直接引語間接引語專講與專練

1、1直接引語和間接引語【學(xué)習(xí)指南】直接引語就是直接地引用或復(fù)述別人的話，并放在引號內(nèi)。間接引語則是說話人用自己的話轉(zhuǎn)述他人的原話， 被轉(zhuǎn)述的內(nèi)容不放在引號內(nèi)。 間接引語是說話者站在自己的角度進(jìn)行 轉(zhuǎn)述，因此，不同的直接引語要用不同的句式來進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)述，且直接引語中的代詞、動詞的時態(tài)以及時間或地點(diǎn)狀語都要有相應(yīng)的變化，部分引述動詞有時也需做適當(dāng)?shù)恼{(diào)整。這些變化有一定的規(guī)則， 但在具體運(yùn)用時往往呈現(xiàn)復(fù)雜的情況。本章的學(xué)習(xí)重點(diǎn)是要掌握陳述句、疑問句、祈使句、感嘆句等由直接引語變?yōu)殚g接引語最基本的規(guī)則，特別是特殊 疑問句轉(zhuǎn)換成間接引語時的詞序變化、時態(tài)的前后呼應(yīng)以及規(guī)則以外的不同變化。準(zhǔn)確地進(jìn)行直接引語和間

2、接引語的轉(zhuǎn)換有助于我們準(zhǔn)確地進(jìn)行交際。而且要在時態(tài)、人稱、時間、一、直接引語與間接引語的轉(zhuǎn)換 在將直接引語轉(zhuǎn)換為間接引語時，不僅句式上要有變化, 地點(diǎn)等方面作相應(yīng)的變化。1、引語轉(zhuǎn)換時的句式變化不同的直接引語句式，如：陳述句、疑問句、祈使句和感嘆句，轉(zhuǎn)換成間接引語時要遵 循一定的句式轉(zhuǎn)換規(guī)則，還要注意根據(jù)句意，使用適當(dāng)?shù)囊鰟釉~。(1) 陳述句的間接引語將陳述句轉(zhuǎn)換為間接引語，通常用that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句來表達(dá)。連詞that在不引起歧義的情況下可以省略。弓I述分句的動詞常見的有say和tell等?！拘√俊块g接引語中不用say tosb,要用tell sb來引述。He said, I caug

3、ht a cold yesterday.”他說：“我昨天感冒了?！盚e said (that) he had caught a cold the day before.他說他前天感冒了。Helen said to me, I m tired of taking such exams.海倫說：“我討厭參加這種考試?！盚ele n told me (that) she was tired of tak ing such exams.海倫說她討厭參加這種考試?！军c(diǎn)津坊】 在下列情況下，往往要保留that。 that的省略會產(chǎn)生歧義。Linda said disappointedly that whe

4、n she arrived at the station, the train had already left.琳達(dá)很失望地說，她到達(dá)車站時火車已經(jīng)開走了。(如不用that, when狀語從句既可以理解為修飾said,又可以理解為修飾 had left) 當(dāng)引述動詞后面不止跟一個that引導(dǎo)的從句時，第二個that不能省略。He said (that) he was leaving for Europe the next week and that he would stay there for half a year.他說他下周要到歐洲去并在那里呆半年。(第二個that不能省略)(2) 疑

5、問句的間接引語【小帖士】引述詞say to on eself常改 成 wonder。I said to myself, Am I fit for the job? ”I wondered if I was fit for the job.我不知道我是否 能勝任這項(xiàng)工作。直接引語如果是疑問句，變成間接引語后，叫做間接問 句。弓I述的動詞常用 ask, inquire, wonder, want to know 等。 間接問句的詞序一般都用正常詞序， 句末不用問號，用句號。 一般疑問句的間接引語直接引語為一般疑問句時，用連詞whether或if引導(dǎo),某些表示請求的疑問句也可以轉(zhuǎn)換成間接祈使句。I

