發(fā)育生物學(xué)期末復(fù)習(xí)資料

1、選擇題：1.What is epigenesis(漸成論)? da) The belief that a mutant organism is already present in miniature in the embryo.b) The theory that early development is controlled by the zygotes genes.c) The theory that early development is controlled by the maternal genes. d) The process by which the mature orga

2、nism is produced gradually from an essential formless embryo. 何為后生（漸成論）？一）認(rèn)為突變生物體是已經(jīng)存在于微型在胚胎。二）該理論認(rèn)為，早期的發(fā)展是由受精卵的基因控制的。三）該理論認(rèn)為，早期的發(fā)展是由母體基因控制的。d）使該成熟生物體從一個基本無定形胚逐漸產(chǎn)生的過程。2. What is apoptosis? ba) An experimental technique that biologists use to kill specific cell.b) Programmed cell death that is requir

3、ed for normal development.c) A pathological condition observed only in damaged or diseased organism.d) A developmental mechanism unique to the roundworm C.elegans.一個實驗性的技術(shù)，生物學(xué)家用來殺死特定的細(xì)胞。B）編程所需的正常發(fā)育的細(xì)胞死亡。c）在病理狀態(tài)中受損或患病的機體只有觀察。D）獨有的蛔蟲線蟲，一個致力于發(fā)展機制。3. What is the function of stem cells in adult mammals?

4、ca) Some of their daughter cells remain as stem cells and continue to divide throughout life.b) The give rise to hair, fingernails, and other structures that grow throughout life.c) The produced cells that differentiate to replace dead or damaged cells.d) The produced compounds that stem blood loss

5、from wounds.。什么是干細(xì)胞在成年哺乳動物的功能？一）他們的一些子細(xì)胞仍然是干細(xì)胞，并繼續(xù)在整個生命來劃分。二）引起的頭發(fā)，指甲，以及整個人生發(fā)展的其他結(jié)構(gòu)。三）生產(chǎn)的細(xì)胞分化代替死亡或受損的細(xì)胞。四）生產(chǎn)的化合物，源于創(chuàng)傷失血。4. What are regulatory cascades in development also referred to as networks? ca) Each transcription factor and signal in the cascade has limited life span.b) Signals as well as tra

6、nscription factors are involved in the cascade.c) The cascade is not linear-within and between levels in the cascade, various gene products interact to form network.d) Each step in the cascade takes time, so the steps in the cascade are sequential.4.什么是監(jiān)管級聯(lián)的發(fā)展也被稱為網(wǎng)絡(luò)？a）在該級聯(lián)的每個轉(zhuǎn)錄因子和信號具有有限的壽命。二）信號以及轉(zhuǎn)錄因

7、子參與了級聯(lián)。三）級聯(lián)是不是線性內(nèi)并在級聯(lián)級之間，各個基因產(chǎn)物相互作用形成網(wǎng)絡(luò)。d）在級聯(lián)的每個步驟需要時間，所以在級聯(lián)中的步驟是順序。5. What is a homeotic mutant? ba) An individual with an abnormal head-to-tail axis.b) An individual with a structure located in the wrong place.c) An individual with double the normal number of structures or segments.d) In flies, an

8、 individual that is missing segments; in Arabidopsis, an individual that is missing a hypocotyls or other embryonic structure.什么是同源的突變？一）具有異常的頭 - 尾軸的個人。b）在位于錯了地方的結(jié)構(gòu)的個人。c）與結(jié)構(gòu)或部分的正常數(shù)量的一倍的個人。d）在果蠅，即缺少部分的個人;在擬南芥，即缺少胚軸或其它胚胎結(jié)構(gòu)的個體。6. What happens during the acrosome reaction? ca) Bindin(結(jié)合素) binds to the e

9、gg-cell receptor for sperm.b) The sperm- and egg-cell membranes fuse.c) Enzymes that digest the egg jelly layer are released, and microfilaments in the tip of the sperm head polymerize to form a protrusion. d) The centriole released from the sperm orients microtubules in the fertilized egg and cause

