called /what we call a walking dictionary. 他是所謂的活字典。2. A is to. What B is to . A 之對.的關(guān)系正如B之對.的關(guān)系A(chǔ)ir is to us what water is to fish. 空氣之于人猶如水之于魚。3. What A is (was/used to be) 今日的A（昔日的A）She is not what she was ten years ago. 她不再是十年前的她。4. What is + 比較級 更

16、.的是What is more 更好的是；而且What is worse = to make matters worse 而且更糟的是8 關(guān)系代詞可省略1. 關(guān)系代詞作賓語可省略The lady (whom) we met on the street is our teacher.我們在街上遇見的女士是我們的老師。2. 關(guān)系代詞作補語可省略She is not the beautiful girl (that) she was.她現(xiàn)在不像以前那么漂亮3. 在there(here) is (are)的句型中，關(guān)系代詞可省略。1. There is someone (who) wants to s

17、ee you. 有人想要見你。2. There are many young men who are against him. 有許多年輕人反對他。 注意：在there be 開頭的句子中，要注意be動詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)要與關(guān)系代詞who后面的謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)保持一致。4. 關(guān)系代詞后有there(here) is (are) ,關(guān)系代詞可省略。 This is the only tie (that) there is in this store. 這是這家店里唯一的一個領(lǐng)帶。9 one of 與 the (only) one of 的區(qū)別1. One of + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞 + 關(guān)系代詞 + 動詞的復(fù)

18、數(shù)Titanic is one of the most wonderful movies that have been produced in Hollywood.泰坦尼克號是好萊塢制作的最精彩的電影之一。2. The (only) one of + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞 + 關(guān)系代詞 + 動詞單數(shù)Titanic is the (only) one of the most wonderful movies that has been produced in Hollywood.泰坦尼克號是好萊塢所制作的唯一一部精彩的電影。10 Which 與as的區(qū)別1. Which 引導(dǎo)的從句，代表前面的整個主句，此時

19、，不能放在主句之前。2. As 引導(dǎo)的定語從句,代表整個主句，它可以放主句之前或之后,as在從句中做賓語。As everybody know, Taiwan belongs to China.= As is known to us, Taiwan belongs to China.眾所周知，臺灣屬于中國。3. 先行詞是整個句子的非限定性定語從句置于句尾時，既可用as引導(dǎo)，也可用which引導(dǎo).The teacher is from Beijing, as/which they know from his accent.他們從老師的口音中就知道他是北京人。Mary lives in an old

20、 castle, whose window faces the sea.= Mary lives in an old castle, the window of which faces the sea.瑪麗住在一座古老的城堡中，城堡的窗戶面向著大海。11 限定性定語從句和非限定性定語從句的用法限定性定語從句：對先行詞的內(nèi)容加以限定。非限定性定語從句:對先行詞不加限定，只具有使句子連續(xù)的功能，只用來說明前面 的主句的部份或全部。關(guān)系代詞可用（and/but/because/for 等 + 代名詞）來替換。1. We have two daughters who became nurses.我們有

21、兩個當(dāng)護士的女兒。（句中沒提到女兒的總數(shù)）2. We have two daughters, who became nurses.我們有兩個女兒，她們都是護士。（只有兩個女兒） = We have two daughters, and they became nurses.3. I have a sister who is a teacher. 我有一個當(dāng)老師的姐姐（姐姐不止一個） = I have a sister, who is a teacher. 我有一個姐姐，她是當(dāng)老師的。（只有一個姐姐）4. I bought a hat, which was too big for me. = I

22、 bought a hat, but it was too big for me.我買了一頂帽子，但我戴太大了。12、 關(guān)系副詞1. 關(guān)系副詞的作用：1.1 在定語從句中代替先行詞。1.2 在從句中做狀語，起副詞和介詞短語的作用。1.3 起連接作用，它把兩個句子連接成為一個帶有定語從句的主從復(fù)合句。2. 關(guān)系副詞有下列三種：1.1 where :在從句中做地點狀語，指代地點。（可用于非限定性定語從句）即： 表地點的名詞 + where + 定語從句1.2 when :在從句中做時間狀語，指代時間。（可用于非限定性定語從句）即： 表時間的名詞 + when + 定語從句1.3 why : 在從句

