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1、談?wù)動⒄Z寫作的基本方法While I was playing table tennis,I decided that I would go for a swim in the lake.While playing &
2、#160;table tennis,I decided to go for a swim inthe lake.以上兩句從語法上講都正確,但第二句簡潔,運用了一個短語代替了一個從句,達到了簡潔的目的。又如,When Christmas was coming,Della had not
3、0; enongh moneyto buy Jim,who is her husband,a present,so she went to a shopto sell her hair in order &
4、#160;that she could buy a gold chainworthy of Jim's gold watch.這個句子過份冗長,既有并列句,也有復(fù)合句,復(fù)合句中既有時間狀語從句、目的狀語從句,還有定語從句。與其辛辛苦苦去構(gòu)筑這樣的復(fù)雜句子,還不如把它分為幾個簡單句,顯得輕松、洗練一些。Christmas was
5、;coming.Della had not enough money to buy apresent for his husband Jim.So she had to sell her hair.Aftershe
6、 got the money,she bought Jim a gold chain.下面再談?wù)劤鯇W(xué)寫作時在造句方面常出現(xiàn)的一些錯誤實例。1)句子冗長累贅、意思重復(fù),例如:The army advanced forward after the big battle.(一場大的戰(zhàn)斗后
7、,部隊向前進發(fā)。)這個句子的問題在于句中的"advanced"本身就是"march forward"的意思,而在其后出現(xiàn)"forward"實屬多余,應(yīng)去掉。The reason why I took off my coat was because I felt
8、160;hot.用詞多,繞圈子,太羅嗦??梢愿某桑篒 took off my coat,becauseI felt hot.簡短明了。只要句意明確,多余部分應(yīng)盡量刪去。2)修飾語的位置不對。修飾語的位置用錯直接影響意思的準確表達。這一點在文章上一部分已談到。我們再來看兩個例子。I nearly lost five dollars yesterday.I
9、160; lost nearly five dollars yesterday.這兩句話由于nearly的位置不同,其含義也截然不同。第一句“我昨天差點丟了5美元”,言下之意是:沒丟錢。第二句“我昨天丟了近五美元”意思是我丟了錢。不過不到5美元。再如:She decided not to go.他決定不去了。She did notdecide t
10、o go.他沒決定去呀。否定詞用在不同的位置上,意思大不一樣。因此,平時在閱讀和練習(xí)中要注意。3)代詞所指不明確。例如:Peggy held a piece of bread and jam in one hand and thetelephone receiver i
11、n the other.She kept eating it while shetalked.后面一句話中的"it"指什么呢?指"a piece of bread andjam"還是指"telephone receiver",這使人費解。在英語寫作中要避免這種指代不清的句子。
12、這句話可改為:Peggy held in one hand thetelephone receiver and in the other a piece of bread and jam,which she
13、0;kept eating while she talkcd.4.模糊不清的比較。例如:I like John as much as Tom.這句話里究竟是I like John asmuch as I like Tom,還是
14、I like John as much as Tom likes John.這種比較模糊不清。My home is nearer to our school than yours.不知這里的yours是指your home.還
15、是your school.這句話應(yīng)改為:My home isnearer to our school than yours is.或My home is nearer to ourschool than it is
16、 to yours.Tom is taller than anyone in his class.這里的比較是不符合邏輯的,因為被比較的對方包括了Tom和他班里的任何人(他自己也不例外)。下面我們再說說有關(guān)釋意能力問題。學(xué)習(xí)英語寫作,我們應(yīng)學(xué)會釋義(Paraphrase).就是用不同的詞語來表達或說明一個詞或句的意思。表達要正確,這種能力在閱讀時要注意培養(yǎng)。一是注意老師在講解生詞時的釋義,二是用英英詞典學(xué)習(xí)釋義
17、。學(xué)會釋義能更好地克服從漢語出發(fā)摳漢語字眼的毛病。漢語中說“拖某人的后腿”其涵義是牽制、阻撓別人作某事。理解了這層含義,就可以根據(jù)不同的上下文來選擇不同的英語來表達這個意思。如:"hold sb.back,be a drag on sb,blinder(impede,prevent)sb.from doingsth."等:學(xué)會釋義,在用英語學(xué)習(xí)寫作時遇到一些一時表達不出的思想時,就可以幫助我們越過詞,句的障礙,去加以釋義。我們前面所談到的都是練
