短文改錯專項(xiàng)

1、短文改錯應(yīng)試策略第一部分備考策略題型解讀短文改錯著重考查學(xué)生的語言基本功和正確使用英語進(jìn)行表達(dá)的能力。它涉及詞匯，語法，句型結(jié)構(gòu)等多方面的知識和行文邏輯的推斷和綜合辨析能力，是專門針對考生平時學(xué)習(xí)英語尤其是寫作練習(xí)中常犯的較為普遍的錯誤而設(shè)計的。短文改錯是一篇100詞左右的學(xué)生習(xí)作式短文，短文中10處錯誤，10處錯誤的分布不再是每行一錯，而是每句中最多兩個錯誤，這在一定程度上增加了該題型的難度。考查類型：缺詞多詞錯詞考點(diǎn)分布短文改錯的錯詞一般分為兩類：語法錯誤和邏輯錯誤。錯誤一般出現(xiàn)在語法錯誤上，涉及邏輯錯誤的每年1-3處。多一詞主要出現(xiàn)在冠詞，介詞，助動詞，連接詞和語義重復(fù)等方面。缺一詞主要

2、出現(xiàn)在冠詞（名詞前），介詞（不及物動詞后和固定結(jié)構(gòu)中），助動詞，不定式符號，連接詞，語義不完整等方面。解題技巧兩原則：錯誤以改動一詞為原則 改正以一個層次為原則四注意：增詞以虛詞居多 改形式以實(shí)詞居多 句子原意保持不變 小心局部通順陷阱短文改錯通關(guān)口訣動詞形，名詞數(shù)；注意形和副；習(xí)慣用法要記??；句子成分多分析；邏輯錯誤須關(guān)注；連詞冠詞常光顧。（1） 動詞形指動詞因時態(tài)和語態(tài)使用錯誤，主謂不一致錯誤，謂語與非謂語錯誤等導(dǎo)致動詞形式有誤。主要體現(xiàn)在：1. 一般過去時和一般過去時，一般過去時和現(xiàn)在完成時，一般現(xiàn)在時和一般將來時，現(xiàn)在完成時和過去完成時等的錯用；2. 主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)的錯用；3. 連

3、詞前后動詞形式不一致；4. 主謂不一致；5. 謂語部分不完整；6. 現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞，不定式有無符號to, 動詞原形與動名詞等的錯用。（2） 名次數(shù)指名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式用錯。（3） 注意形和副短文改錯中考查形容詞和副詞，注意集中在其基本功能與比較級時。形容詞一般作定語和表語，副詞一般作狀語，修飾形容詞、動詞、副詞或句子，改錯中常常設(shè)置這類詞的混用。形容詞及副詞有比較級和最高級，這種情況下，句子里常有than 或表示范圍的提示詞。（4） 習(xí)慣用法要記住主要考查習(xí)慣搭配和習(xí)慣用法等方面的基礎(chǔ)知識，如使用冠詞的固定短語，動詞、名詞或形容詞與介詞的固定搭配，強(qiáng)調(diào)句以及一些使用it的固定句型等。解決這類

4、問題的關(guān)鍵就是在學(xué)習(xí)中善于總結(jié)，牢記這些固定用法。（5） 句子成分多分析不同的句子成分要用不同的此類，如主語和賓語一般由名詞、代詞、動名詞、不定式等充當(dāng)。只有對句子結(jié)構(gòu)和成分作細(xì)致地分析，才能找出用詞不當(dāng)?shù)腻e誤。（6） 邏輯錯誤須關(guān)注短文改錯這一題型中的錯誤設(shè)置都是借助語篇材料，所以上下文是否一致、邏輯是否合理、稱謂或指代是否一致等都是解題時要關(guān)注的點(diǎn)。（7） 連詞冠詞常光顧連詞、冠詞都是虛詞，雖然它們不單獨(dú)在句子中作成分，但是使用非常靈活、頻繁，所以處理這類問題時要明確名詞的數(shù)、泛指還是特指，上下文之間的意義，從句的屬性及引導(dǎo)詞在句中的作用等。第二部分第1節(jié) 多一詞的情況（1） 多一介詞和副