23、中做原因狀語，指代原因。 即： 表原因的名詞 reason + why + 定語從句Why 只用于reason 之后的限制性定語從句中，作原因狀語。3. When, where, why 都可以替換成“介詞 + which”,介詞的選用取決于先行詞和定語從句中的動詞。1. This is the house where I was born .這就是我出生的那所房子。 = This is the house in which I was born. = This is the house which / that /可省 I was born in.4. 關(guān)系副詞when, where 既可引

24、導(dǎo)限制性定語從句，也可引導(dǎo)非限必定語從句。5. 先行詞為reason 時，限制性定語從句可以用why 或for which 來引導(dǎo)；非限制性定從句則只能用for which 來引導(dǎo)。1. I had told them the reason, _ I didn't attend the meeting.A. For whichB. At whichC. For whomD. Why2. I had told them the reason _ I didn't attend the meeting.A. WhenB. WhichC. WhyD. For that6. Whom

25、在限制性定語從句中可以被who代替，但在非限制性定語從句中，whom不能用who代替。7. 關(guān)系副詞when與where、why、thatwhen 指時間 = in / at / on / during which where指地點 = in / at / from / which why指原因 = for which 當(dāng)先行詞為way、day、reason、time時，可用that作關(guān)系副詞。（非正式場合） I dont like the way that / in which / ×he talks. 我不喜歡他說話的樣子。當(dāng)time作先行詞時，關(guān)系詞可以省掉。 This is

26、the first time I have given you a lesson in French.8. 帶reason 的定語從句與表語從句的區(qū)別：1. 定語從句: The reason why (that).2. 表語從句：The reason is that .（不能用why, 否則就重復(fù)了）1. Do you know the reason why he was late? 你知道他為什么遲到了嗎？2. The reason is that I want to invite you to a party. 原因就是我想邀請你參加一個晚會。13、 關(guān)系副詞和關(guān)系代詞的區(qū)別1. 關(guān)系代詞

27、在從句中作主語或賓語；關(guān)系副詞在從句中作狀語。1. This is the house where I work now. 這就是我現(xiàn)在工作的房子。2. This is the house (that/which) I visited. 這就是我參觀過的房子。3. I'll never forget the day when I joined the army. 我永遠也忘不了我參軍的那一天。4. I'll never forget the day (that/which) we spent together. 我永遠忘不了我們一起度過的那一天。14、 such . as .和

28、the same . as .的用法（as在從句中作主語，賓語或表語）1. such . As . 像. 一樣的,像. 之類2. the same . as . 和. 同樣的 1. My best friend is not the same man as he was.我最好的朋友和過去不同了。2. This is the same thing as we are in need of. 這東西和我們所需要的東西是一樣的。3. This book is not such as I expect. 這不是一本我所希望的書。15、 the same . as .與 the same . That

29、 .的用法1. the same . that .; 和. 相同（同一）2. the same . as .; 和. 相同（同類）兩者都引導(dǎo)定語從句，意思相近或相同，但如果從句中省去謂語時，必須用as代替that.1. He works in the same shop as / that I do. 他和我在同一個車間干活。2. She is the same age as you. 她和你同歲。 注意：1. This is the same pen that I lost. 這支鋼筆就是我丟掉的那一支（指同一支筆）2. This is the same kind of pen as I l

30、ost. 這支鋼筆跟我丟掉的一模一樣（但并不是原來的那一支）12、必須注意的問題 （1）關(guān)系詞作主語時，從句中謂語的數(shù)。 （2）注意區(qū)別定語從句與強調(diào)句。 定語從句中關(guān)系詞作從句成分，復(fù)合句。 強調(diào)it無意義，that / who不是引導(dǎo)詞。 強調(diào)it is / was和that / who后如果句子意思講得通則是強調(diào)句，講不通則不是。 （3）定語從句與同位語從句的區(qū)別。 定語從句引導(dǎo)詞被稱為關(guān)系詞，that充當(dāng)主語、賓語、表語。有時可省略。 同位語從句引導(dǎo)詞被叫做連詞，that不能充當(dāng)任何成分，不可省。 Word came that their army was defeated.(同位語)

