形式主語(yǔ)虛擬同位語(yǔ)獨(dú)立主格

1、2021/4/21 it is advisable, it is desired, it is suggested, it is requested, it was ordered, it was proposed, it is necessary, it is important , it has been decided, it is desirable, it is essential, it is crucial, it is vital, it is proper, it is recommendable等結(jié)構(gòu)后引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句。 It is+ adj.+ subjective cla

2、use2021/4/22 在這類從句中，謂語(yǔ)多用should+動(dòng)詞原形或省略should直接用動(dòng)詞原形。現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)，特別在新聞文字，外交文件，提案等及口語(yǔ)中后一種形式比較普遍，美國(guó)人也比較愛用后一種形式。 例題 It is politely requested by the hotel management that radios _ after 11 oclock at night. A) were not played B) not be played C) not to play D) did not play 正確答案為B)。看見request一詞，我們馬上初步斷定這是測(cè)試虛擬語(yǔ)氣。應(yīng)該

3、用should+動(dòng)詞原形或直接用動(dòng)詞原形。2021/4/23Appositive A construction in which a noun or noun phrase is placed with another as an explanatory equivalent, both having the same syntactic句法的 relation to the other elements in the sentence; for example, Plato and the Greek philosopher in Plato, the Greek philosopher,

4、was born in 427BC. 同位語(yǔ)：一名詞或一名詞詞組作為解釋性成分與另一個(gè)放在一起，這兩個(gè)成分與句子中的其他成分有相同的關(guān)系2021/4/24Appositive Noun (phrase) as the appositive Anna, my best friend, was here last night. Paul Jones, the distinguished art critic, died in his sleep last night. Mr. Campbell the lawyer was here last night. His only interest in

5、 life, playing football, has brought him many friends. He always works hard in spite of the fact that he is not in good health.2021/4/25 同位語(yǔ)所表示的關(guān)系相當(dāng)于連系動(dòng)詞，即可以用be把同位語(yǔ)連接起來(lái)。 Anna is my best friend. Paul Jones is the distinguished art critic. Mr. Campbell is the lawyer. His only interest in life is playi

6、ng football. The fact is that he is not in good health.2021/4/26Noun Clause as the Appositive a. 用作同位語(yǔ)的名詞從句對(duì)與它同位的名詞進(jìn)行解釋或說明其實(shí)際內(nèi)容，一般由that 引導(dǎo)，有時(shí)也可用whether，what, when，where，why，how等來(lái)引導(dǎo)。 The fact that sea water cant be used for drinking is known to all. 2021/4/27 b. 用在同位語(yǔ)從句前的先行詞通常是一個(gè)概括性抽象名詞: answer, appe

7、al, belief, conclusion, decision, discovery, fact, idea，message, news, promise, proposal, question, remark, reply, report, saying, statement, thought, understanding, truth. The fact that he wrote a letter to her suggests that he knew her. 2021/4/28 c. 帶有that-分句作同位語(yǔ)的句子，如果謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞及其補(bǔ)足成分較短或同位的主要名詞詞組帶有其他修飾語(yǔ)

8、，則that-分句可與該主要名詞詞組分隔。例如： The fact remains that there is no filling station (加油站) here. Suddenly the thought came to me that he could go blind. Abraham Lincoln is the most famous instance of the claim that Americans often made that in their country a man may rise from the lowest to the highest positi

9、on. 2021/4/29 d. that既可以用在非限制性同位語(yǔ)從句中，也可以用在限制性同位語(yǔ)從句中。 The ugly fact that he was holding a gun indicated his guilt. The more relevant fact, that the gun had not been fired, was curiously ignored. 2021/4/210Absolute Structure also nominative absolute a free-standing (absolute) part of a sentence that d

10、escribes or modifies the main subject and verb. 試比較: Weather permitting, well go for a walk. Having finished his homework, he went downstairs for a walk.2021/4/211Absolute Structure 獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)（the absolute structure）是由名詞或代詞加上分詞或分詞短語(yǔ)構(gòu)成的一種獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)，用于修飾整個(gè)句子，而不是一個(gè)詞或詞組。獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中的名詞或代詞與其后的分詞或分詞短語(yǔ)構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。這種結(jié)構(gòu)與主句不