5、詞介詞多余主要體現(xiàn)在介詞的用法錯誤，尤其是其搭配方面的錯誤，在不用介詞的地方用了介詞。?？嫉慕樵~有in，at,on,for,to,about等。多一副詞主要是因?yàn)榫渥映煞种貜?fù)造成的。?？嫉亩酁閕n，out,away,off,up,down,far等表示地點(diǎn)和方位的副詞?？键c(diǎn)突破1. 在next, last, this, these, one, any, every, each, all, today, yesterday, tomorrow等詞前，一般不用表示時間的介詞at, on, in等。(1) The secretary told me that the manager was busy

6、 and I should come at some other time.(2) I met my uncle on last Sunday.2. 表示時間的名詞短語，如the moment, the first/last time, every time，the minute, each time直接充當(dāng)連詞，引導(dǎo)狀語從句時，其前無介詞。I liked the oil painting very much at the moment I saw it.3. 句子成分重復(fù)使副詞成為一種累贅。When we got to his house, we found him in home.基礎(chǔ)演練

7、1. He liked it so very much that he quickly walked into the shop.2. Farther in the distance, I could not enjoy the view of snowy mountains.3. Here I am in the middle of a city, 350 miles far away from our farmhouse.4. Please help with me and give me some advice.5. The book Im reading of talks about

8、afternoon tea in Britain.6. I believe in that nobody can change my mind.7. She often goes to abroad on business.8. Three million of people worked on digging a long canal.9. I talked with the writer and learned a lot of.10. An article said that all UFO reports could be explained for quite naturally b

9、y aircraft movements.11. My mother couldnt find her handbag when we arrived at there.12. We greeted with each other and began to talk about the weather.13. We had a good time on last Monday.(2) 多一連詞考點(diǎn)突破1. 并列連詞連接兩個并列的成分或句子，從屬連詞則用來引導(dǎo)從句，作主句中的某一個成分，二者不能混用。例如，表示因果關(guān)系時，because和so不能同時使用；表示讓步關(guān)系時，although/tho

10、ugh和but不能同時使用。Although he is very young, but he can retell the story very fluently.2. 兩個或多個從屬連詞不能并列使用。My parents sent me an e-mail to ask whether how I was getting along with my studies.3. 受漢語表達(dá)習(xí)慣和思維定勢的影響，在不需要用連詞的地方用了連詞。In some parts of the forest that you can find large groups of monkeys, which are

11、 jumping up and down.基礎(chǔ)演練 1. With little sleep and hardly any break, so he works from morning till night.2. If you notice that when someone is missing or hurt, tell your teacher immediately.3. We didnt enjoy the day because that the weather was so awful.4. Cleaver as he is, but he works very hard.5.

12、 Once that they fail in these shows, they will suffer a lot.6. I will not buy the tickets until when I hear from you.7. More and more people have realized that how serious this problem is.8. As Jim is busy, so he cant help you with your math.9. The reason was because that more than 90% of the studen

13、ts had been admitted to key universities.10. Even if I fail again, but I will not lose heart.11. Following the doctors advice, or you will recover soon.12. I was very unhappy and scared as well as because my teacher hates the students coming late for school.(3) 多一代詞 多一代詞的考查主要圍繞人稱代詞、物主代詞、不定代詞、關(guān)系代詞等的錯

14、誤運(yùn)用，這些錯誤運(yùn)用容易造成句子成分的重復(fù)、指代不明、理解困難等?？键c(diǎn)突破1. 主語與謂語之間多一關(guān)系代詞。Some people dont like basketball, but many people who do like it.2. 關(guān)系代詞和其他代詞同時出現(xiàn)在句子中。This is the very person that I am looking for him.3. it 用法廣泛，在很多情況下會因指代不明造成成分重復(fù)。This math problem is too hard to solve it for the little girl.基礎(chǔ)演練1. Whatever th