10、s the cortical cytoplasm to rotate-creating gray cresent.6.頂體反應(yīng)過程中會發(fā)生什么情況？一）結(jié)合蛋白（結(jié)合素）結(jié)合到蛋細(xì)胞受體對精子。二）sperm-和雞蛋細(xì)胞膜融合。三）酶消化蛋果凍層被釋放，并在精子頭部的前端微絲聚合形成的突起。d）與精子釋放的中心粒定向在受精卵的微管，并且使皮質(zhì)細(xì)胞質(zhì)旋轉(zhuǎn)創(chuàng)造灰色cresent。7. What happens during gastrulation? ca) The neural tube-precursor to the spinal cord and brain-forms. b) Basal

11、 and apical cells form, which are the precursor to the suspensor and embryo, respectively.c) Massive movements of cells make the primary body axes visible and organizer the three embryonic tissues.d) The fertilized egg divides without growth occurring, forming a ball of cells.7.原腸胚形成過程中會發(fā)生什么情況？一）神經(jīng)管

12、前驅(qū)物至脊髓和腦的形式。二）基礎(chǔ)和根尖細(xì)胞的形成，這是先導(dǎo)，以柄和胚胎分別。三）細(xì)胞的大規(guī)模運動做出的主要機構(gòu)軸可見和組織者三個胚胎組織。四）受精卵分裂沒有出現(xiàn)增長，形成細(xì)胞的一個球。8. In animals , which adult tissues and organs are derived from ectoderm? ba) Lining of the digestive tract and associated organs.b) Nerve cells and skin.c) Blood, heart, kidney, bone, and muscle.d) Blastopor

13、e and blastocoel.8.在動物中，其中成人組織和器官從外胚層衍生？一個）的消化道和相關(guān)器官的襯砌。二）的神經(jīng)細(xì)胞和皮膚。三）血液，心臟，腎臟，骨骼和肌肉。D）胚和囊胚。9. What term describes the mode of asexual reproduction in which offspring develop from unfertilized eggs? B Aa) Parthenogenesis b) Budding c) Regeneration d)Fission9.什么術(shù)語描述無性繁殖的方式，其中從后代未受精的卵子發(fā)展？一）單性生殖二）萌芽三）再生

14、四）裂變10. What does it mean to say that differentiation is “progressive”? c a) Differentiation gets more efficient over time.b) Differentiation gets more complex over timec) Cell become increasingly more specialized over time.d) Differentiation is triggered by master regulators.10.什么意思說，差異化是“進步”？一）分化得

15、到隨著時間的推移更加高效。二）分化得到隨著時間的推移更加復(fù)雜三）細(xì)胞變得越來越專業(yè)化隨著時間的推移。D）差異是由主監(jiān)管觸發(fā)。11. What is a fate map? ba) A description of an individual organisms fate.b) A description of the fate of each embryonic region or cell.c) A list of cell fates that is possible only in animal embryos.d) A list of cell fates that is possib

16、le only in tunicate embryos.1.什么是緣分地圖？a）任何個人生物體的命運的描述。二）每個胚胎區(qū)域或細(xì)胞的命運的描述。細(xì)胞命運的可能只存在于動物胚胎三）名單。細(xì)胞命運這是可能只有在被囊動物胚胎d）一個列表。12. Which of the following stages of development is defined by the three embryonic tissue layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm)? aa) The gastrula b)The zygote c)The morula d) The b

17、lastula12.哪發(fā)展的以下階段是由三個胚胎組織層（外胚層，中胚層和內(nèi)胚層）中所定義？一）原腸胚二）合子三）桑椹四）囊胚13.What happens during cleavage? ca) The neural tube-precursor of the spinal cord and brain-forms.b) Basal and apical cells-precursor of the suspensor and embryo.c) The fertilized egg divided without growth occurring forming a mass of cel

