大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四級(jí)語(yǔ)法復(fù)習(xí)重點(diǎn)

1、大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四級(jí)語(yǔ)法復(fù)習(xí)1、動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài) 閱讀時(shí)時(shí)注意上下文的情景。大綱要求的八種常用時(shí)態(tài)都有可能成為考查對(duì)象，再此基礎(chǔ)上重點(diǎn)關(guān)注：進(jìn)行時(shí)、完成時(shí)和完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。同時(shí)注意如Hardlywhen等經(jīng)?？疾榈谋硎緯r(shí)間的固定句式。 2、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞（1）牢記哪些動(dòng)詞后的賓語(yǔ)只能是不定式、動(dòng)名詞，哪些二者兼可。（2）分詞和不定式做賓補(bǔ)的區(qū)別。 （3）分詞作狀語(yǔ)。 3、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞與虛擬語(yǔ)氣 依舊會(huì)受到命題人的青睞。虛擬語(yǔ)氣是難點(diǎn)但不是重點(diǎn)，重點(diǎn)注意其在非真實(shí)條件句和名詞性從句的使用。 4、定語(yǔ)從句和名詞性從句 定語(yǔ)從句：近五年必考。注意點(diǎn)：關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的區(qū)別，as和which的區(qū)別，限制性和非限制性定語(yǔ)

2、從句的區(qū)別、定語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別。注意名詞性從句引導(dǎo)詞的選擇和語(yǔ)序。 5、狀語(yǔ)從句 重點(diǎn)關(guān)注in case, unless等連詞引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句。注意：while, when, until, notuntil, before, since引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。同時(shí)關(guān)注：目的和結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句。 6、特殊句式 特殊句式注意倒裝句、強(qiáng)調(diào)句、反意疑問(wèn)句、祈使句和省略句。英語(yǔ)四級(jí)復(fù)習(xí)技巧詳解完形填空綜合全文，著眼細(xì)節(jié)1對(duì)于首句應(yīng)該給與足夠的重視，因?yàn)橥褪侵行木浠蚴且龑?dǎo)句，它的時(shí)態(tài)往往決定了全文的時(shí)態(tài)，所以多花一點(diǎn)時(shí)間看首句是值得的。2然后以句子為單位一句一句地讀，一句一句地填空，主要考慮語(yǔ)法、

3、句意、邏輯和上下文聯(lián)系。暫時(shí)填不出來(lái)的就空在那里。3最后通讀一遍，完成沒(méi)有填的空，再看看填的順不順，不順的地方大膽修改。寫(xiě)作借助閱讀善打草稿寫(xiě)作文時(shí)要放松情緒，消除恐懼感，必要時(shí)可借助深呼吸來(lái)緩解緊張的心情。試卷一、二（作文在試卷2）同時(shí)發(fā)下來(lái)，應(yīng)在做完聽(tīng)力部分后，迅速地看一下作文題，讓其在大腦中留有一席之地，這樣便于在做詞匯、閱讀時(shí)隨時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)寫(xiě)作可借用的詞匯句型而不至于在寫(xiě)作時(shí)，大腦一片空白，無(wú)從下手。作文無(wú)非就考一下記敘文和說(shuō)明文，偶爾會(huì)考寫(xiě)信圖*考試&大表作文等，但這些都?xì)w于記敘文和說(shuō)明文兩大類(lèi)，這兩類(lèi)能寫(xiě)了就不怕什么題材了。考試之前自己準(zhǔn)備作文的大框架，比如說(shuō)，大結(jié)構(gòu)為總分總，總