15、e result it is, the most important thing is that we are enjoying ourselves.2. First of all, as it is known to people, pets make too much noise troubling residents a lot.3. The only thing I have to do it is studying.4. She is the girl we talked about her.5. To the students who they spend too much tim

16、e playing computer games, it can do harm to their sight.6. He is very sorry about all the whole thing.7. He said ha would never go to the restaurant which it had bad service.8. There are two letters which that I have to reply to.9. People who drink coffee at breakfast, at launch, or between meals.10

17、. He wouldnt go to see a play that no one liked it.11. Now I really enjoy studying because Im growing old and know what I want it.12. I read your e-mail to my parents and showed them the photo you sent it to me.13. Many student feel it that a popular teacher must be kind and easy-going.(4) 多一助動詞考點(diǎn)突破

18、1. 在時間狀語和時間狀語從句中，常有一般現(xiàn)在時代替一般將來時，現(xiàn)在完成時代替將來完成時，一般過去時代替過去將來時。If you will study hard, you will succeed.2. 錯用時態(tài)容易導(dǎo)致出現(xiàn)多余的助動詞，尤其是把過去完成時和一般過去時用混，極易出錯。She had taught us English when I attended training courses two years ago.3. 有時，句子主語和謂語之間不存在被動關(guān)系或有些不及物動詞，如happen, take place, belong to, last, break out被誤用作及物動

19、詞，以被動語態(tài)的形式出現(xiàn)，致使出現(xiàn)助動詞多余的情況。This experience has been shown that traveling by train actually is the safest way of making journeys.Great changes have been taken place in the past years.基礎(chǔ)演練1. I was taking a train to Londons Victoria Station. I had noticed that the carriage was noisy and filled with peop

20、le.2. It was turned out to be her own cup, which shed left on the shelf by mistake.3. He has been sent his secretary to bring the passport here.4. The school-leavers are called on to give away their being used books to the students in the lower grades.5. We will can also download software for use no

21、w.6. The man returned the handbag after he made sure it was belonged to her.7. She carried on as if nothing had been happened.8. I was used to come here every week.9. When he was a child, he had played basketball in the street often.10. Only if do you obey the rules can you prevent yourself becoming

22、 short-sighted.(5) 多一冠詞考點(diǎn)突破1. 表示泛指意義的物質(zhì)名詞、抽象名詞前不用冠詞。Music can bring people a pleasure.2. 表示泛指概念的可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)前不用冠詞。Young people like to read the books.3. 表示季節(jié)、月份、星期、節(jié)假日的名詞前一般不用冠詞。School begins in the September.4. 呼語或作表語、同位語、補(bǔ)足語的表示獨(dú)一無二的職務(wù)、頭銜的名詞前不用冠詞。The young man is the captain of this ship.5. 表示三餐、球類運(yùn)動、棋類游

23、戲的名詞前不用冠詞。Lets go and watch them play the football.6. by后接名詞表示交通方式，名詞前不用冠詞。Now many people want to travel by the air.7. 表示學(xué)科、語言的名詞前一般不用冠詞。I like the math though its a bit difficult.8. 在某些短語中，有無定冠詞意思大不一樣。They traveled by the day, and stayed at hotels by night.基礎(chǔ)演練1. In a fact, he even scared my class

24、mates away when they came over to play or do homework with me.2. He never watches where he is going, so he often gets into the trouble.3. There are all kinds of the flowers and trees around the classroom buildings.4. You can also turn to your dance teacher for the help.5. I was born in the Hebei Pro

25、vince and I am in good heath.6. I really hope that you can give me a good advice on how to memorize new words.7. There is the water all over the bathroom floor.8. I dont think going to the university is the only way to success.9. We are going to climb the Mount Tai tomorrow.(6) 多一不定式符號技巧點(diǎn)撥考生應(yīng)熟記一些常見的