18、l.d) Massive movements of cells make the primary body axes visible and organize the three embryonic tissues.裂解過程中發(fā)生了喜歡吃點什么？一）神經(jīng)管前驅(qū)脊髓和腦的形式。二）基礎(chǔ)和根尖細(xì)胞前體的柄和胚胎。三）受精卵分裂沒有出現(xiàn)增長形成了大規(guī)模細(xì)胞。D）細(xì)胞的大規(guī)模運動做出的主要機構(gòu)軸可見，組織三個胚胎組織。14. Why are in situ hybridization such a valuable tool for studying development? B Aa) They i

19、dentify the location of specific mRNAs, and so provide a picture of differential gene expression.b) They allow researchers to understand how cell-cell signals and regulatory transcription factors interact.c) They provide data on homology-the presence of similar genes in different species.d) They can

20、 be done with RNA or DNA probes.14.為什么原位雜交研究開發(fā)這樣一個寶貴的工具？一）它們識別特定的mRNAs的位置，所以提供差異基因表達(dá)的照片。b）它們允許研究人員了解細(xì)胞間的信號和調(diào)節(jié)轉(zhuǎn)錄因子相互作用。c）它們提供了在不同的物種相似的基因同源性，存在的數(shù)據(jù)。四）它們可以與RNA或DNA探針來完成。15. What is a cadherin(鈣粘蛋白)? Ca) A glycoprotein found in the zona pelluciada of mammal eggs.b) A molecule secreted by the organizer t

21、hat induces changes in target cells.c) A cell-adhesion protein found on the surface of animal cells. d) A cytoplasmic determinatant found in the cortical cytoplasm of frog eggs.15.什么是鈣粘蛋白（鈣粘蛋白）？一）在哺乳動物卵透明帶pelluciada發(fā)現(xiàn)的一種糖蛋白。b）在誘導(dǎo)改變靶細(xì)胞的分泌主辦方的分子。三）的動物細(xì)胞的表面上的細(xì)胞粘附蛋白發(fā)現(xiàn)。   d）一個細(xì)胞質(zhì)determinat

22、ant在蛙卵的細(xì)胞質(zhì)皮質(zhì)發(fā)現(xiàn)。16. In frogs, the sperm penetrates the egg in the region of the, a. Vegetal pole.b. Animal pole.c. Gray crescent.d. Unpigmented cortical cytoplasm.16.青蛙，精子穿透卵子中的地區(qū)，c B一。植物極。B。動物極。Ç。灰色月牙。ð。未染色的皮質(zhì)細(xì)胞質(zhì)中。17. Which of the following are cytoplasmic determinants that direct embryoni

23、c development in frogs?da. Transcription factors.b. Protein kinases.c. Protein kinase inhibitors.d. All of the above.17.下列哪項是細(xì)胞質(zhì)決定因素青蛙的直接胚胎發(fā)育？一。轉(zhuǎn)錄因子。B。蛋白激酶。Ç。蛋白激酶抑制劑。ð。上述所有的。18. Which of the following is a characteristic of both fruit flies and birds?d Ca. Centrally located yolk in the egg

24、.b. Migration of nuclei to the periphery of the egg.c. Incomplete cleavage.d. Larger blastomeres in the animal hemisphere than in the vegetal hemisphere.18.以下哪項是既果蠅和鳥類的特征？一。位于市中心蛋黃的雞蛋。B。遷移核蛋的周邊。Ç。不完全斷裂。ð。在動物半球大卵裂球比在植物性半球19. Which of the following statements about conjoined twins is false?a

25、a. They result from the fertilization of two separate eggs.b. They are always identical twins.c. They result from incomplete splitting of the inner cell mass.d. They usually share some organs and limbs.19.下面關(guān)于連體嬰下面的語句是假的？一。它們導(dǎo)致從兩個單獨的卵受精。B。他們總是同卵雙胞胎。Ç。它們導(dǎo)致從內(nèi)細(xì)胞團的不完全分裂。ð。他們通常都有一些器官和四肢。20. Aft