31、 We expressed to them our wish that was the same as their.(定語) （4）關(guān)系詞在從句中省略的情況。 關(guān)系詞作賓語，前無介詞時。 關(guān)系詞作表語。 （5）限制性定語從句與非限制性定語從句的翻譯。 （6）關(guān)系詞前有介詞或復(fù)雜介詞，關(guān)系詞只能是which和whom。 （7）幾個特殊的定語從句句型： He is the only one of the students who has got very good marks in the match.（句中one為先行詞） He is one of the students who have g

32、ot good marks in the match.（句中students為先行詞） Is this place the one (that) we visited yesterday? Is this the place(that / which)we visited yesterday ? He stood at the window, from where he could see what was happening. It may rain, in which case the match will be put off. 精典名題導(dǎo)解選擇填空 1. The film brough

33、t the hours back to me _ I was taken good care of in that faraway village.（NMET 2001） A.until B.that C.when D.where 解析：答案為C。本題考查分隔定語從句的關(guān)系詞的選擇。作好本題的關(guān)鍵是要能辨認出該定語從句的先行詞the hours和關(guān)系詞被介詞短語to me所分隔。定語從句的先行詞是表時間的名詞hours, 并且關(guān)系詞在從句中用作狀語，故應(yīng)選擇表示時間的關(guān)系副詞when。 2. _ is known to everybody, the noon travels around th

34、e earth once every month.(NMET 2001) A.It B.As C.That D.What 解析：答案為B。本題考查as引導(dǎo)的非限制定語從句。as作“正如”解時，引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句來修飾整個句子。當(dāng)as在從句中作主語時，常用于下列短語：as is known、as is said、as is reported、as is announced等。要注意掌握作關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)定語從句的用法。 3. After living in Pairs for fifty years he returned to the small town _ he grew up as a

35、child.(NMET 1996) A.which B.where C.that D.when 解析：答案為B。本題考查限制性定語從句中關(guān)系詞的選擇。定語從句的先行詞是表示地點的名詞短語the small town, 且關(guān)系詞不作定語從句中的主語和賓語而作地點狀語，因此定語從句必須用關(guān)系副詞where引導(dǎo)。要注意分清先行詞在從句中充當(dāng)?shù)某煞?，然后選擇適當(dāng)?shù)年P(guān)系詞。 定語從句的“干擾”作用定語從句，就其功能來說，在整個句子中相當(dāng)于一個形容詞，對某一名詞或代詞起著修飾作用，作定語。在掌握它的各種功能的同時，我們還要注意到含有定語從句的句子在補充信息的同時，關(guān)系詞與其他連詞容易混淆，尤其是與其他句式

36、的結(jié)合，更使得整個句子顯得撲朔迷離，使考生感到無從下手，我們說此時定語從句起的是干擾作用。本文結(jié)合具體例子來談此種現(xiàn)象。 一、 把定語從句與強調(diào)句型混為一談，從而構(gòu)成相互干擾。 本句型變化的特征在被強調(diào)部分或其他部分中找出一個先行詞，附上修飾該部分的定語從句，這樣整個句子結(jié)構(gòu)就變得非常復(fù)雜。例如： 1He was nearly drowned once. When was _? _ was in 1998 _he was in middle school. A. that; It; when B. this; This; when C. this; It; that D. that; It;

37、that 簡析：本題答案為A。由于定語從句的干擾作用，相當(dāng)一部分考生選了D。這樣就成了It was in 1998 that he was in middle school.這樣就成了一個強調(diào)句型，意為“是在1998年他上的中學(xué)”，孤立地看本句雖成立，但聯(lián)系上下文來看，卻屬“所問非所答”。因為上文問的是“他何時差點每被淹死？”而非“何時上的中學(xué)”。原來when是關(guān)系副詞，引導(dǎo)定語從句，修飾1998。定語從句when he was in middle school 干擾了強調(diào)句型中的that結(jié)構(gòu)。 在下面的兩個句子里，劃線部分均為起干擾性的定語從句。 2It was in the village

38、 where he was born that he spent his childhood. 簡析：劃線部分為定語從句，修飾先行詞village。 3It was playing computer games that cost the boy plenty of time （that）he ought to have spent doing his lessons. 簡析：劃線部分作定語從句修飾先行詞time。本題中有兩個that，最大的誤會就是把二者弄混，第一個that是強調(diào)句型中的；第二個that是關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)定語從句的。因其作spent的賓語，可以省去。 二、 定語從句干擾主句的謂語

