淺談?dòng)⒄Z非謂語動(dòng)詞的用法

1、淺談?dòng)⒄Z非謂語動(dòng)詞的用法本文力圖通過對(duì)英語中非謂語動(dòng)詞的歸類整理，主要從非謂語動(dòng)詞的構(gòu)成，及在句子中充當(dāng)?shù)闹饕煞?，通過橫向及縱向的比較，使之更具有條理性，還結(jié)合一些特殊動(dòng)詞的慣用法及口訣記憶的方法提高英語學(xué)習(xí)的科學(xué)性，趣味性。并結(jié)合歷年來的高考題突出其中的重點(diǎn)，難點(diǎn)使整個(gè)非謂語動(dòng)詞的用法更加有實(shí)踐性。    一、英語非謂語動(dòng)詞及其構(gòu)成    （一） 謂語動(dòng)詞與非謂語動(dòng)詞    英語動(dòng)詞有謂語動(dòng)詞與非謂語動(dòng)詞之分，在句子中充當(dāng)謂語的動(dòng)詞，是動(dòng)詞的謂語形式，也叫謂語動(dòng)詞（finite verb）。如：

2、60;   He is writing a letter. 他正在寫信。    而在句子中充當(dāng)其他成分的（如主語，賓語，表語，定語，狀語等）的動(dòng)詞，是動(dòng)詞的非謂語形式，稱為非謂語動(dòng)詞（non-finite form of verb）    Smoking is not good for your health.    吸煙對(duì)你的身體有害（主語）    He found those novels hard to read.   

3、 他發(fā)現(xiàn)那些小說很難讀。（狀語）    （二） 非謂語動(dòng)詞的分類    英語的非謂語動(dòng)詞有三種：    1. 不定式（infinitive）;     2. -ing 分詞（-ing participle）; 其中又分為現(xiàn)在分詞與動(dòng)名詞    3. -ed 分詞（-ed participle）。也就是我們通常所說的過去分詞    （三）、非謂語動(dòng)詞的構(gòu)成    1、不定式 &#

4、160;  （1） 不定式的構(gòu)成    不定式就是在動(dòng)詞的原形前加“to”。如：    to serve, to work to, to study    有時(shí)也可不加“to”,叫做“不帶 to 的動(dòng)詞不定式”。如    Serve, work, study .    二、非謂語動(dòng)詞在句法中的作用    1不定式的句法功能：    （1）作主語： To finish the w

5、ork in ten minutes is very hard. To lose your heart means failure. 動(dòng)詞不定式短語作主語時(shí)，常用it作形式主語，例如上面兩句可用如下形式： It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes. It means failure to lose your heart.    （2）作表語： Her job is to clean the hall. He appears to have caught a cold.    （

6、3）作賓語：常與不定式做賓語連用的動(dòng)詞有：want, hope, wish, offer, fail, plan, learn, pretend, refuse, manage, help, agree, promise, prefer, 如果不定式（賓語）后面有賓語補(bǔ)足語，則用 it 作形式賓語，真正的賓語（不定式）后置，放在賓語補(bǔ)足語后面，例如： Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia. 動(dòng)詞不定式也可充當(dāng)介詞賓語，如： I have no choice but to stay here. He did nothin

7、g last Sunday but repair his bike. 動(dòng)詞不定式前有時(shí)可與疑問詞連用，如： He gave us some advice on how to learn English.    （4）作賓語補(bǔ)足語： 在復(fù)合賓語中，動(dòng)詞不定式可充當(dāng)賓語補(bǔ)足語，如下動(dòng)詞常跟這種復(fù)合賓語：want, wish, ask, tell, order, beg, permit, help, advise, persuade, allow, prepare, cause, force, call on, wait for, invite. 此外，介詞有時(shí)也與這種

8、復(fù)合賓語連用，如： With a lot of work to do, he didn't go to the cinema有些動(dòng)詞如 make, let, see, watch, hear, feel, have 等與不帶有 to 的不定式連用，但改為被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，不定式要加 to, 如： I saw him cross the road. He was seen to cross the road.    （5）作定語：動(dòng)詞不定式作定語，放在所修飾的名詞或代詞后。與所修飾名詞有如下關(guān)系：    動(dòng)賓關(guān)系： 

9、0;  I have a meeting to attend.注意：不定式為不及物動(dòng)詞時(shí)，所修飾的名詞如果是地點(diǎn)、工具等，應(yīng)有必要的介詞，如：He found a good house to live in.The child has nothing to worry about.What did you open it with?    如果不定式修飾 time, place, way，可以省略介詞：He has no place to live.This is the best way to work out this problem.如果不定式所修