26、er gastrulation, the mesodermal cells contribute to the developing,a. brain.b. bones.c. lining of the digestive tract.d. sweat glands.20.原腸胚形成后，將胚層細(xì)胞向顯影，b一。大腦。B。骨頭。Ç。襯里消化道。ð。汗腺。21. Which of the following statements is false? da. Neural crest cells give rise to peripheral nerves.b. Body seg

27、mentation develops during neurulation.c. Hox genes control differentiation along the anteriorposterior body axis.d. Neural crest cells form the brain and spinal cord.21.以下哪項是錯誤的？一。神經(jīng)嵴細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生外周神經(jīng)。B。神經(jīng)胚形成過程中的身體分割開發(fā)。Ç。 Hox基因控制沿前 - 后體軸分化。ð。神經(jīng)嵴細(xì)胞形成的腦和脊髓。22. Which of the following represents the co

28、rrect chronological order in which structures typically appear during neurulation in a vertebrate embryo? a. Neural folds, neural plate, neural groove, neural tube.b. Neural plate, neural folds, neural groove, neural tube.c. Neural groove, neural folds, neural tube, neural plate.d. Neural folds, neu

29、ral groove, neural tube, neural plate.22.以下哪項代表正確的時間順序結(jié)構(gòu)通常神經(jīng)胚形成過程中脊椎動物胚胎出現(xiàn)？b一。神經(jīng)褶，神經(jīng)板，神經(jīng)溝，神經(jīng)管。B。神經(jīng)板，神經(jīng)褶，神經(jīng)溝，神經(jīng)管。Ç。神經(jīng)溝，神經(jīng)褶，神經(jīng)管，神經(jīng)板。ð。神經(jīng)褶，神經(jīng)溝，神經(jīng)管，神經(jīng)板。23. The formation of the heart in a developing chicken is an example of, da. growth.b. differentiation.c. determination.d. Morphogenesis.23.心臟

30、的在顯影雞的形成是一個例子，一。增長。B。差異化。Ç。決心。ð。形態(tài)。24. A skin cell lineage is only able to make more skin cells. It is thus, a Ba. impotent.b. unipotent.c. multipotent.d. Pluripotent.24.皮膚細(xì)胞譜系是唯一能夠讓更多的皮膚細(xì)胞。因此，這是，一。無能。B。幺冪。Ç。多能。ð。多能性。25. The difference between the top and the bottom in a developi

31、ng organism is called its, a. pluripotency.b. determination.c. pattern formation.d. Polarity.25.頂部和在顯影生物體的底部之間的差異被稱為它的，d一。多能性。B。決心。Ç。格局的形成。ð。極性。26. Which of the following statements about Hox genes is false? da. They contain homeoboxes.b. They were derived from duplications of a single anc

32、estral gene cluster.c. They encode transcription factors.d. They are found only in Drosophila and a few closely related genera of flies.26.下面關(guān)于Hox基因下面的語句是假的？一。它們包含homeoboxes。B。它們來源于單個祖先基因簇的重復(fù)。Ç。它們編碼轉(zhuǎn)錄因子。ð。他們發(fā)現(xiàn)，只有在果蠅和果蠅的一些密切相關(guān)的屬。27. The process by which the developmental fate of a cell is s

33、et is called： aa. determination.b. morphogenesis.c. differentiation.e. Totipotency.27.通過該設(shè)置的小區(qū)的發(fā)育命運時調(diào)用的過程：一。決心。B。形態(tài)。Ç。差異化。即全能性。28. The process by which signaling molecules from one tissue (or group of cells) affect the development of adjacent tissue is called, da. determination.b. morphogenesis

34、.c. transduction.d. Induction.28.通過它從一個組織（或細(xì)胞群）的信號分子影響相鄰組織的發(fā)展被稱為所述的方法，一。決心。B。形態(tài)。Ç。轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)。ð。感應(yīng)。29. A baby is born with partially webbed hands. What is the most likely cause?ba. An overactive apoptosis pathway.b. An underactive apoptosis pathway.c. A homeotic mutation.d. An overactive gap gene.2

