英語寫作手冊復(fù)習(xí)資料

1、精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上Part OneYou should do everything-writing the tile, leaving margins, indenting, capitalizing, and diving words-according to generally accepted rules.Arrangement1. Write the title in the middle of the first line. Capitalize the first and last words of the title and all other words (includ

2、ing words following hyphens in compound words) except articles, coordinating conjunctions, prepositions, and the to in infinitives2. No period is used at the end of a tile. 'pærr:f3. Indent n'dent the first line of every paragraph, leaving a space of about four or five ma 逗號

3、period 句號 semicolon 分號 colon 冒號 question mark 問號 exclamation mark 感嘆號bracket 括號 parentheses 小括號 quotation mark 引號 hyphen 破折號Do not begin a line with a comma, a period, a semicolon semikln, a colon, a question mark or an exclamation mark. Do not end a line with the first half of pair of brackets, par

4、entheses, or quotation marks. The hyphen that indicated a divided word is put at the end, not at the beginning, of a line.Capitalization kæptla'zen（大寫）Capitals are used mainly at three places: the first words if sentences, key words in titles, and proper names.Word Division（移行）The general p

5、rinciple is to divide a word according to its syllables and never put the hyphen at the beginning of a line. 詳見書P3.Punctuation pktuen (標(biāo)點(diǎn))Use a period (full stop) at the end of a complete sentence, however short it is.Do not use a comma to join two coordinate clauses; use a comma and a conjunction,

6、or a semicolon.Make your commas different form your periods. A comma has a little tail (,); a period is a dot(.), not a tiny circle (。), which is used in written Chinese.Use a question mark at the end of a direct question; do not use one at the end of a indirect question.Use the exclamation mark onl

7、y after an emphatic interjection or words that express very strong emotion. Do not overuse it.Put direct speech between quotation marks. The subject and verb that introduce a quotation may be put before, after, or in the middle of the quotation.Part Two.Levels of Words (Style or types)The words that

8、 are often used may be divided, from a stylistic point of view, into three types: formal, common, and informal.Formal words may also be called learned words, or literary words, or “big” words. Many such words contain three syllables. They are seldom used in daily conversation, except for special pur

9、poses.The people used every day, and appear in all kinds of writing. Because of this, they are called common words.There are words which are mainly used in informal or familiar conversation. They seldom appear in formal writing, and in literary works their use is to record people s thoughts and dial

10、ogs 'dalg(會話). They are usually short words of one or two syllables and most of them are of Saxon origin. We call them informal words.Slang words are highly informal; they may be vivid and interesting, but they may, when used inappropriately, make the writer or speaker sound offensive or funny.T

11、he Meaning of WordsThe meaning of word has two aspects: denotative d'nttv and connotative k'nttv. (原義和涵義)A words denotation is what it literally means, as defined by the dictionary; its connotation is the felling or idea suggested by it.Big and large are both commonly used words, but large i

12、s slightly more formal and may be used to describe things that are unusually big, so it is more emphatic than big. Huge, which is more literary ltrri（文雅）than these two words, means extremely large, and is more emphatic than large.Small and little are often interchangeable, but there is some differen

13、ce in emotional coloring between them. Small is objective (客觀的), while little may imply a felling of fondness（主觀色彩）.Modest and humble both indicate a lack of pride, but modesty is a virtue and humbleness is not. Humble often connotes undue self-depression. So they are different in tone: one is lauda

14、tory l:dtri (褒義詞) and the other is derogatory drgt:ri:, -tri: (貶義詞).General and Specific WordsSpecific words help to make writing clear, exact, vivid, and striking(準(zhǔn)確), for they are more informative (信息量大) and expressive（表現(xiàn)力強(qiáng)）than general words.Idiomsdim (習(xí)語、成語)An idiom is a fixed group of words wit

15、h a special meaning which is different form the meanings of the words that form it. The “read between the lines” is an idiom.Idiom are frequently used in speech and writing. They help to make ones language sound natural and idiomatic(地道).Figures of Speech (修辭格)1.Simile 'sml(明喻/直喻)It is a compari

16、son between two distinctly different things and the comparison is indicated by the word as or like.The discrepancy ds'krepns (矛盾) between the two things compared makes their similarity all the more striking（顯著的；突出的）.e.g. He is as hungry as a hunter. e.g. He is as cool as cumber.2.Metaphor metf(r

17、) (隱喻)It is the use of a word which originally denotes one thing to refer to another with a similar quality. It is also a comparison(比較關(guān)系), but the comparison is implied, not expressed with the word as or like.e.g. All the world is a stage. e.g. He had a very red face.3.Personification (擬人法)It is to

18、 treat a thing or an idea as if it were human or had human qualities.e.g. The apple was too sour, my teeth didnt like it. e.g. The flowers was smiled at me.4.Metonymymtnmi(換喻/轉(zhuǎn)喻)It is substituting the name of one thing for another with which it is closely associated.e.g. He has a good ear for music.