6、asked him, “ Are you satisfied with the results?我問他：“你對這結(jié)果滿意嗎？”I asked him whether he was satisfied with the results. 我問他對這結(jié)果是否滿意。Did you go to the British Museum yesterday? ” asked Kate.凱特問：“你昨天有沒有去大英博物館？”Kate asked me if I had gone to the British Museum the day before.凱特問我昨天有沒有去大英博物館。The old man s

7、aid to a passer-by,“ Will you tell me the way to get to the Great Wall Hotel?那位老人跟一位過路人說：“請問到長城飯店的路怎么走?！盩he old man asked a passer-by to tell him the way to the Great Wall Hotel.那位老人請一位過路人告訴他去長城飯店的路。 選擇疑問句的間接引語直接引語為選擇疑問句時，用連詞 whether/ifor引導(dǎo)。He said, “ Are you in terested in En glish or not?”他說：“你是否對

8、英語感興趣 ？”He asked (me) whether I was interested in English or not.他問我是否對英語感興趣?！?Do you like Chinese food or Japanese food?” he asked.他問：“你喜歡中國食物還是日本食物？”He asked whether / if I liked Chinese food or Japanese food.他問我喜歡中國食物還是日本食物。 特殊疑問句的間接引語直接引語為特殊疑問句，轉(zhuǎn)換為間接引語時，仍用原來的疑問詞引導(dǎo)?！?Whado you do in your free tim

9、e ?” he asked me.他問我：“你業(yè)余時間干什么？”He asked me what I did in my free time.他問我業(yè)余時間做什么。“ Why did shego to America ? Paul asked.保羅問：“她為什么去美國？”Paul asked why she had gone to America.保羅問她為什么去了美國?！拘√俊俊?What s the matter with yoi和 “ Whaf s wrong with you改為間接引語時詞序不變。He asked me what was wrong with me.他問我出什么事了

10、。He asked me what was the matter with me. 他問我怎么了。(3) 祈使句的間接引語直接引語如果是祈使句，變成間接引語后，叫間接祈使句。 祈使句表示命令時，要把直接引語的動詞say變成comma nd, order, tell等動詞，被轉(zhuǎn)述的部分改為動詞不定式。否定祈使句改為not to do結(jié)構(gòu)?！?Stay where you are, ” she said.她說：“呆在原地?！盨he told me to stay where I was.她告訴我呆在原地。“ Don t smoke in the room, ” he said.他說：“別在房間里抽

11、煙。”He told me not to smoke in the room. 她叫我別在房間里抽煙。 祈使句表示請求時，常把直接引語的動詞say變成ask, beg, request, urge等動詞。She said to me, “Please wait till I return, will you? ” 她說：“請你一直等到我回來，好嗎？” She begged me to wait till she returned. 她請求我一直要等到她回來。 以Let開頭的祈使的句，通常將引述動詞改為suggest,然后再接that從句。John said to Bill, “Letsgo h

12、iking tomorrow. ”約翰對比爾說, “我們明天去徒步旅行吧。 ”John suggestedto Bill that they (should) go hiking the next day. 約翰向比爾提議第二天去徒步旅行。(4) 感嘆句的間接引語直接引語是感嘆句, 變成間接引語后,叫做間接感嘆句。間接感嘆句多采用賓語從句結(jié) 構(gòu)，既可用what或how引導(dǎo)，也可用that引導(dǎo)，還可以根據(jù)句子表達(dá)的不同感情選用適當(dāng) 的動詞和狀語來轉(zhuǎn)換。He said,“What a beautiful viet wis ! ”他說：“多么漂亮的景色！ ”He said that it was a

13、 very beautiful view.他說景色非常漂亮。He cried out what a beautiful view it was.他大聲說這景色是多么地漂亮。She often says, “What a great country China is!”她常說：“中國是一個多么偉大的國家！ ”She often says that China is a very great country. 她常說中國是一個非常偉大的國家。She often remarks with admiration (that) China is a great country. 她常常贊賞地說中國多么偉