35、9.嬰兒出生部分蹼手。什么是最有可能的原因是什么？一。過于活躍的細(xì)胞凋亡通路。B。一個減退凋亡途徑。Ç。一個同源異型基因突變。ð。過于活躍的差距基因。30. In human development, an embryo is most sensitive to chemicals, radiation, and pathogens during the first trimester because this is the time when, c Ba. organs are increasing in size.b. tissues are differentiati

36、ng.c. the fetus grows rapidly.d. fetal movements begin.30.在人類發(fā)展，胚胎是最敏感的化學(xué)物質(zhì)，輻射，和病原體的頭三個月期間，因為這是時間時，一。器官增大的尺寸。B。組織被區(qū)分。Ç。胎兒生長迅速。ð。胎動開始。（155 dbccb 6-10 ccbac 11-15 bacac 16-20bdcab 21-25dbdbd 26-30dadbb）名詞解釋：experimental embryology 實驗胚胎學(xué)（experimental embryology）用實驗方法干擾胚胎，研究胚胎的各部分在發(fā)育中的相互作用，從而探

37、討胚胎發(fā)育中的因果關(guān)系的胚胎學(xué)分支學(xué)科。embryonic induction動物在一定的胚胎發(fā)育時期, 一部分細(xì)胞影響相鄰細(xì)胞使其向一定方向分化的作用稱為胚胎誘導(dǎo), 或稱為分化誘導(dǎo)。誘導(dǎo)相鄰細(xì)胞發(fā)育的信號分子是可擴散的蛋白質(zhì)，稱為成型素。能對其他細(xì)胞的分化起誘導(dǎo)作用的細(xì)胞，即分泌成型素的細(xì)胞稱為誘導(dǎo)者或組織者In vitro fertilization (IVF) 精子和卵子在體外人工控制的環(huán)境中完成受精過程的技術(shù)，英文簡稱為IVFbirth defects/teratology胚胎發(fā)育紊亂引起的形態(tài)、結(jié)構(gòu)、功能、代謝等方面的異常 Regional specification/ differ

38、entiation/Morphogenesis在某一正在發(fā)育的個體細(xì)胞中進行形態(tài)的、功能的特殊變化并建立起其他細(xì)胞所沒有的特征，這樣建立特異性的過程稱之為分化。分化形成形態(tài)功能不同的細(xì)胞形態(tài)形成指生物發(fā)生中產(chǎn)生新的形態(tài)過程。多細(xì)胞生物既有時間上的分化，又有空間上的分化。在個體的細(xì)胞數(shù)目大量增加的同時，分化程度越來越復(fù)雜，細(xì)胞間的差異也越來越大，而且同一個體的細(xì)胞由于所處位置不同而在細(xì)胞間出現(xiàn)功能分工，頭與尾、背與腹、內(nèi)與外等不同空間的細(xì)胞表現(xiàn)出明顯的差別transplantation tissue engineering 將自體組織或人工材料等移植到身體的某一部位以恢復(fù)由于先天性或后天性因素引

39、起的畸形或組織缺損的一種技術(shù)reproductive cloning /therapeutic cloning 就是以產(chǎn)生新個體為目的的克隆即用生殖技術(shù)制造完整的克隆人目的是產(chǎn)生一個獨立生存的個體。治療性克隆指把患者植體細(xì)胞移到去核卵母細(xì)胞中形成重組胚把重組胚體外培養(yǎng)到囊胚然后從囊胚內(nèi)分離出ES細(xì)胞獲得的ES細(xì)胞使之定向分化為所需的特定細(xì)胞類型(如神經(jīng)細(xì)胞肌肉細(xì)胞和血細(xì)胞用于替代療法fertilization/cleavage/blastocyte/ gastrulation/受精是卵子和精子融合為一個合子的過程。卵裂是指指受精卵的早期分裂。卵裂期內(nèi)一個細(xì)胞或細(xì)胞核不斷地快速分裂，將體積極大的