19、 e.g. Have you ever read Jack London? e.g. Please，give me a hand. e.g. His unfriendly tongue surprised her.5.Synecdoche snekdki (提喻)When a part is substituted for the whole or the whole is substituted for a part. Metonymy and synecdoche are similar as both involve substitution. Sometimes they can ha

20、rdly be distinguished form metaphor, which in away is also substitution.譯：換喻與提喻存有相似之處：二者都是一種替換，有時(shí)他們隱喻與不易區(qū)分，因?yàn)楹笳咴谝环N程度上也是一種替換。e.g. The problem is that we need more hands now. e.g. He has many months (家庭成員)to feed.6.Euphemismju:fmzm(婉言/委婉法)It is the substitution of a mild or vague expression for a hars

21、h or unpleasant one.e.g. The girl is hard hearing. e.g. She is in a family way.7.Irony'arn(反語)It is the use of words, which are clearly opposite to what is meant, in order to achieve a special effect. 好，你真能干，能干得輸給我了（反語）。 搬家很是有趣?e.g. Well , you are a beauty , you 've lost me the game . e.g. M

22、oving in was fun!8.Overstatement and Understatement(夸大和縮小)In overstatement the diction exaggerates(夸大) the subject, and in understatement the words play down the magnitude(程度) or value of the subject. Overstatement is also called hyperbole(夸張).Both aim at the same effect: to make the statement or de

23、scription impressive or interesting. (鮮明和有趣)e.g. He worked his fingers to the bones. (他拼老命地去工作。夸張到“把他的手指磨損得露出了骨頭”。)e.g. We are none of us getting any younger.我們都不年輕啦。縮小9.Transferred Epithetepet(移就/移位修飾)A transferred epithet is one that is shifted form the noun it logically modifies to a word associa

24、ted with that noun.e.g. She showed me an appalled gesture.(她向我作了一個(gè)吃驚的手勢。) e.g. Happy new year.10.Oxymoronks'm:rn(矛盾修飾法)In oxymoron apparently contradictory terms are combined to produce a special effect.e.g. He is a cleaver fool. 他是一個(gè)天生的傻瓜。11.Alliteration ltren (頭韻法)It refers to the appearance o

25、f the same initial consonant sound in two or more words. 兩個(gè)或更多的詞以相同的輔音字母開始，便構(gòu)成頭韻。Alliteration is often used in poetry to give emphasis to words that are related in meaning. 如: e.g. Without rhyme or reason. 毫無理由 black and blue 鼻青臉腫 e.g. He will join the project, heart and hand. 他會滿腔熱情地參加這項(xiàng)計(jì)劃。Part Thr

26、eeThe Sentence.Complete Sentences and Sentence Fragment(完整句和不完整句)A grammatically complete sentence is one that contains at least a subject and a predicate (or finite) verb; if the verb is transitive, these must be an object; if the verb is a link-verb, there must be a predicative or complement.像“Hav

27、e done it” “Raining,” and “How to use it”為Sentence Fragment (不完整句)A complete sentence begins with a capital letter and ends with a period. The use of a comma fault in place of a period, a semicolon, a colon, or a dash in English writing is called the comma fault.Types of Sentences 1. Declarative, In

28、terrogative, imperative, Exclamatory Sentences dklærtv陳述句ntrgtv疑問句m'pertv祈使句ksklæmtri感嘆句According to their use, sentences are declarative, interrogative, imperative, or exclamatory. A declarative sentence makes an assertion or a statement. An interrogative sentence asks a question. An

29、imperative sentence expresses a command or a request. An exclamatory sentence expresses a strong felling or emotion, such as surprise, pain, or joy.2. Simple, Compound, Complex, and Compound-Complex Sentences 簡單句 并列句 復(fù)合句 并列復(fù)合句According to their structure, sentences are simple, compound, complex, or