14、大(5) 并列句和復(fù)合句的間接引語當(dāng)轉(zhuǎn)述的內(nèi)容為并列句或復(fù)合句, 或有兩種以上的句子時, 應(yīng)根據(jù)不同的句式來選擇不 同的引述動詞和連接詞。He said, “Itold her to wait, but she went away. ” 他說：“我告訴她等一下,但她還是走了。He said ( that ) he had told her to wait but that she went away. 他說他已經(jīng)告訴她等一下,但她還是走了。She said, “It is cold here. Is the window shut? ”她說：“這兒很冷。窗 戶關(guān)了嗎？”She said tha

15、t it was cold there and asked if the window was shut.她說那兒很冷,并問窗 戶是否關(guān)了。Fenwick said to me, “Go and see Robin. He will tell you everything you want to know. ” 芬威克對我說：“去看看羅賓吧,他會告訴你想要知道的事情。 ”Fenwick advised me to go and see Robin, and said that he would tell me everything I wanted to know.芬威克建議我去看羅賓,因?yàn)樗?/p>

16、會告訴我想要知道的事情。二、引語轉(zhuǎn)換時的各種相應(yīng)變化 直接引語轉(zhuǎn)換成間接引語除了有句式的變化外, 還要掌握動詞時態(tài)、人稱代詞、指示代 詞、時間狀語、地點(diǎn)狀語和詞序的變化。（1）動詞時態(tài)的變化 如果引述動詞為現(xiàn)在時態(tài)，間接引語的動詞可以保持原來的時態(tài)。He says,I have bee n writi ng a no vel.”他說：“我一直在寫一本小說。”He saysthat he has been writi ng a no vel.他說他一直在寫一本小說。如果引述動詞為過去時態(tài)，間接引語中的時間就要往后推，即現(xiàn)在時間推至過去時間, 過去時間推至過去的過去，將來時間推至過去將來時間。具體

17、變化見下表：直接引語時態(tài)間接引語時態(tài)一般現(xiàn)在時一般過去時現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時過去進(jìn)行時現(xiàn)在完成時過去完成時現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時過去完成進(jìn)行時一般過去時過去完成時過去完成時過去完成時一般將來時過去將來時將來進(jìn)行時過去將來進(jìn)行時The teacher said, You are doing OK.”老師說：“你們干得很不錯。”The teacher said we were doing OK.老師說我們干得很不錯。（現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時變?yōu)檫^去進(jìn)行時）I asked her,“ WAvee/ou spent your holiday? ”我問她：“你去哪里度假了？”I asked her where she had spe

18、nt her holiday.我問她去哪里度假了。（現(xiàn)在完成時變?yōu)檫^去完成時）She said, wenlt to Shan ghai. ”她說：“我去過上海?！盨he said that she had gone to Shan ghai.她說她去過上海。（過去時變?yōu)檫^去完成時）He said,had finished my work before 10 o clock. ”他說：“我在十點(diǎn)鐘前就完成工作了?！盚e said that he had finished his work before 10 o. clock.他說他在十點(diǎn)鐘前就完成工作了。（過去完成時不變）The mayor s

19、aid: “ Thepeople of Beijing will be preparing to light the Olympic torch to welcome athletes and fans from all over the world.”這位市長說：“北京人民將準(zhǔn)備點(diǎn)燃奧運(yùn)火炬來迎接來自全世界的運(yùn)動員和運(yùn)動迷?！盩he mayor said that the people of Beijing would be preparing to light the Olympic torch to welcome athletes and fans from all over the

20、world.這位市長說北京人民將準(zhǔn)備點(diǎn)燃奧運(yùn)火炬來迎接來自全世界的運(yùn)動員和運(yùn)動迷。（將來進(jìn)行時變?yōu)檫^去將來進(jìn)行時）（2）情態(tài)動詞的變化在間接引語中，有些情態(tài)動詞沒有過去式，轉(zhuǎn)換為間接引語時仍用原來的形式，或用其它表示法。直接引語間接引語must （必然）（推測）mustmustn t禁止）mustn tmust （必須）had to/ would have toshallshouldshouldshouldwillwouldwouldwouldmaymightmightmightcancouldcouldcoulddaredaredn eedn eedought toought toHe sa