26、后面跟不帶to的不定式的情況，如使役動詞make, let, have和感官動詞后用不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語時要省略to；其次要牢記一些最常用的固定結(jié)構(gòu)，以免出現(xiàn)誤用to的現(xiàn)象?；A(chǔ)演練1. Would you please to help me, Miss Tracy?2. Many parents would rather let their children to stay at home.3. To stay healthy, youd better to do some sports after school.4. Novels that have wrong ideas will mak

27、e us to do something wrong.5. When it rains, you cannot help but to stay at home.6. Many students have their parents to pay the fees.7. He knew she dared not to see horror movies.8. I would rather read books than to watch TV.9. We often heard her to sing next door.10. Find a chance and do something

28、for them or to have a sincere talk with them.第2節(jié) 缺一詞的情況（1） 缺一介詞考點(diǎn)突破1. 作定語用的不定式與修飾詞有邏輯上的動賓關(guān)系時，該不定式如果是不及物動詞，其后需有與之搭配的介詞。I want to find a hotel to live.2. too.to.結(jié)構(gòu)中的不定式如果是不及物動詞，其后常需有與之搭配的介詞。The ice is too thin for us to skate.基礎(chǔ)演練1. We have to stay at home because the heavy rain.2. If you hear the ala

29、rm, stand in line at the door and wait your teacher to lead you outside.3. Then everyone in the carriage began searching the ticket, which was eventually found under a seat several rows from its owner.4. We can lie on the grass for a rest, or sit by the lake listening music.5. I feel lucky that Im s

30、o interested English.6. I wanted to apologize her for that, but my vanity prevented me.7. We need to deal problems like pollution and climate change.8. The South Lake is 10 kilometers away the city.9. The company is proud its achievements.10. She often plays a trick me because Im fat.11. I was so en

31、couraged that I ran faster and faster till I caught up all the other runners.12. The way I worked out the problem is different yours.(2) 缺一連詞 考點(diǎn)突破1. 關(guān)系密切的句子與句子之間容易漏掉連詞。It must have rained much, the river is so high.2. 在結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜的各種從句，如主語從句、表語從句中容易漏掉的連詞，尤其是連詞that.The reason why I didnt go to France was I

32、got a new job.It doesnt matter he cant come to help us.3. 有些固定結(jié)構(gòu)中，如hardly.when., no sooner.than., neither.nor., either.or.等容易漏掉連詞。We had hardly finished our housework Wang Ping cane to our house for a visit.基礎(chǔ)演練1. He had a deep voice, which set him apart from others in our small town, he was strong

33、and powerful.2. Their familys income reached as much 100000 yuan last year.3. He is busy every day that he never pays attention to his health.4. We have invited the boss, she may decide not to come.5. I can see children playing on the playground, young couples walking quietly, old people sitting on

34、the benches.6. According to studies, many children spend more time watching television that they spend in school.7. I was just wondering to stay for another hour or just start off right away.(3) 缺一代詞技巧點(diǎn)撥it 的用法應(yīng)該留意，避免遺漏基礎(chǔ)演練1. Through these activities we can learn many things cannot be learned in clas

35、s.2. I found difficult to follow my teacher in the first English class.3. They were much impressed by the changes had taken place in the past few years.4. One day I draw a picture and showed to my teacher.5. I hate when the weather suddenly becomes so cold.6. What a beautiful baby-is a boy or a girl

36、?(4) 缺一助動詞短文改錯對缺一助動詞的考查主要出現(xiàn)在各種時態(tài)或被動語態(tài)中，特別是較為復(fù)雜的時態(tài)的構(gòu)成及其用法中?；A(chǔ)演練1. We often think insects to harmful.2. Last summer, I invited to a summer camp in America.3. At the station, I told that an old lady had all her money stolen.4. For years I have interested in engineering.5. In our studies, pressure canno