10、飾名詞是不定式動(dòng)作承受者，不定式可用主動(dòng)式也可用被動(dòng)式：Have you got anything to send?Have you got anything to be sent?    說明所修飾名詞的內(nèi)容：We have made a plan to finish the work.    被修飾名詞是不定式邏輯主語：He is the first to get here.    （6）作狀語：    表目的：He worked day and night to get

11、 the money.She sold her hair to buy the watch chain.注意不定式放句首時(shí)，邏輯主語與句子主語要一致：wrong：To save money, every means has been tried.right：To save money, he has tried every means.wrong：To learn English well, a dictionary is needed.right：To learn English well, he needs a dictionary.    表結(jié)果：He ar

12、rived late to find the train gone.常用 only 放在不定式前表示強(qiáng)調(diào)：I visited him only to find him out.    表原因：They were very sad to hear the news.    表程度：It“'s too dark for us to see anything.The question is simple for him to answer.    （7）作獨(dú)立成分： To tell you the tr

13、uth, I don't like the way he talked.    （8）不定式的省略：保留to省略do動(dòng)詞。 If you don't want to do it, you don't need to.    （9）不定式的并列：第二個(gè)不定式可省略 to。 He wished to study medicine and become a doctor.    2. -ing 分詞的句法功能 -ing 分詞又分為動(dòng)名詞及現(xiàn)在分詞。    （

14、1） 動(dòng)名詞的句法功能：    作主語：    Reading aloud is very helpful. 朗讀是很有好處的。    Collecting stamps is interesting. 集郵很有趣。    當(dāng)動(dòng)名詞短語作主語時(shí)常用 it 作形式主語。It's no use quarrelling. 爭(zhēng)吵是沒用的。    作表語：    In the ant city, the queen&#

15、39;s job is laying eggs. 在螞蟻王國，蟻后的工作是產(chǎn)卵。    作賓語：    They haven't finished building the dam. 他們還沒有建好大壩。    We have to prevent the air from being polluted. 我們必須阻止空氣被污染。注意動(dòng)名詞既可作動(dòng)詞賓語也可作介詞賓語，如上面兩個(gè)例句。此外，動(dòng)名詞作賓語時(shí)，若跟有賓語補(bǔ)足語，則常用形式賓語 it，例如：    We f

16、ound it no good making fun of others. 我們發(fā)現(xiàn)取笑他人不好。    要記住如下動(dòng)詞及短語只跟動(dòng)名詞作賓語：resist(抵抗)，mind(介意)，suggest(建議)，delay(推遲)，keep(on) (保持)，look forward to (期昐)，enjoy(喜歡)，include(包括)，appreciate(欣賞)，imagine(想象)，practise(實(shí)踐)，finish(完成)，consider(考慮)，can't help(不禁)，miss(錯(cuò)過)以上動(dòng)詞及短語可以通過口訣進(jìn)行記憶：抗議（意）

17、推辭（遲）昐喜報(bào)，心（欣）想事（實(shí)）成考不錯(cuò)。    作定語：    He can't walk without a walking-stick. 他沒有拐杖不能走路。    Is there a swimming pool in your school? 你們學(xué)校有游泳池嗎？    作同位語：    The cave, his hiding-place is secret. 那個(gè)山洞，他藏身的地方很秘密。  

18、0; His habit, listening to the news on the radio remains unchanged他收聽收音機(jī)新聞節(jié)目的習(xí)慣仍未改變。    （2） 現(xiàn)在分詞的句法功能：    作定語：現(xiàn)在分詞作定語，當(dāng)分詞單獨(dú)做定語時(shí)，放在所修飾的名詞前；如果是分詞短語做定語放在名詞后。    In the following years he worked even harder. 在后來的幾年中，他學(xué)習(xí)更努力了。    The man speaking

19、 to the teacher is our monitor's father. 正與老師談話的那個(gè)人是我們班長的父親?，F(xiàn)在分詞作定語相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語從句的句法功能，如：in the following years 也可用 in the years that followed; the man speaking to the teacher 可改為 the man who is speaking to the teacher.    現(xiàn)在分詞作表語：    The film being shown in the cinema i

20、s exciting. 正在這家上演的電影很棒。    The present situation is inspiring. 當(dāng)前的形勢(shì)鼓舞人心。be + doing 既可能表示現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)，也可能是現(xiàn)在分詞做表語，它們的區(qū)別在于 be + doing 表示進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作是進(jìn)行時(shí)，而表示特征時(shí)是系動(dòng)詞be與現(xiàn)在分詞構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu)。    作賓語補(bǔ)足語：如下動(dòng)詞后可跟現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語：see, let, make, listen, hear, have, watch, notice, feel, look at 等。例如： &#