40、卵子細(xì)胞質(zhì)分割成許多較小的有核細(xì)胞的過程叫做卵裂。經(jīng)過卵裂，受精卵被分割成很多小細(xì)胞，這些由小細(xì)胞組成的中空球形體稱為囊胚胚胎由囊胚繼續(xù)發(fā)育，由原始的單胚層細(xì)胞發(fā)展成具有雙層或三層胚層結(jié)構(gòu)的胚胎，稱為原腸胚（或神經(jīng)胚superficial cleavage動物卵裂的一種類型，見于昆蟲類、蜘蛛類及其他節(jié)肢動物的中黃卵。這種卵裂與其他卵裂形式不同，此型卵裂最初只是位于卵黃塊中心的核進行分裂，并不伴有卵表面細(xì)胞質(zhì)的分裂。不過此時尚存在著直接包圍核的原生質(zhì)。symmetry breaking原來具有較高對稱性的系統(tǒng)，出現(xiàn)不對稱因素，其對稱程度自發(fā)降低的現(xiàn)象invagination/involution

41、/cavitation/convergent extensioncytoplasmic determinants在細(xì)胞分化中決定每個細(xì)胞分化成哪類細(xì)胞的因子，存在于細(xì)胞質(zhì)morphogen/lateral inhibition攜帶決定細(xì)胞分化方向相關(guān)信息的可擴散的物質(zhì)形態(tài)發(fā)生素是以連續(xù)的濃度梯度分布的因而形成各種濃度閾值細(xì)胞根據(jù)所處環(huán)境的形態(tài)發(fā)生素的濃度閾值決定分化方向具有輸入輸出端的兩個神經(jīng)細(xì)胞，各自的輸入或輸出，互相對另一神經(jīng)細(xì)胞的輸入施以抑制，即為側(cè)抑制。在這種場合下，對兩個神經(jīng)細(xì)胞的輸出差則成為強調(diào)輸入差的狀態(tài)。許多神經(jīng)細(xì)胞在空間排成一列，各神經(jīng)細(xì)胞的輸入或輸出，對兩側(cè)的兩個神經(jīng)細(xì)胞的

42、輸入加以抑制時，則空間的輸出圖形便成為對空間輸入圖形的峰或部位變化的狀態(tài)maternal effect)指生物的表現(xiàn)型不僅由其基因和環(huán)境決定，而且會被其雌性親本影響。目前認(rèn)為，母親卵子中的mRNA和蛋白質(zhì)是該效應(yīng)產(chǎn)生的原因。此外，母親的環(huán)境也會對后代的性別，大小以及行為產(chǎn)生影響。同時，對于后代來說，該效應(yīng)在其適應(yīng)環(huán)境多樣性方面有著重要意義。homeotic gene 可被體節(jié)極性基因又激活，決定每一體節(jié)的性質(zhì)與形態(tài)特征，即選擇體節(jié)向某個方向發(fā)育、分化，由于這類基因的產(chǎn)物都含有HD結(jié)構(gòu)，所以又稱為同源異形框（盒）基因（homeobox genes，Hox）embryonic stem cell/

43、adult stem cell胚胎干細(xì)胞是早期胚胎（原腸胚期之前）或原始性腺中分離出來的一類細(xì)胞，它具有體外培養(yǎng)無限增殖、自我更新和多向分化的特性。無論在體外還是體內(nèi)環(huán)境，ES細(xì)胞都能被誘導(dǎo)分化為機體幾乎所有的細(xì)胞類型。成體干細(xì)胞是指存在于一種已經(jīng)分化組織中的未分化細(xì)胞，這種細(xì)胞能夠自我更新并且能夠特化形成組成該類型組織的細(xì)胞。成體干細(xì)胞存在于機體的各種組織器官中。成年個體組織中的成體干細(xì)胞在正常情況下大多處于休眠狀態(tài)，在病理狀態(tài)或在外因誘導(dǎo)下可以表現(xiàn)出不同程度的再生和更新能力。簡答：1. Blastomeres look identical, explain why they are not