37、t avoided.6. He pretended to reading when his mother came in.7. When the police arrived, the thieves run away.8. By next month, I have studied here for three years.9. In the future, I take part in different kinds of school activities.10. The meeting room cleaned by Mary every day.(五) 缺一冠詞考點(diǎn)突破1. 抽象名詞

38、前通常不用冠詞，但具體化了的抽象名詞已成為可數(shù)名詞。使用時前面常漏掉不定冠詞。It is pleasure to help others when they are in trouble.者，是被動關(guān)系，就用被動2. 物質(zhì)名詞表示“一場、一種、一杯、一個.”時 ,已轉(zhuǎn)化為可數(shù)名詞,其前的不定冠詞常被漏掉。I would like coffee and two beers.3. 集體名問側(cè)重整體概念時,也常作單數(shù)看，前面的不定冠詞有時易漏掉。This house isnt big enough for family of seven.4. 常用的含不定冠詞的固定搭配和習(xí)慣用法。He glance

39、d at his watch and left in hurry.5. 再次提到上文提到過的特定的人或事物時容易漏掉定冠詞，I have been living in the city for five years, and five years makes a deep impression on me.6. 表示天體, 方位, 演奏的西洋樂器等的名詞前以及序數(shù)詞，形容詞最高級前容易漏掉定冠詞。The sky is blue and sun is shining.7. 表示江河湖海、運(yùn)河等的專有名詞前通常加定冠詞。We all know Yangtze River is the longes

40、t in China.8. 固定搭配。基礎(chǔ)演練1. In order to celebrate such important day with my parents，I wrote them a letter.2. The first refrigerators were sold in late 1880s and they soon became very popular.3. 1 like playing piano and singing English songs.4. Why not give me call or come for a get-together this week

41、end?5. We should play active part in creating a better society.6. Kunming is a famous city with long history.7. Go along this street, and take third turning on the left.8. My dentist had just pulled out one of my teeth and had told me to rest for while.9. In order to realize his dream, Bill Gates, r

42、ichest man in the world, gave up his study at a university.10. One day, the school held party, where I was invited to talk about myself.(六) 缺一不定式符號to基礎(chǔ)演練1. I'd like start a snow globe collection club.2. In order build more houses, people cut down many more trees.3. In 2005, a British teenager be

43、came the first person receive treatment for an addiction to text messaging.4. One evening, Mr Smith asked some friends get together.5. I think it will be more convenient for you look after your parents as they are getting old.6. They sang a folk song, which was a little hard understand.7. Last Sunda

44、y, the class that I was on held a get-together, which took us a long time prepare.8. I'm writing a letter ask you for some help.9. I am very happy have you as our English teacher.10. Im good at all the subjects, and always ready help others.11. 1 suppose he dares tell the manager the truth.12. &

45、quot;There is no need examine him," said the doctor.13. It was very difficult for a child work out this problem.第3節(jié)詞匯錯用的情況(一)時態(tài)和語態(tài)錯誤時態(tài)和語態(tài)的使用錯誤導(dǎo)致詞匯錯用在高考組文改錯中主要表現(xiàn)為：1. 時態(tài)的不一致性:全篇用的都是現(xiàn)在時態(tài),而在短文某一個地方卻出現(xiàn)了不合邏輯的過去時，或全篇使用的都是過去時，而在短文的某一個地方卻出現(xiàn)了現(xiàn)在時，或者主句用的是過去時，后面跟的從句卻用了現(xiàn)在時等。2.語態(tài)的使用混亂:有些地方該用主動語態(tài)卻用了被動語態(tài)，該用被動語態(tài)