21、id, I remllystgo. ”他說：“我一定得走了?！盚e said that he really must go.他說他一定得走了。Must we hand in our exercise this after noon? ” he asked.他問：“我們得 今天下午 交作業(yè)嗎？”He asked if they had to hand in the exercise that after noon.他問他們是否 那天下午得交作業(yè)。“ Yoineed not take an umbrella with y ou, ” he said.他說：“你不用帶雨傘?！盚e said that

22、 I need not take an umbrella with me.他說我不用帶雨傘。【點(diǎn)津坊】因?yàn)槿朔Q發(fā)生了變化，在直接引語中可用shall或should，而在間接引語中則用would?！?Should be glad to come. ”“我會很愿意來的?！盚e said he would be glad to come. 他說他會很愿意來。(3) 人稱代詞的變化人稱代詞的變化要以轉(zhuǎn)述者的立場作適當(dāng)?shù)母淖?。改變方式通常與漢語基本相同，即第一、三人稱轉(zhuǎn)換成第三人稱；第二人稱轉(zhuǎn)換成第一、三人稱。m fond of surfingthe Internet, ” he said.他說：“我喜

23、歡網(wǎng)上沖浪?！盚e said he was fond of surfi ng the Intern et.他說他喜歡網(wǎng)上沖浪。You should pay more attention to your pronunciation,” . the teacher said老師說：“你應(yīng)該更注意你的發(fā)音?！盩he teacher said that I should pay more atte nti on to my pronun ciati on.老師說我應(yīng)該更注意我的發(fā)音?！拘√俊?但如果說話人引述自己的話，人稱代詞不必改動。I said, I had a good time at the

24、 party. 我說：“我在晚會上玩得很開心?！盜 said that I had had a good time at the party. 我說我在晚會上玩得很開心。(4) 指示代詞的變化在間接引語中，指示代詞this轉(zhuǎn)換成that，these轉(zhuǎn)換成those。He said, “ Please shovthiseone. ”他說：“請拿這個給我看一下。”He asked me to show him that one.他要我拿那個給他看一下。He said, “I d like tbesaesunglasses.”他說：“我想看這些太陽鏡”He said that he wan ted

25、to see those sun glasses. 他說他想看那些太陽鏡。(5) 時間狀語和地點(diǎn)狀語的變化根據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)述的時間和地點(diǎn)不同，時間狀語和地點(diǎn)狀語存在著較多的變化。直接引語todaythis morning/ after noon/eve ning yesterdayyesterday morning /after noon etc. the day before yesterday tomorrowthe day after tomorrown ext week / month / year etc.last ni ght / month / year, etc.two weeks /

26、mon ths / years agonow so far in 1990 here間接引語that daythat morning / after noon / evening the day before, the previous day the previous morning / after noon etc.the morning before, the afternoon before two days beforethe next day, the following day in two days time, two days after the next week / mo

27、nth / year, etc.the follow ing week / month / year etc. the previous ni ght / month / year etc.the night before, the month before etc.the weeks before, two mon ths before the nby thenin 1990there“ we leave here tomorrow, ” he said. 他說：“我們明天離開這里?！盚e said that they would leave there the next day. 他說他們

28、將在第二天離開那里?！癐 met hm the day before yesterday, ” she said. 她說：“我前天遇見過他?！盨he said that she had met him two days before. 她說她前兩天遇見過他。(6) 間接引語的詞序變化 直接引語為疑問句時，間接引語要把倒裝詞序變?yōu)檎Ｔ~序。He asked, “ How these differences come abou?” 他問：“這些不同之處是如何產(chǎn)生的？”He asked how those differences had come about 他問那些不同之處是如何產(chǎn)生的。“ Wha

29、ts adventure travel ? ” he asked.他問：“冒險旅游是什么？”He asked what adventure travel was.他問什么是冒險旅游?！驹囶}播報】No one can be surein a millio n years.A. what man will look likeB. what will man look likeC. man will look like whatD. what look will man like【分析】本題考查賓語從句的詞序。賓語從句引導(dǎo)詞為what，充當(dāng)介詞like的賓語，先排除C項(xiàng)。B和D的詞序仍是疑問句的倒裝