18、習(xí)用英語寫作時要注意的一些基本問題,一般來說,練習(xí)寫作是由開始的模仿性寫作,到控制性寫作(如改寫文章、縮寫文章、寫提綱、復(fù)述等等)。寫英文日記是練習(xí)英語寫作的好辦法,每天寫幾句。天長日久,筆頭得到較多的鍛煉。最后進入自由寫作階段。三、組段段落是文章中相對獨立的一個部分。它通常由主旨句、擴展句和結(jié)尾句組成。例如:Bamboo has many uses.Many people use it to make
19、60;chairs,tables,curtains,birdcages and so on.Its tender young shootscan be eaten.The soft pulp in side the stems can be
20、0; made intoa fine paper.No wonder people say bamboo is a useful plant.這段話共有五個句子。第一句是主旨句,說竹有許多用途。第二、三、四句是擴展句,說明竹有哪些用途。第五句是結(jié)尾句,說明竹是一種有用的植物。下面分別談主旨句、擴展句和結(jié)尾句的寫法。1.主旨句。主旨句揭示該段內(nèi)容的
21、中心,放在段落的開頭。從修辭上看,主旨句宜用比較簡潔的句子,使讀者易于領(lǐng)會該段的主旨:下面這段話還未有主旨句,請同學(xué)們閱讀之后從A、B、C、D中選一個做主旨句。主旨句。The hibenating animal's temperature drops to justover zero centigrade.It breathes only once
22、 every five minutes.It does not feel any pain.You can beat it without causing itto wake up.So hibernating
23、160;animals look as if they were dead.A.As you know,hibernation is much deeper than a commonsleep.B.Animals need hibernation
24、.C.Hibernation is a very deep sleep.D.How can hibernating animals sleep all through the winter?上面B、D兩句不能說明這段話的中心,不能做主旨句。A、C兩句都能說明這段話的中心,但是A句不如C句簡潔明了,所以用C句做這段
25、話的主旨句最恰當。2.擴展句。擴展句的內(nèi)容必須圍繞主旨句,支持主旨句。偏離主旨句的擴展句等于畫蛇添足,應(yīng)該刪去。從修辭上看,幾個擴展句如果能分別用簡單句,并列句和復(fù)合句,則整個段落會顯得生動一些,而不至于那么單調(diào)、呆板。下面這段話里,有一個擴展句是偏離主旨的,請同學(xué)們把它找出來。It is easy to do this experiment.First,you get a giass &
26、#160;ofwater and a pencil.Then you put the pencil into the water.Atthis time,you will see the pencil appears brok
27、en.Perhaps youhave once found this thing before.The expenment shows thatlight waves change speed when they go from
28、0;air into water.在這段話里,First.,Then.和At this time.這三個擴展句都是說明“這個實驗很容易做”這個主旨的。但是Perhaps.這個句子偏離了這個主旨,它跟這個實驗的做法無關(guān),應(yīng)該刪去。擴展句可以按照時間、方位、因果、對比、類別等關(guān)系來組織。例如上面這段話里的擴展句是以時間為序來安排的。“組段”的開頭,說竹有很多用途那段話,是以方位(莖、根、髓)為序來安排擴展句的。3.結(jié)尾句。結(jié)尾句是對主旨句的呼應(yīng),它通常導(dǎo)出擴展句所陳述的結(jié)果。下面這段話還沒有結(jié)尾句,請同學(xué)們閱讀
29、之后,從A、B、C、D中選一句做它的結(jié)尾句。How can we stop pollution?The most important thing is topass certain laws to prevent factories from se
30、nding out noise,poisonous gases and dirty water.Besides,we should protectforests and plant more trees.Meanwhile,every one of us
31、160;mustpay close attention to public health and keep oursurroundings clean.A.In spite of all these measures,we still cannot
32、 defeatpollution.B.So pollution is a serious problem that needs all thesociety to care about.C.However,pollution will still
33、exist and we must not letdown our guard against itD.In this way,we shall win the battle against pollution.顯然,D句與主