11、發(fā)生句法上的聯(lián)系，獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的位置相當(dāng)靈活，可置于主句前、主句末或主句中，常由逗號(hào)將其與主句分開。需特別注意的是，獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)與主需特別注意的是，獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)與主句之間不能使用任何連接詞句之間不能使用任何連接詞。 2021/4/212獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的構(gòu)成 名詞(代詞)+現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞； 名詞(代詞)+形容詞； 名詞(代詞)+副詞； 名詞(代詞)+不定式； 名詞(代詞) +介詞短語(yǔ) 2021/4/213獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的特點(diǎn)： 1) 獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯主語(yǔ)與句子的主語(yǔ)不同，它獨(dú)立存在。 2) 名詞或代詞與后面的分詞，形容詞，副詞，不定式，介詞等是主謂關(guān)系。 3) 獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)一般有逗號(hào)與主句分開

12、。 Example： The test finished, we began our holiday. = when the test was finished, we began our holiday. 2021/4/214 Weather _, well go out for a walk. A) permitted B) permitting C) permits D) for permitting So many directors _, the board meeting had to be put off A) were absent B) been absent C) had

13、been absent D) being absent 2021/4/215 All things _, the planed trip will have to be called off A) be consideredB) considered C) consideringD) having considered2021/4/216獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)種類獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)種類 分詞獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)的形式為 “邏輯主語(yǔ) + 現(xiàn)在分詞/過去分詞”，常用作狀語(yǔ)，用來(lái)表示時(shí)間、原因、條件、方式、伴隨等；有時(shí)可作同位語(yǔ)，起補(bǔ)充說明的作用。例如： a. The dark clouds having dispersed, the

14、 sun shone again. (時(shí)間) b. This done, he left the home. (時(shí)間) c. Nobody having any more to say, the meeting was closed. (原因) 2021/4/217 d. All his savings gone, he started looking for a job. (原因) e. Weather permitting, well have a football match tomorrow. (條件) f. Everything taken into account, his pla

15、n seems to be more workable. (條件) g. He guiding her, they crossed the street. (方式) h. He was lying on the grass, his hands crossed under his head. (方式) 2021/4/218 i. He climbed slowly up the mountain, his courage slipping away at every step. (伴隨) 2021/4/219獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)種類 無(wú)動(dòng)詞獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)的形式為 “邏輯主語(yǔ) + 名詞/形容詞/副詞/介詞短語(yǔ)”，

16、用作狀語(yǔ)，表示方式或伴隨等。例如： She sat down on the ground, her face pale with great pain. 2021/4/220獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)種類 介詞獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)的形式為 “with/without + 邏輯主語(yǔ) + 形容詞/副詞/介詞短語(yǔ)/不定式/現(xiàn)在分詞/過去分詞”，常作狀語(yǔ)，表示方式、伴隨、原因等。例如: a. He left in a hurry, with the door open. b. The boy entered the room, without shoes and socks on. 2021/4/221獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)種類 不定式獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)

17、的形式為 “邏輯主語(yǔ)+不定式”，作狀語(yǔ)，表示說明或伴隨。例如： We divided the work, she to clean the window and I to sweep the floor. 2021/4/222分詞、從句以及獨(dú)立主格分詞、從句以及獨(dú)立主格之間的不同之間的不同 1. 分詞短語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)，它表示分詞動(dòng)作的邏輯主語(yǔ)是句子的主語(yǔ)，連詞可以保留，也可以省略。如： When leaving the railway station, she kept silent. 2. 從句結(jié)構(gòu)，從句前既有連詞也有完整的句子成分，并且主從句的主語(yǔ)可以相同也可以不同。如： Ann was sing

18、ing while she was dancing. The flight of No. 737 had taken off before he arrived. 2021/4/223 3. 獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，該結(jié)構(gòu)中動(dòng)詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)與句子的主語(yǔ)不同，并且要省略連詞，但必須保留獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語(yǔ)。如： All the people having been here, the leader declared the meeting open. The task finished, they would have nothing to do. 2021/4/224Appositive 同位語(yǔ), say

19、s Roseanne M. Lyle, associate professor at Purdue. (L6)The first and most common is having low iron reserves, a condition that typically has no symptoms. (L32)Split the above two sentences into simple sentences respectively.PracticePractice, says Roseanne M. Lyle. She is an associate professor at Pu

20、rdue University. (L6)2. The first and most common is having low iron reserves. It is a condition that typically has no symptoms. (L32)Now combine the following simple sentences into one sentence by using appositives.2021/4/225 The ancient Chinese were a people of inventors and discoverers. The ancient Chinese were a people of philosophers and soldiers. The ancient Chinese were a people of poets and craftsmen. The ancient Chi