30、詞序。故本題正確答案是A。二. 引語轉(zhuǎn)換應(yīng)注意的事項(xiàng)直接引語轉(zhuǎn)換成間接引語要遵循一些最基本的規(guī)則，特別是時態(tài)的前后呼應(yīng)及人稱代 詞、時間狀語、地點(diǎn)狀語的變化。掌握好一些“變化”和“不變化”的規(guī)則，有助于準(zhǔn)確地 進(jìn)行交際。1、時態(tài)不用變化如果引述動詞為過去式時，間接引語中動詞的形式則在下列情況下不用變化： 直接引語如果是表達(dá)客觀真理、格言時。He said,“ Well disrbetter than well said.他說：說得好不如做得好。”He said that well do ne is better than well said. 他說說得好不如做得好。 直接引語中謂語動詞如是虛擬

31、語氣，變成間接引語后仍用原來形式。I advise that yoistopsmoking, ” thloctor said.醫(yī)生說：我勸你戒煙?！盩he doctor advised that he stop smok ing.醫(yī)生勸他戒煙。 直接引語中的謂語動詞與具體時間狀語連用時，間接引語時態(tài)可不變。He told me, Jurassic Park was made by Spielberg in 1993. ” 他告訴我：侏羅紀(jì)公園是斯 皮爾伯格于1993年拍攝的。”He told me that Jurassic Park was made by Spielberg in 佃93.

32、他告訴我侏羅紀(jì)公園是斯 皮爾伯格于1993年拍攝的。 直接引語中的時間狀語為過去時形式，引語中狀語從句的謂語動詞時態(tài)通常不變。Mr. Smith said,“ Whevedein that city, we often met each other. ”史密斯先生說：“當(dāng)我們住在那個城市時，我們經(jīng)常見面?！盡r. Smith said that when they lived in that city they had often met each other.史密斯先生說當(dāng)他們住在那個城市時，他們經(jīng)常見面。 當(dāng)引語表達(dá)的動作或狀態(tài)現(xiàn)在仍然存在時，從句的謂語動詞可不用變化。Our teache

33、r said,-travEbos a form of travel that comb ines no rmal tourism with lear ning.我們老師說：“生態(tài)旅游是一種結(jié)合一般旅游和學(xué)習(xí)的旅游?！監(jiān)ur teacher said that eco-travel is a form of travel that combines normal tourism with learning.我們老師說生態(tài)旅游是一種結(jié)合一般旅游和學(xué)習(xí)的旅游。 當(dāng)引述動詞用現(xiàn)在時形式時，引語中的時態(tài)不須改動。He says, I have accepted her invitation他說：“我已經(jīng)

34、接受她的邀請了?！盚e saysthat he has acceptedher in vitatio n.他說他已經(jīng)接受她的邀請了。2、時間狀語、地點(diǎn)狀語不用變化 如果說話時間和引述時間相同（如同一天，同一月等），時間狀語可不變。I finished writing my paper yesterday, ” he satdday.他今天說：“我昨天寫完論文了。 ”He told me today that he finished writing the paper yesterday.他今天說他昨天寫完論文了。 轉(zhuǎn)述的地點(diǎn)不變時，地點(diǎn)狀語here不必改為there。He said, “I e

35、njoy my steye.”他說：“我在這里逗留期間玩得很開心。”He said that he enjoyed his stay here.他說他在這里逗留期間玩得很開心。3、引述動詞的變化為了讓表達(dá)更豐富多彩一些，引述動詞除了常見的tell, ask, say外，根據(jù)不同句式還可以選用下列動詞:句式常見的引述動詞祈使句表請求ask, beg, request表命令comma nd, order, tell表建議suggest, advise表提醒remi nd表提供幫助offer疑問句一般語體ask, won der, want to know正式語體inquire / enquire感

36、嘆句cry, shout, exclaim, call out, admit, wish陳述句帶雙賓語（可用for改寫）bring, buy, choose, cook, do, fetch, get, leave, make, order, paint, play, reach, save, spare帶雙賓語（可用to改寫）bring, deny, do, give, grant, hand, lead, offer, owe, pass, pay, permit, promise, read, refuse, return, sell, send, show, take, tell, t