34、旨句呼應(yīng)最密切,它導(dǎo)出了立法、保護森林、植樹、注意公共衛(wèi)生和搞好環(huán)境清潔等措施的結(jié)果。所以,應(yīng)該選D句做本段的結(jié)尾句。四、謀篇一篇文章應(yīng)有比較完整的內(nèi)容和結(jié)構(gòu)。它通常包含引言段、擴展段和結(jié)論段。這和我們漢語作文的起、承、轉(zhuǎn)、合是基本一致的。下面請讀一篇論述時間的價值的文章。The Value of TimeA proverb says:"Time is money."But in
35、;my opinion,time is even more precious than money.Why?Because when money is spent,we can earn(賺)it back.However,when time is
36、 gone,it willnever return.This is the reason why we must value time.It goes without saying that the time
37、60;we can use is limited.Therefore,even an hour is extremely precious.We shouid makefull use of our time to do
38、60; useful things.As students we mustnot relax(放松)our efforts to engage in our studies so asto serve society and &
39、#160;our nation in the future.But it is a pity that there were a lot of people who do notknow
40、60;the importance of time.They spend their precious timesmoking,drinding and chatting.They do not realize thatwasting time is
41、0;equal to wasting a part of their valuablelife.In a word,we should form the good habit of saving time.Donot
42、; put off what can be done today until tomorrow.這篇文章有四段。第一段是引言段,提出時間比金錢更寶貴,我們必須珍惜時間這個論題。第二段是擴展段,說明時間是有限的,作為學(xué)生更要充分利用它來學(xué)習(xí),以利將來為國家服務(wù)。第三段也是擴展段,指出有些人還沒有認識時間的價值。第四段是結(jié)論段,作出我們必須養(yǎng)成節(jié)約時間習(xí)慣的診斷。這四段話剛好是起承轉(zhuǎn)合的結(jié)構(gòu)。從這篇文章還可以看到,
43、英語作文的起承轉(zhuǎn)合會用上一些特定的詞語。下面分別作簡單的介紹。1.常用在引言段開頭(起)的詞語:Generaily speaking,.一般地說,A proverb says,"."有句諺語說,“”Many people often ask this question,"."許多人常常問這個司題,“?”First of all.首先/At
44、 present.當今2.常用在第一個擴展段開頭(承)的詞語:To take.for an example,以為例Now that we know that.既然我們知道What is more important is that.更為重要的是That can be
45、160; expressed as follows:.這可以分述如下:in other words,換句話說second,第二,3.常用在第二擴展段開頭(轉(zhuǎn))的詞語:But it is a pity that.但是很可惜,But the problem is not so
46、; slmple.但是問題并非如此簡單。On the other hand,.另一方面,On the contrary,.相反However,.然而4.常用在結(jié)論段開頭(合)的詞語:In a word,.總而言之,On account of this,we can find that.由此我們可以知道I
47、n conclusion,結(jié)論是In short,.簡言之,As has been noted.如前所述Therefore,.因此,At last,.最后,下面有一篇文章談?wù)摗拔覀優(yōu)槭裁匆獏⒓芋w育運動”。它的引言段、擴展段和結(jié)論段的次序是混亂的,請同學(xué)們按起承轉(zhuǎn)合的順序把它們排正,并注意段落開頭表示起承轉(zhuǎn)合的詞語。Why should we take part
48、60;in sports and games?Therefore,every one of us,young or old,man or woman,should take an active part in sports a
49、nd games.Besides,sports and games are also good for character-training.Unselfishness,courage,discipline,love of one'scountry and so on,are vir
50、tues that a citizen should have.Students learn a lot about these from books.But in sportsand games they learn to play fair,cooperate with other
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