46、卻用了主動語態(tài)或本沒有被動語態(tài)的詞誤用了被動語態(tài)，這些都會導(dǎo)致詞匯錯用?？键c(diǎn)突破1. 根據(jù)全文的時態(tài)或行文邏輯進(jìn)行改錯。Some think smoking was a pleasure.2. 根據(jù)句中的時間狀語進(jìn)行改錯。讀 Last Sunday, police cars hurry to the tallest building in New York.3. 在主從復(fù)合句中，主句用一般現(xiàn)在時，從句可以根據(jù)需要用各種時態(tài);主句用一般過去時，從句通常要目相應(yīng)的過去時態(tài)。I thought I have sent the letter a week before.4. 根據(jù)連詞連接的成分的對稱原

47、則進(jìn)行改錯。He not only came to see me but also tell me the news.5. 根據(jù)固定句式里面的時態(tài)要求進(jìn)行改錯。1) It/This is/was the first time that sb. have/had done something.(2) Where have you been since I last saw you?(3) I was about to go out when the telephone rang.(4) Hardly had I got home when the telephone rang.(5) No so

48、oner had I left my house than it began to snow.(6) I didnt manage to understand it until he had explained it again.It is ten years since he moves to Australia.6. 仔細(xì)辨別主語和謂語是主動關(guān)系還是被動關(guān)系，看動詞是及物動詞還是不及物動詞。如果是及物動詞要看其后有無賓語，是否是跟雙賓語的動詞等Tom didn't see me wave to him. He was looked in the opposite direction

49、.基礎(chǔ)演練1. When I was a child, I hoped to live in the city, I think I would be happy there.2. Tony was scared and begun to cry. (新課標(biāo)卷1)3. A woman saw him crying and telling him to wait outside the shop. 4. As I tell you last time, I made three new friends here. (四川卷)5. If you are me, would you talk to

50、them? (四川卷)6. This morning she starts barking even before 5 o'clock.7. He said before long a train inspector comes to check our tickets.8. He said if he decides to do something, it usually takes us much time to stop him.9. Unfortunately, by the time I got back, they have finished the scene and t

51、he actor couldnt be seen anywhere.10. People suffered from more typhoons and tornadoes now.11. This coastal area is named a national wildlife reserve last year.12. Our teacher told us that light traveled faster than sound.13. Hardly had the doctor gone to bed when there is a knock on the door.14. Wa

52、ste water is pouring into rivers by some factories.15. Gary was behaved as if nothing had happened.(2) 非謂語動詞形式錯誤基礎(chǔ)演練1. After looks at the toy for some time, he turned around and found his parents were missing. 2. My favorite picture at the party is of my coach and me enjoy the biscuits with happy la

53、ughter.3. I enjoyed sit close to the windows and looking at the view.(浙江卷)4. The position of the classroom with its view made me felt like I was dreaming. (浙江卷)5. We've been spending a lot of time sing in karaoke bars.(四川卷)6. One evening at sunset, we sat by the fire, have our barbecue.7. Last S

54、unday morning, when I was having a walk in the park near my home, I came across a crew make a new film with one of my favorite actors.8. When he saw others learning English, he shook his head, said it was too hard to remember new words.9. Take a part-time job is a good form of social practice.10. Th

55、anks for send me the snow globe of the monster.11. Of course, you must promise that you will not spend too much time attend it.12. On September 7, 2011， a severe earthquake destroyed almost everything in the school, left badly damaged buildings.13. One with perseverance will not give up easily when

56、face challenges.(三) 主謂一致錯誤技巧點(diǎn)撥主謂一致三原則： 語法一致原則 意義一致原則 就近原則基礎(chǔ)演練1. In early January this year， the rate of UFO reports were steady, around three per week. (遼寧卷)2. Hard work have made him very ill. (遼寧卷)3. Today, I am going to talk about what you should do when a fire alarm go off. (四川卷)4. If you know a

57、nyone else who collect them, please tell me.5. All the things my mother did was to want me to have a better life.6. In my opinion. copying others' homework are a bad habit.7. Suddenly, he cried out, "Oh, there is thirteen people here!"8. Every one of us have the responsibility keep them up.9. The number of people invited are one hundred, but only a small number of them have come.10. I'm sure that either hi