37、hrow, writeThe boy said to his mother,I II never smoke again.”那男孩子對他母親說：“今后我決不再吸煙了。 ”The boy promised his mother n ever to smoke aga in.那男孩向他母親保證不再吸煙。Call the police, Sean, ” haid.他說：“肖恩，叫警察?！盚e ordered Sea n to call the police.他命令肖恩叫警察。（表命令的祈使句）“ Don t forget to buy me some ketchup on your way home

38、,” said Mother.媽媽說：“別忘了在回家的路上幫我買些番茄汁?！癕other reminded me not to forget to buy her some ketchup on my way home.媽媽提醒我別忘了在回家路上幫她買些番茄汁。（表提醒的祈使句）“ Shall I post these letters for you?” he asked.他問：“要我?guī)兔Π堰@些信寄出去嗎？”He offered to post those letters for me.他提出要幫我寄出那些信。（表提供幫助的祈使句）“ Does she really mean it?” he

39、asked.他問：“她真的是這個意思嗎？”He wondered / wanted to know whether/ if she really meant it.他想知道她是否真的是這意思。（疑問句）4、間接引語的句式變化為了使表達(dá)更生動，更準(zhǔn)確，我們在進(jìn)行直接引語和間接引語轉(zhuǎn)換時，可注意使用不同的句式，這對提高我們表達(dá)能力的檔次很有幫助?！?Merry Christmas! ” he said.他說：“圣誕快樂！”He wished me a merry Christmas.他祝我圣誕快樂?！?Help! ” he cried.他喊道：“救命啊！ “He called for help.他

40、大聲呼救。Mr. Wu said to them,“Youd better make preparations for the exam.吳老師對他們說：“你們最好為考試做準(zhǔn)備。 ”Mr. Wu advised them to make preparations for the exam. 吳老師勸他們?yōu)榭荚囎龊脺?zhǔn)備。He said, “I did break the window. ” 他說：“我的確打爛了那個玻璃窗。 ”He admitted having broken the window. 他承認(rèn)打爛了那個玻璃窗?！癉ont walk on the ice. It isn t safe

41、,”Mother said to us. 媽媽對我們說： “不要在冰上行走，不安全！ ”Mother warned us not to walk on the ice since it wasn t safe. 媽媽告誡我們不要在冰上行走因?yàn)椴话踩?。“Have a cigarette,”he said. “No, thanks, ”I replied. “抽只煙吧？”他說。 “不，謝謝！”我回答道。He offered me a cigarette which I refused. 他給我一只煙，我謝絕了?！居?xùn)練大本營】一、選擇填空1. He asked for the violin.A. d

42、id I pay how muchB. I paid how muchC. how much did I payD. how much I paid2. Can you make sure the gold ring?A. where Alice has putB. where had Alice putC. where Alice had putD. where has Alice put3. These photos will show you .A. what does our village look like B. what our village looks likeC. how

43、our village look likeD. how our village looks like4. You can t imagine when they received these nice Christmas presents.A. how they were excitedB. how excited they wereC. how excited were theyD. they were how excited5. she said suggested that she hadnt decided to go or not.A. What, ifB. That, whethe

44、rC. What, whetherD. What, whichever6. I ll ask my parents .A. whether they will agree to goB. if they let me goC. if they will let me goD. whether they allow me to7. -Do you mind if Jim will come to help?-I really dont know a person like him can help me with.A. whatB. thatC. howD. if8. He asked me i

45、f .A. the train will lateB. the train always arrived lateC. the train arrives on timeD. the train stops here9. It is said in the book that Thomas Edison (1847-1931) the world leading inventor forsixty years.A. would beB. has beenC. had beenD. was-Where was I?-You you didnA. had saidC. were saying10. -Sorry to have in terrupted you. Please go on.t like your fathers job.B. saidD. had been saying二、把下列直接引語變成間接引語1. “ You have done a good job, ” said the teacher.2. He said, “I ll help you with it later.”3. “ Be careful with the dog