4、分等等，漂亮的連詞要用進(jìn)去。一定要認(rèn)真審題，弄清文章及各段主題，實(shí)現(xiàn)由提綱到主題句的轉(zhuǎn)換?？梢源蛞幌虏莞澹簲[事實(shí)，理清思路，從易于表達(dá)，且論證豐富的觀點(diǎn)入手，不局限于一種看法、一種表達(dá)法或一種句式。具體寫(xiě)作時(shí)最好分段來(lái)寫(xiě)，各段之間空二至三行，以利于隨時(shí)增減或刪改。而且字跡要工整，卷面要保持清潔，給判卷人一個(gè)好印象。寫(xiě)完后仔細(xì)檢查作文中用詞、句法方面有無(wú)不準(zhǔn)確的地方；句式有無(wú)變化；句與句之間，段與段之間有無(wú)合適的連接及過(guò)渡等注意 ：1 作文和選擇是分開(kāi)齊的,所以一定要先涂卡,再寫(xiě)作文,否則提前半個(gè)小時(shí)齊選擇題卡的時(shí)候很倉(cāng)促.2 最重要的一點(diǎn),在考試前一個(gè)月,把前10次的考試題目集中做一遍,卷紙大

5、同小異,思路,方法,包括很多知識(shí)點(diǎn)總是反復(fù)出現(xiàn),一定是有用的.一定不能不做.有時(shí)間的話應(yīng)該至少做3遍.最后一個(gè)具體的建議,目前,每周做兩套聽(tīng)力,一天一篇真題閱讀(不能超過(guò)10分鐘),一周一篇寫(xiě)作.等到離考試還有20天,每天做一套真題,循環(huán)做2次,正好可以做兩遍.做題目贏E幣，每日一練日積月累，【翻譯】大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四級(jí)考試翻譯的復(fù)習(xí)與應(yīng)試翻譯是一門(mén)藝術(shù), 同時(shí)又是一種實(shí)踐。它是對(duì)英語(yǔ)綜合能力的考查，沒(méi)有一定的英語(yǔ)基本功，要想在這部分得到高的分?jǐn)?shù)是不可能的。但是，具有了一定的英語(yǔ)基礎(chǔ)，并不等于具有較高的翻譯能力。因此在學(xué)習(xí)和復(fù)習(xí)時(shí)掌握一些翻譯的基本常識(shí)和一些常用方法, 針對(duì)考試中經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)的一些語(yǔ)言現(xiàn)象

6、, 仔細(xì)分析一些翻譯實(shí)例, 總結(jié)出一些規(guī)律性的東西, 再加以必要的練習(xí), 對(duì)考生來(lái)說(shuō)是非常必要的，而且在短時(shí)間內(nèi)提高自己在該部分的得分是完全有可能的。一、試題與考生應(yīng)試情況分析       通過(guò)考試試題的分析，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)英譯漢試題中的英文句子大致有以下三個(gè)特點(diǎn)：      1. 句子較長(zhǎng)，其中包括定語(yǔ)從句、狀語(yǔ)從句等從屬結(jié)構(gòu)，致使句子結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜，意思不容易把握。      2. 句子雖然不長(zhǎng)，但其中包含著較難理解的詞、詞組或短語(yǔ)，尤其是一些表示抽象意

7、義的詞，另外，句子中往往含有比較復(fù)雜的語(yǔ)法現(xiàn)象。      3考查的翻譯技巧主要包括:       (1) 定語(yǔ)從句的譯法;       (2) 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的處理;       (3) 長(zhǎng)句的處理等等。形容詞和副詞比較等級(jí)：形容詞和副詞的比較等級(jí)分為原級(jí)，比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)。比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)的構(gòu)成一般是在形容詞和副詞后加-er和-est，多音節(jié)和一些雙音節(jié)詞前加more 和most。1. 同級(jí)比較時(shí)常常用

8、 asas以及not so(as)as如：I am not so good a player as you are.2. 可以修飾比較級(jí)的詞有：much, many, a lot, even, far, a bit, a little, still, yet, by far, any, a great deal。3. 表示一方隨另一方變化時(shí)用“the morethe more”句型。如：The harder you work, the more progress you will make.4. 用比較級(jí)來(lái)表達(dá)最高級(jí)的意思。如：I have never spent a more worryin