39、。 4The letter we were looking forward to _yesterday. A. coming B. came C. come D. has come 簡析：由于同學(xué)們已經(jīng)記得很熟，look forward to doing sth(期待去做某事), to為介詞，因此不假思索就選A。其實，we were looking forward to為定語從句，修飾先行詞即主語letter，介詞to的賓語實為主語，而不能對其后的謂語起任何作用，結(jié)合時態(tài)用法，答案為B。再如： 5Was the car he had repaired? 簡析：本句看似復(fù)雜，尤其是受思維習(xí)慣的影

40、響把he had repaired連在一起，其實去掉定語從句he had則水落石出： Was the car repaired? 三、 定語從句對和名詞性從句的相互干擾。 由于形式上的近似，定語從句對名詞性從句起著干擾作用，造成考生分不清究竟是定語從句或是名詞性從句。做此類題時要慎重，細心。 A定語從句干擾表語從句 6Is this school _your father worked in ten years ago? 7Is this school _your father worked ten years ago? A. where B. what C. that D. the one

41、簡析：看了半天，眼睛發(fā)酸，才發(fā)現(xiàn)兩題只有一詞(in)之差，正是這一詞之差，第一題選D，your father worked in作定語從句修飾the one; 第二題選A, where 引導(dǎo)后面的句子作表語從句。 下面兩句都是定語從句，只不過是關(guān)系詞的不同。 8Is this the school that your father visited ten years ago? 9Is this the school where your father worked ten years ago? 有時雖同為定語從句，但修飾的先行詞卻不同： 10Is this room the one he li

42、ved in last year? （修飾the one） 11Is this the room he lived in last year? （修飾the room） B 定語從句干擾同位語從句 12The suggestion _ you should do it at once is not the one _ I gave you. A. what; which B. which; what C. that; that D. which; that 簡析：定語從句與前面的名詞是修飾與被修飾的關(guān)系，而同位語從句是用來說明前面名詞的內(nèi)容。與that從句同位的名詞必須是一些表事實或概念的抽象

43、名詞，如fact, news, belief, truth, reply，promise, suggestion等。that在定語從句中做成分，可用which 或who/whom代替；而that在同位語從句中不充當(dāng)任何句子成分，只起連接作用, 綜上所述，答案為C。試比較： 13We all have heard the news that our team won. (同位語從句，that從句表示news的內(nèi)容，that 在此只起連接作用，不作句子成分。) 14 We dont believe the news that/ which he told us the other day. (定語

44、從句， 關(guān)系代詞that/which作told的賓語，可以省去) C定語從句干擾主語從句 15As is known to all, Taiwan is part of China. 簡析：as引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句，指代主句內(nèi)容，可放在主句前，用逗號與之隔開。 16It is known to all that Taiwan is part of China. 簡析：it 作形式主語，代替that引導(dǎo)的主語從句。 下面是一些同類的例子，請認真把握： 17The suggestion he thought of was reasonable. (定語從句) 18The suggestion wa

45、s that he (should) leave immediately.（表語從句） 19The suggestion that he leave immediately is reasonable. (同位語從句) 20It is my suggestion that he leave immediately. (主語從句) 21It is a fact that he was a thief. （主語從句） 22The fact that he was a thief surprised everyone present. （同位語從句） 23I nearly forgot the fa

46、ct that he told me yesterday. （定語從句） 24The war and suffering it caused affected him greatly. （定語從句） 四、 定語從句對狀語從句的干擾作用。 25He is _a clever boy _ we all like him. A. such; that B. such; as C. so; that D. so; as 簡析：本題選A。許多考生對such as結(jié)構(gòu)很熟悉，但沒有深入分析as的引導(dǎo)功能和在句子中所作的成分而誤選B。由于句中him的存在，不能使用as，這是suchthat 引導(dǎo)的結(jié)果狀語從

47、句。試比較下列兩句： 26He is such a good student as is liked by everyone. (定語從句) 27He is such a good student that he is liked by everyone. （結(jié)果狀語從句） 下面這個題把定語從句和結(jié)果狀語從句有機地結(jié)合在一起，請欣賞： 28It is such a good place _ everybody wants to go and visit _ it is well known all over the world. A. that; that B. as; as C. as; that D. that; as 簡析：此類試題可看作一個模式：“such+名詞+a