30、compound-complex.A simple sentence has only one subject and one predicate-verb, but it may contain more than one object, attribute or more adverbial.A compound sentence consists of two or more independent clauses (or simple sentences) related to each other in meaning, and linked by a coordinating co

31、njunction (and, but, or, etc.) or by a semicolon without a conjunction. Coordinated ideas should be compatible and roughly equal in importance, or take shape one by one in orderly sequence.A complex sentence contains one main (or principal) clause and one or more dependent (or subordinate) clause, w

32、ith a connective word denoting the relation between the two parts. The dependent clause may play the part of a subject, an object, a predicative, an attribute, or an adverbial in the main clause. As a rule, the major idea is expressed in the main clause and the idea or ideas of lesser importance in

33、the subordinate clauses. (從句)A compound-complex sentence contains at least two main clauses and at least one dependent clause-a combination of a compound and a complex sentence.Short simple sentences are often used to make emphatic or important statements.Long complex sentences express complex ideas

34、 clearly and accurately, for they have room for all kinds of modifiers (修飾語).3. Loose, Periodic, and Balanced Sentences 松散句 圓周句 對偶句Form a rhetorical(修辭)point of view, sentences are loose, periodic, or balanced. A loose sentence puts the main idea before all supplementary information; in other words,

35、 it puts first things first, and lets the readers known what it is mainly about when they have read the first few words. The reverse arrangement makes arrangement makes a periodic piridik sentence: the main idea is expressed at or near the end of it, and it is not grammatically complete until the en

36、d is reached. The readers do not know what it is mainly about until they finish reading it.Loose sentences are easier, simple, more natural and direct; periodic sentences are more complex, emphatic, formal, or literary.When a sentence contains two parallel clauses similar in structure but contrasted

37、 in meaning, it is a balanced sentenced.Balanced sentences are impressive because of the contrast, and pleasing to hear because of the rhythm.4. Short and Long Sentences (短句和長句)Short sentences are usually emphatic, whereas(然而) long sentences are capable of expressing complex ideas with precision(準(zhǔn)確的

38、), because it many contain many modifiers. Short sentences are suitable for the presentation of important facts and ideas, and long sentences for the explanation of views and theories, or the description of things with many details.Effective Sentences (有效的句子)1. Unity (一致性)Unity is the first quality

39、of an effective sentence. A unified sentence expresses a single complete thought. It does not contain ideas that are not closely related, nor does it express a thought that is not complete by itself.2. Coherencekhrns(連貫性)Coherence means clear and reasonable connection between parts.It is not coheren

40、t if it has (錯(cuò)誤類型如下：)fault parallel constructions (not parallel in form 平行結(jié)構(gòu)錯(cuò)誤)pronouns with ambiguous reference(代詞指代不清楚)dangling or misplaced modifiers(修飾語與被修飾語關(guān)系不明確)confusing shifts in person and number, or in voice, tense, and mood(人稱、數(shù)、語態(tài)、時(shí)態(tài)、或語氣上混亂).3. Concisenesskn'sasns(簡潔性)Repetition is s

41、ometimes necessary for emphasis, but unnecessary repetition, either of the same words or of different words with the same meaning, should be avoided. 錯(cuò)誤類型：unnecessary repetitione.g. In my opinion, I think your plan is feasible. (F) In my opinion, your plan is feasible. (R) I think your plan is feasi

42、ble. (R)具體例子詳見書 P48Conciseness can sometimes be achieved by changing the sentence structure (改變句子結(jié)構(gòu)).4. Emphasis (強(qiáng)調(diào)性)1). Emphatic sentences (整句強(qiáng)調(diào))Such sentences may be emphasized in the following ways:Short sentence (短句). It has been mentioned that short sentences are more emphatic than long ones,

43、especially at the beginning or end of a paragraph, or in the midst of long sentences.Sentence fragments (不完整句). They also called one-number sentences(單一成分句). They are emphatic because they contain only the few words that express the main idea.Inverted sentences (倒裝句).They are emphatic because their

44、unusual word order draws the readers attention.Parallel constructions and balanced sentences (平行結(jié)構(gòu)和對稱句). For examples see the section on “Types of Sentences.”Periodic sentences (圓周句). Their climactic word order makes them emphatic. For example see “Types of Sentences.”Imperative and exclamatory sentence (祈使句和感嘆句). They are naturally emphatic.Rhetorical questions (修辭問句或反問句). They are questions in form but emphatic statements in meaning.Negative-positive statements (否定-肯定陳述句). They first point out what is not the truth, and then