9、g day.5. 表示倍數(shù)的比較級(jí)有如下幾種句型：Our school is three times larger than yours./Our school is four times as large as yours./Our school is four times the size of yours. 6. 表示“最高程度“的形容詞沒(méi)有最高級(jí)和比較級(jí)。如：favourite, excellent, extreme, perfect。介詞I. 介詞分類(lèi)：1 簡(jiǎn)單介詞 about, across, after, against, among, around, at, below, be

10、yond, during, in, on 2 合成介詞 inside, into, onto, out of, outside, throughout, upon, within, without 3 短語(yǔ)介詞 according to, because of, instead of, up to, due to, owing to, thanks to 4 雙重介詞 from among, from behind, from under, till after, in between 5 分詞轉(zhuǎn)化成的介詞 considering(就而論), including 6 形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化成的介詞 lik

11、e, unlike, near, next, oppositeII. 常用介詞區(qū)別：1 表示時(shí)間的in, on, at at表示片刻的時(shí)間，in表示一段的時(shí)間，on總是與日子有關(guān) 2 表示時(shí)間的since, from since 指從過(guò)去到現(xiàn)在的一段時(shí)間，和完成時(shí)連用，from指從時(shí)間的某一點(diǎn)開(kāi)始 3 表示時(shí)間的in, after in指在一段時(shí)間之后，after表示某一具體時(shí)間點(diǎn)之后或用在過(guò)去時(shí)的一段時(shí)間中 4 表示地理位置的in, on, to in表示在某范圍內(nèi)，on指與什么毗鄰，to指在某環(huán)境范圍之外 5 表示“在上”的on, in on只表示在某物的表面上，in表示占去某物一部分 6

12、 表示“穿過(guò)”的through, across through表示從內(nèi)部通過(guò)，與in有關(guān)，across表示在表面上通過(guò)，與on有關(guān) 7 表示“關(guān)于”的about, on about指涉及到，on指專(zhuān)門(mén)論述 8 between與among的區(qū)別 between表示在兩者之間，among用于三者或三者以上的中間 9 besides與except的區(qū)別 besides指“除了還有再加上”，except指“除了，減去什么”，不放在句首 10 表示“用”的in, with with表示具體的工具，in表示材料，方式，方法，度量，單位，語(yǔ)言，聲音 11 as與like的區(qū)別 as意為“作為，以地位或身份”

13、，like為“象一樣”，指情形相似 12 in與into區(qū)別 in通常表示位置（靜態(tài)），into表示動(dòng)向，不表示目的地或位置動(dòng)詞I. 動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)：1. 動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)一共有16種，以ask為例，將其各種時(shí)態(tài)的構(gòu)成形式列表如下：現(xiàn)在時(shí) 過(guò)去時(shí) 將來(lái)時(shí) 過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí) 一般 ask / asks asked shall/will ask should/would ask 進(jìn)行 am/is/are asking was/were asking shall/will be asking should/would be asking 完成 have/has asked had asked shall/will

14、have asked should/would have asked 完成進(jìn)行 have/has been asking had been asking shall/will have been asking should/would have been asking2. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與一般過(guò)去時(shí)的區(qū)別：1) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀況，但和現(xiàn)在有聯(lián)系，強(qiáng)調(diào)的是對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果，它不能同表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，漢譯英時(shí)可加“已經(jīng)”等詞。簡(jiǎn)言之，利用過(guò)去，說(shuō)明現(xiàn)在。如：I have already read the novel written by the world-famo

15、us writer. (已經(jīng)看過(guò)，且了解這本書(shū)的內(nèi)容)2) 一般過(guò)去時(shí)只表示過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，和現(xiàn)在無(wú)關(guān)，它可和表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，漢譯英時(shí)可加“過(guò)”，“了”等詞。簡(jiǎn)言之，僅談過(guò)去，不關(guān)現(xiàn)在。如：I read the novel last month. (只說(shuō)明上個(gè)月看了，不涉及現(xiàn)在是否記住)I lived in Beijing for ten years.（只說(shuō)明在北京住過(guò)十年，與現(xiàn)在無(wú)關(guān)）3. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的區(qū)別：兩者都可以表示“從過(guò)去開(kāi)始一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在”，在含義上如著重表示動(dòng)作的結(jié)果時(shí)，多用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，如著重表示動(dòng)作一直在進(jìn)行，即動(dòng)作的延續(xù)性時(shí)，則多用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)