21、160;  Can you hear her singing the song in the next room? 你能聽見她在隔壁唱歌嗎？    以上動(dòng)詞同樣也可以通過口訣進(jìn)行記憶：三讓（make,let,have），三看(see,look at, watch)，兩聽(listen, hear)，注意感覺(notice, feel)    現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語：    a. 作時(shí)間狀語：   (While) Working in the factory, he was an ad

22、vanced worker. 在工廠工作時(shí)，他是一名先進(jìn)工人。    b.作原因狀語：Being a League member, he is always helping others. 由于是共青團(tuán)員，他經(jīng)常幫助他人。    c.作方式狀語，表示伴隨：He stayed at home, cleaning and washing. 他呆在家里，又擦又洗。    d.作條件狀語：(If) Playing all day, you will waste your valuable time. 要是整天玩，

23、你就會(huì)浪費(fèi)寶貴的時(shí)間。    e.作結(jié)果狀語：He dropped the glass, breaking it into pieces. 他把杯子掉了，結(jié)果摔得粉碎。    f.作目的狀語：He went swimming the other day. 幾天前他去游泳了。    g.作讓步狀語：Though raining heavily, it cleared up very soon. 雖然雨下得很大，但不久天就晴了。    h.與邏輯主語構(gòu)成獨(dú)立主格：I waitin

24、g for the bus, a bird fell on my heard我等汽車時(shí)，一只鳥落到我頭上。All the tickets having been sold out, they went away disappointedly. 所有的票已經(jīng)賣光了，他們失望地離開了。Time permitting, we'll do another two exercises. 如果時(shí)間允許，我們將做另兩個(gè)練習(xí)。有時(shí)也可用 with (without) +名詞（代詞賓格）+ 分詞形式With the lights burning, he fell asleep. 他點(diǎn)著燈睡著了。

25、0;   i.作獨(dú)立成分：udging from (by) his appearance, he must be an actor. 從外表看，他一定是個(gè)演員。Generally speaking, girls are more careful. 一般說來，女孩子更細(xì)心。    3. -ed 分詞（過去分詞）的句法功能：    （1） 過去分詞作定語：    Our class went on an organized trip last Monday. 上周一我們班開展了一次有組織的

26、旅行。    Those elected as committee members will attend the meeting. 當(dāng)選為委員的人將出席這次會(huì)。注意當(dāng)過去分詞是單詞時(shí)，一般用于名詞前，如果是過去分詞短語，就放在名詞的后面。過去分詞做定語相當(dāng)于一個(gè)被動(dòng)語態(tài)的定語從句。    （2） 過去分詞作表語：    The window is broken. 窗戶破了。    They were frightened at the sad sight. 他們對(duì)眼前悲慘的

27、景象感到很害怕。    注意：be + 過去分詞，如果表示狀態(tài)是系表結(jié)構(gòu)，如果表示被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作是被動(dòng)語態(tài)。區(qū)別：    The window is broken.（系表）    The window was broken by the boy.（被動(dòng)）    有些過去分詞是不及物動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成的，不表示被動(dòng)，只表示完成。如：    boiled water（開水）fallen leaves（落葉）newly arrived goods（新到的貨）

28、0;   the risen sun（升起的太陽）the changed world（變了的世界）    這類過去分詞有：gone, come, fallen, risen, changed, arrived, returned, passed 等。    （3） 過去分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語：    I heard the song sung several times last week. 上周我聽見這首歌被唱了好幾次。    有時(shí)過去分詞做 with 短語中

29、的賓語補(bǔ)足語：With the work done, they went out to play. 工作做完了，他們出去玩去了。    （4） 過去分詞作狀語：    Praised by the neighbours, he became the pride of his parents. 受到鄰居們的表揚(yáng)，他成為父母的驕傲。（表示原因）    Once seen, it can never be forgotten. 一旦它被看見，人們就忘不了。（表示時(shí)間）    Giv

30、en more time, I“'ll be able to do it better.如果給予更多的時(shí)間，我能做得更好。（表示條件）    Though told of the danger, he still risked his life to save the boy.雖然被告之有危險(xiǎn)，他仍然冒生命危險(xiǎn)去救那個(gè)孩子。（表示讓步）    Filled with hopes and fears, he entered the cave. 心中充滿了希望與恐懼，他走進(jìn)山洞。    三、非謂語動(dòng)詞