44、. 參考：They contain different types and/or concentrations of cytoplasmic determinants.2. Explain why eggs are so much larger than sperm?參考：Egg contain stores of nutrients，ect.3. Explain how cell transplantation experiments provided evidence that cells in a somite are determined in a step-by-step fashi

45、on?參考：When transplanted early in development, somite cells become the cell type associated with their new location. But when transplanted later in development, somite cells become the cell type associated with the original location. These observations indicate that the same cell is not committed to

46、a particular fate until later in development. 3.Explain如何細(xì)胞移植實驗提供的證據(jù)表明，細(xì)胞在體節(jié)中的一步一步的方式被確定？參考：在發(fā)展初期移植，體節(jié)細(xì)胞變得與他們的新位置關(guān)聯(lián)的細(xì)胞類型。但是，當(dāng)在顯影后移植，體節(jié)細(xì)胞變得與原始位置有關(guān)的細(xì)胞類型。這些觀察結(jié)果表明，同一小區(qū)不承諾特定的命運，直到后來在發(fā)展。4. Explain the logic behind using nuclear transplant experiments to test the hypothesis that all animal cells in the bo

47、dy are genetically equivalent?參考： If the transplanted nucleus has undergone some permanent change or loss of genetic information during development, it should not be able to direct the development of a viable adult. But if the transplanted nucleus is genetically equivalent to the fertilized egg, the

48、n it should be capable of directing the development of a new individual.4.Explain利用核移植實驗，以檢驗這一假設(shè)，所有動物細(xì)胞在人體內(nèi)的基因相當(dāng)于背后的邏輯是什么？參考：如果移植核經(jīng)歷發(fā)育過程中的一些永久改變或遺傳信息的丟失，它不應(yīng)該是能夠直接可行成人的發(fā)展。但是如果移植細(xì)胞核基因等同于受精卵，那么它應(yīng)該是能夠指導(dǎo)新個體的發(fā)展。5. Why is it significant that many of the genes involved in development encode regulatory trans

49、cription factors?參考：Development- specifically differentiation-depends on changes in gene expression. Changes in gene expression depends on differences in regulatory transcription factors.5.為什么是顯著許多參與發(fā)展的基因編碼轉(zhuǎn)錄調(diào)控因子？參考：開發(fā) - 特異性分化取決于基因表達(dá)的變化?；虮磉_(dá)的變化依賴于轉(zhuǎn)錄調(diào)控因子的差異。6. What does it mean to say that cell proli

50、feration, death, movement, or expansion; differentiation; and interaction are shared developmental processes?參考： They occur in both plants and animals, and are responsible for the changes that occur as an embryo develops. 6.什么意思說，細(xì)胞增殖，死亡，運動，或擴張;分化;和互動共享的發(fā)展過程？參考：它們發(fā)生在植物和動物，并負(fù)責(zé)為胚胎發(fā)育時發(fā)生的變化。7. After org

51、anogenesis, frog embryos are about the same size as a fertilized egg. Why?參考：The embryo can not yet feed, so all of its activities is fueled by the nutrient stores in the egg. It is not taking in a lot of new molecules that would allow it to get bigger.7.After器官，蛙胚大約相同的尺寸受精卵。為什么呢？參考：胚胎還不能養(yǎng)活，所以其所有活動的

52、帶動下，營養(yǎng)存儲在雞蛋。它不采取了很多新的分子，將使其獲得更大的。8. Why are pregnant mothers advised to refrain from drinking alcoholic beverages?參考：Ethanol can cross the placenta, enter the fetus and adversely affect development. Ethanol abuse by pregnant womens correlated with fatal alcohol syndrome(FAS), a condition caused by loss of neurons in developing embryos.為什么留戀的孕婦建議飲用含酒精的飲料，以避免？參考：酒精可以通過胎盤，進入胎兒發(fā)育造成不良影響。