16、。一般不能用于進(jìn)行時(shí)的動(dòng)詞也不能用于現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。I have read that book.我讀過(guò)那本書(shū)了。 I have been reading that book all the morning. 我早上一直在讀那本書(shū)。4. 一般將來(lái)時(shí)的表達(dá)方式：將來(lái)時(shí) 用法 例句 1 will/shall+動(dòng)詞原形 表示將來(lái)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài) My sister will be ten next year. 2 be going to+動(dòng)詞原形 含有“打算，計(jì)劃，即將”做某事，或表示很有可能要發(fā)生某事 Its going to clear up.Were going to have a par

17、ty tonight. 3 be + doing 進(jìn)行時(shí)表示將來(lái) go, come, start, move, leave, arrive等詞可用進(jìn)行時(shí)表示按計(jì)劃即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作 He is moving to the south.Are they leaving for Europe? 4 be about to + 動(dòng)詞原形 表示安排或計(jì)劃中的馬上就要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，后面一般不跟時(shí)間狀語(yǔ) I was about to leave when the bell rang.The meeting is about to close. 5 be to + 動(dòng)詞原形 表示按計(jì)劃進(jìn)行或征求對(duì)方意見(jiàn) Were

18、 to meet at the school gate at noon. 6 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來(lái) 時(shí)刻表上或日程安排上早就定好的事情，可用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來(lái) The meeting starts at five oclock.The plane leaves at ten this evening.II. 動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：常用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) 構(gòu)成 常用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) 構(gòu)成 1 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) am/is/are asked 6 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí) was/were being asked 2 一般過(guò)去時(shí) was/were asked 7 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) have/has been asked 3 一般將來(lái)時(shí) shall/

19、will be asked 8 過(guò)去完成時(shí) had been asked 4 過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí) should/would be asked 9 將來(lái)完成時(shí) will/would have been asked 5 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)am/is/are being asked 10含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的 can/must/may be asked注意事項(xiàng)：被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的否定式是在第一個(gè)助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后加not，短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)態(tài)不可漏掉其中介副詞。固定結(jié)構(gòu)begoing to, used to, have to, had better變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)態(tài)時(shí)，只需將其后的動(dòng)詞變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)態(tài)。 如：Trees should not be

20、planted in summer. / The boy was made fun of by his classmates.Newspapers used to be sent here by the little girl. 漢語(yǔ)有一類(lèi)句子不出現(xiàn)主語(yǔ)，在英語(yǔ)中一般可用被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)表示。如：It is believed that It is generally considered that It is said thatIt is well known that It must be pointed out that It is supposed thatIt is reported that

21、 It must be admitted that It is hoped that 下面主動(dòng)形式常表示被動(dòng)意義：如：The window wants/needs/requires repairing. The book is worth reading twice.The door wont shut. / The play wont act. The clothes washes well. / The book sells well.The dish tastes delicious. / Water feels very cold. 下面詞或短語(yǔ)沒(méi)有被動(dòng)態(tài)：leave, enter,

22、reach, become, benefit, cost, equal, contain, last, lack, fit, fail, have, appear, happen, occur, belong to, take place, break out, come about, agree with, keep up with, consist of, have on, lose heart等等情態(tài)動(dòng)詞I. 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞基本用法：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 用法 否定式 疑問(wèn)式與簡(jiǎn)答 can 能力（體力，智力，技能）允許或許可（口語(yǔ)中常用）可能性（表猜測(cè)，用于否定句或疑問(wèn)句中） can not / cann

23、ot /cant do Cando?Yes,can.No,cant. could couldnt do may 可以（問(wèn)句中表示請(qǐng)求）可能，或許（表推測(cè)）祝愿（用于倒裝句中） may not do Maydo? Yes,may.No,mustnt/cant. might might not do Mightdo? Yes,mightNo,might not. must 必須，應(yīng)該（表主觀要求）肯定，想必（肯定句中表推測(cè)） must not/mustnt do Mustdo? Yes,must.No,neednt/dont have to. have to 只好，不得不（客觀的必須，有時(shí)態(tài)人稱(chēng)變