31、用法比較與高考題    (一) 動(dòng)詞不定式和動(dòng)名詞作主語比較動(dòng)名詞作主語表示一般或抽象的多次性動(dòng)作，不定式作主語表示具體的或一次性的動(dòng)作，特別是將來的動(dòng)作。例如：    _ is a good form of exercise for both young and old（MET 1992）    AThe walk BWalking CTo walk DWalk（Key：B）    （二） 動(dòng)詞不定式、動(dòng)名詞、分詞作表語比較    （1）不定式

32、和動(dòng)名詞作表語的區(qū)別同作主語一樣。     His job is building houses     Our task now is to increase food production    （2）動(dòng)詞不定式和動(dòng)名詞作表語說明主語的內(nèi)容，現(xiàn)在分詞作表語表示主語所具有的特征，過去分詞作表語表示主語所處的狀態(tài)。    The real problem is getting to know the needs of the customersThe mo

33、st important thing is to put theory into practiceThe purpose of new technologies is to make life easier，_ it more difficult（NMET 1999）    Anot make     Bnot to make   Cnot making   Ddo not make （Key：B）    （三） 動(dòng)詞不定式和動(dòng)名詞作賓語比較 &

34、#160;  （1）有些動(dòng)詞后只跟不定式作賓語，如：want，wish，hope，manage，de- mand，promise，refuse，pretend，plan， offer，decide，agree，expect 等。    We agreed _ here，but so far she hasn't turned up yet（NMET 1995）    Ahaving met     Bmeeting   Cto meet  

35、;      Dto have met （Key：C）    （2）有些動(dòng)詞后只跟動(dòng)名詞作賓語，前文中已有提及    I would appreciate _ back this afternoon（MET 1992）    Ayou to call       Byou call Cyou calling       Dyou“'

36、;re calling（Key：C）    （3）有些動(dòng)詞后既可以跟不定式又可以跟動(dòng)名詞，意義上無多大區(qū)別，如：love， like，hate，prefer，intend，start， continue 等。    I intend to finishfinish- ing the task this morning    （4）有些動(dòng)詞后既可以跟不定式，又可以跟動(dòng)名詞，但意義上有區(qū)別，如：forget，remember， mean，regret，stop，try 等。   

37、 The light in the office is still onOh，I forgot _（MET 1991）    Aturning it off   Bturn it off   Cto turn it off    Dhaving turned it off（Key：C）    forget to do something：忘記去做某事 forget doing something：忘記曾經(jīng)做過某事    You were

38、 brave enough to raise objections at the meeting    Well，now I regret _ that（NMET 1995）    Ato do             Bto be doing Cto have done      Dhaving done（Key：D）    regre

39、t doing something: 后悔做過某事    （四） 動(dòng)詞不定式、分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語和主語補(bǔ)足語比較    （1）有些動(dòng)詞后只跟不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語或主語補(bǔ)足語，如：ask，tell，order，want，wish，warn， allow，advise，permit，forbid 等。    The patientwas warned _ oily food after the operation（NMET 1996）    Ato eat not 

40、0;  Beating not Cnot to eat    Dnot eating（Key：C）    （2）有些動(dòng)詞后既可以跟不定式，又可以跟分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語或主語補(bǔ)足語，但意義不同，如：see，watch，notice，observe，hear，feel，have， make 等，且不定式不帶 to，但在被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中必須帶 to。不定式指動(dòng)作的全過程；現(xiàn)在分詞指正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作的一部分，且表主動(dòng)意義；過去分詞指已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作，且表被動(dòng)意義。    Paul doesn't have t

41、o be made _He always works hard（NMET 1995）    Alearn        Bto learn Clearned      Dlearning（Key：B）    made sb do sth.,與 be made to do sth. 是固定用法本句的意思是：沒有必要強(qiáng)迫保羅學(xué)習(xí)，他總是努力學(xué)習(xí)。The manager discussed the plan that th

42、ey would like to see _ the next year（NMET 2000） Acarry out    Bcarrying out Ccarried out   Dto carry out（Key：C）    plan 后接定語從句，在從句中，關(guān)系代詞 that 指代 plan 作謂語動(dòng)詞 see 的賓語，由于表示被動(dòng)，要用過去分詞短語 carried out 做賓補(bǔ)。    （五） 不定式、動(dòng)名詞、分詞作定語比較    （1）不定式作定語表示“將要”，現(xiàn)在分詞表示“正在”或主動(dòng)，過去分詞表示“已經(jīng)”。    The Olympic Games，_ in 776 B.C.，did not include women players unti