24、化） dont have to do Dohave to do?Yes,do. No,dont. ought to 應(yīng)當(dāng)（表示義務(wù)責(zé)任，口語(yǔ)中多用should ought not to/oughtnt to do Oughtto do?Yes,ought. No,oughtnt. shall 將要，會(huì)用于一三人稱(chēng)征求對(duì)方意見(jiàn)用于二三人稱(chēng)表示許諾、命令、警告、威脅等 shall not/shant do Shalldo?Yes,shall. No,shant. should 應(yīng)當(dāng)，應(yīng)該（表義務(wù)責(zé)任）本該（含有責(zé)備意味） should not/shouldnt do Shoulddo? will

25、意愿，決心請(qǐng)求，建議，用在問(wèn)句中would比較委婉 will not/wont do Willdo?Yes,will. No,wont. would would not/wouldnt do dare 敢（常用于否定句和疑問(wèn)句中） dare not/darent do Daredo?Yes,dare. No,darent. need 需要必須（常用于否定句和疑問(wèn)句中） need not/neednt do Needdo?Yes,must. No,neednt. used to 過(guò)去常常（現(xiàn)在已不再） used not/usednt/usent to dodidnt use to do Used

26、to do?Yes,used. No,use(d)nt.Diduse to do?Yes,did. No,didnt.II. 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞must, may, might, could, can表示推測(cè)：以must為例。must + do(be)是推測(cè)現(xiàn)在存在的一般狀態(tài)進(jìn)行；must + be doing 推測(cè)可能正在進(jìn)行的事情；must +have done是推測(cè)可能已經(jīng)發(fā)生過(guò)的事情。1. must“肯定，一定”語(yǔ)氣強(qiáng)，只用于肯定句中。He must be a man from America. / He must be talking with his friend. / He must ha

27、ve already arrived there.2. may和might“也許”，后者語(yǔ)氣弱，更沒(méi)有把握?？捎糜诳隙ň浜头穸ň?。He may not be at home. / They might have finished their task. 3. can和could“可能”，could表示可疑的可能性，不及cant語(yǔ)氣強(qiáng)，用于肯定、否定、疑問(wèn)句中。The weather in that city could be cold now.We could have walked there; it was so near.（推測(cè)某事本來(lái)可能發(fā)生，但實(shí)際上沒(méi)有發(fā)生）Can he be in

28、 the office now? No, he cant be there, for I saw him in the library justnow.(語(yǔ)氣很強(qiáng)，常用于疑問(wèn)句和否定句中)III. 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞注意點(diǎn)：1. can和be able to: 都可以表示能力。但be able to可以表達(dá)“某事終于成功”，而can無(wú)法表達(dá)此意。Be able to有更多的時(shí)態(tài)。另外，兩者不能重疊使用。2. used to和would: used to表示過(guò)去常常做現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)不再有的習(xí)慣，而would只表示過(guò)去的習(xí)慣或喜好，不涉及現(xiàn)在。3. need和dare作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞和實(shí)義動(dòng)詞的區(qū)別：兩者作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞時(shí)常

29、用于否定句和疑問(wèn)句。其形式為：neednt/darent do；Need/daredo?做實(shí)義動(dòng)詞時(shí)可用于肯定句，否定句和疑問(wèn)句。其形式為：need(needs/needed)/dare(dares/dared) to do, dont(doesnt/didnt) need/dare to do非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞I. 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的分類(lèi)、意義及構(gòu)成：非謂語(yǔ)形式 構(gòu)成 特征和作用 時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài) 否定式 復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu) 不定式 to doto be doing to have done to be doneto have been done 在非謂語(yǔ)前加not for sb. to do sth. 具有名詞，副詞和

30、形容詞的作用在句中做主、賓、定、表和狀語(yǔ) 分詞 現(xiàn)在分詞 doinghaving done being donehaving been done 具有副詞和形容詞的作用在句中做定、表、賓補(bǔ)和狀語(yǔ) 過(guò)去分詞 done 動(dòng)名詞 doinghaving done being donehaving been done sbs doing 具有名詞的作用在句中做主、賓、定和表語(yǔ)II. 做賓語(yǔ)的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞比較：只接不定式做賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞 hope, want, offer, long, fail, expect, wish, ask, decide, pretend, manage, agree, affor

31、d, determine, promise, happen 只接動(dòng)名詞做賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞或短語(yǔ) mind, miss, enjoy, imagine, practise, suggest, finish, escape, excuse, appreciate, admit, prevent, keep, dislike, avoid, risk, resist, consider cant help, feel like, succeed in, be fond of, object to, get down to, be engaged in, insist on, think of, be pr

32、oud of, take pride in, set about, be afraid of, be tired of, look forward to, devote oneself to, be worth, be busy, pay attention to, stick to 兩者都可以 意義基本相同 begin, start, like, love, hate, prefer, continue（接不定式多指具體的動(dòng)作，接動(dòng)名詞多指一般或習(xí)慣行為） need, want, require（接動(dòng)名詞主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義，若接不定式則應(yīng)用被動(dòng)形式） 意義相反 stop to do 停止手

33、中事，去做另一件事stop doing 停止正在做的事 意義不同 remember/forget/regret to do（指動(dòng)作尚未發(fā)生）remember/forget/regret doing（指動(dòng)作已經(jīng)發(fā)生） go on to do（接著做另外一件事）go on doing（接著做同一件事） try to do（設(shè)法，努力去做，盡力）try doing（試試去做，看有何結(jié)果） mean to do（打算做，企圖做）mean doing （意識(shí)是，意味著） cant help to do（不能幫忙做） cant help doing（忍不住要做）III.非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞做賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的區(qū)別：常見(jiàn)動(dòng)

34、詞 與賓語(yǔ)的邏輯關(guān)系及時(shí)間概念 例句 不定式 ask, beg, expect, get, order, tell, want, wish, encourage 主謂關(guān)系。強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作將發(fā)生或已經(jīng)完成 I heard him call me several times. have, notice, see, watch, hear, feel, let, make 現(xiàn)在分詞 notice, see, watch, hear, find, keep, have, feel 主謂關(guān)系。強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行，尚未完成 I found her listening to the radio. 過(guò)去分詞 動(dòng)賓關(guān)系

35、。動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成，多強(qiáng)調(diào)狀態(tài) We found the village greatly changed.IV. 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞做定語(yǔ)的區(qū)別：不定式 與被修飾詞往往有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，一般式表示將來(lái)，進(jìn)行式表示與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，完成式表示在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前發(fā)生 I have a lot of papers to type.I have a lot of papers to be typed. 動(dòng)名詞 通常指被修飾詞的用途，無(wú)邏輯上的任何關(guān)系 Shall we go to the swimming pool? 現(xiàn)在分詞 與被修飾詞之間是主謂關(guān)系，表示動(dòng)作與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生 the boiling water /

36、the boiled waterthe developing country/the developed countrythe falling leaves / the fallen leaves 過(guò)去分詞 與被修飾詞之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作之前，現(xiàn)已經(jīng)完成V. 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞做主語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)的區(qū)別：不定式 多表示一個(gè)特定的具體的將來(lái)的動(dòng)作，做主語(yǔ)時(shí)可以借助于it把不定式移到句子后面。做表語(yǔ)有時(shí)可和主語(yǔ)交換位置，而且意義不變，并且還能用what來(lái)提問(wèn)主語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)。 My dream is to become a teacher.To obey the law is important. (

37、dream, business, wish, idea, plan, duty, task做主語(yǔ)時(shí)常用) 動(dòng)名詞 與不定式的功能區(qū)別不大，然而它更接近于名詞，表示的動(dòng)作比較抽象，或者泛指習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作，有時(shí)也可以用it做形式主語(yǔ)，做表語(yǔ)時(shí)可以和主語(yǔ)互換位置。 It is no use saying that again and again.Teaching is my job. 分詞 無(wú)名詞的性質(zhì)，不能做主語(yǔ)。但是有形容詞的性質(zhì)，可以做表語(yǔ)，多表明主語(yǔ)的特征性質(zhì)或者狀態(tài)等，可被very, quite, rather等副詞修飾?，F(xiàn)在分詞多含有“令人, , ”之意，說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的性質(zhì)特征，多表示主動(dòng)，主

38、語(yǔ)多為物。過(guò)去分詞一般表示被動(dòng)或主語(yǔ)所處的狀態(tài)，含有“感到”之意，主語(yǔ)多是人。 The situation is encouraging.The book is well written.(常見(jiàn)分詞有astonishing, moving, tiring, disappointing, puzzling, shocking, boring, amusing及其-ed形式)定語(yǔ)從句I. 定語(yǔ)從句起了形容詞的作用，在句中修飾一個(gè)名詞或代詞。被修飾的詞叫做先行詞，引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的詞叫關(guān)系詞，他的作用一是放在先行詞與定語(yǔ)從句中間起了連接作用，二是在從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)一個(gè)成分，并與先行詞保持?jǐn)?shù)的一致。關(guān)系代詞 w

39、ho 人 主語(yǔ) Do you know the man who is talking with your mother? whom, which和that在從句中做賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，常可以省略，但介詞提前時(shí)后面關(guān)系代詞不能省略，也不可以用that whom 人 賓語(yǔ) Mr. Smith is the person with whom I am workingThe boy (whom) she loved died in the war. whose 人，物 定語(yǔ) I like those books whose topics are about history.The boy whose father

40、 works abroad is my deskmate. that 人，物 主語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ) A plane is a machine that can fly.She is the pop star (that) I want to see very much. which 物 主語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ) The book (which) I gave you was worth $10.The picture which was about the accident was terrible. as 人，物 主語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ) He is such a person as is respected by all of

41、 us.This is the same pen as I lost yesterday. as做賓語(yǔ)一般不省略 關(guān)系副詞 when 時(shí)間 時(shí)間狀語(yǔ) I will never forget the day when we met there. 可用on which where 地點(diǎn) 地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ) This is the house where I was born. 可用in which why 原因 原因狀語(yǔ) I cant imagine the reason why he turned down my offer. 可用for whichII. that與which, who, whom的用法

42、區(qū)別：只用that的情況 1 先行詞為all, everything, anything, nothing, little, much,等不定代詞時(shí)。2 先行詞被all, any, every, each, much, little, no, some, few等修飾時(shí)3 先行詞有形容詞最高級(jí)和序數(shù)詞修飾時(shí)4 先行詞既指人又指物時(shí)5 先行詞被the only, the very修飾時(shí)6 句中已經(jīng)有who或which時(shí)，為了避免重復(fù)時(shí) 1.He told me everything that he knows.2.All the books that you offered has been g

43、iven out.3.This is the best film that I have ever read.4.We talked about the persons and things that we remembered.5.He is the only man that I want to see.6.Who is the man that is making a speech? 只用which, who, whom的情況 1 在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中，只能用which指代物，用who/whom指人2 在由“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句中，只能用which指物，whom指人。3 先行詞

44、本身是that時(shí)，關(guān)系詞用which, 先行詞為those, one, he時(shí)多用who。He has a son, who has gone abroad for further study.I like the person to whom the teacher is talking.Those who respect others are usually respected by others.III. as與which的區(qū)別：定語(yǔ)從句 區(qū)別 例句 限制性定語(yǔ)從句中 名詞前有such和the same修飾時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞用as,不能用which He is not such a fool

45、as he looks.Dont read such books as you cant understand. 非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中 as和which都可以指代前面整個(gè)主句。如果有“正如，象”的含義，并可以放在主句前，也可以放在后面，那么用as；而which引導(dǎo)的從句只能放主句后，并無(wú)“正如”的意思。 They won the game, as we had expected.They won the game, which we hadnt expected.As is well known, he is a famous film star in the 1980s.IV. 限制性定語(yǔ)從句

46、與非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別：限制性定語(yǔ)從句 對(duì)先行詞起修飾限制作用，如果去掉，主句意思就不完整明確，這種從句與主句的關(guān)系十分密切，寫(xiě)時(shí)不用逗號(hào)分開(kāi)。 The accident happened at the time when I left. 非限制性定語(yǔ)從句 對(duì)先行詞作附加的說(shuō)明，與主句的關(guān)系不十分密切，較松散。從句和主句之間用逗號(hào)分開(kāi)，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)插入語(yǔ)，不能用that引導(dǎo)，關(guān)系代詞做賓語(yǔ)時(shí)也不能省略。 His mother, whom he loved deeply, died ten years ago.名詞性從句主語(yǔ)從句 在復(fù)合句中做主語(yǔ)，相當(dāng)于名詞，一般置謂語(yǔ)之前，也可用it作形式主語(yǔ)

47、，主語(yǔ)從句放主句之后 that, whether, if, as if, as though, who, whose, which, how, when, where, why, what, whatever, whoever, wherever Whether he will come or not doesnt matter much.Whoever comes here will be welcome. 表語(yǔ)從句 在復(fù)合句中做表語(yǔ)，相當(dāng)于名詞，位于系動(dòng)詞之后 It looks as if it is going to snow. 賓語(yǔ)從句 在復(fù)合句中做賓語(yǔ)，相當(dāng)于名詞 He asked

48、me which team could win the game. 同位語(yǔ)從句 放在名詞之后(news, problem, idea, suggestion, advice, thought, hope, fact等) 表明其具體內(nèi)容 You have no idea how worried we are.The fact that he lied again greatly surprised us.狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí)間狀語(yǔ) when, whenever, while, as, before, after, until, till, by the time, as soon as, hardlywh

49、en, no soonerthan, the moment, the minute, immediately, directly, instantly 主句表示將來(lái)意義時(shí)，從句須用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)；while引導(dǎo)的從句中動(dòng)詞一般是延續(xù)性的；until用在肯定句中主句動(dòng)詞是延續(xù)性的，而否定句中主句動(dòng)詞為短暫性的。 地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ) where, wherever 原因狀語(yǔ) because, as, since, now that because語(yǔ)氣最強(qiáng)，since較弱，表示大家都明了的原因，as又次之。 條件狀語(yǔ) if, unless, once, in case, as long as, on condit

50、ion that 從句中動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)不可用將來(lái)時(shí)，常用一般時(shí)代替 目的狀語(yǔ) so that, in order that, for fear that so that和in order that后常接may, should, could, would等情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 結(jié)果狀語(yǔ) sothat, suchthat 比較狀語(yǔ) than, asas, not so/asas, the morethe more 方式狀語(yǔ) as if, as though, as as if 和as though引導(dǎo)的從句一般用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。 讓步狀語(yǔ) though, although, even if, even though, a

51、s, no matter what, whatever, no matter who, whoever, no matter which, whichever, no matter how, however, no matter when, whenever as在讓步狀語(yǔ)從句中常用倒裝形式；although和though用正常語(yǔ)序，可和yet連用，但不可和but連用倒裝句種類(lèi) 倒裝條件 例句 完全倒裝 here, there, up, down, in, out, off, away等副詞開(kāi)頭的句子表示強(qiáng)調(diào) Out rushed the children. 表示地點(diǎn)的介詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)位于句首

52、Under the tree stood two tables and four chairs. 強(qiáng)調(diào)表語(yǔ)，置于句首，或?yàn)楸３志渥悠胶?Present at the meeting were 1,000 students. 部分倒裝 never, hardly, scarcely, seldom, little, not until, not等表示否定意義的副詞放于句首 Hardly did I know what had happened. only和修飾的狀語(yǔ)放于句首 Only then did he realized the importance of English. not only

53、but also連接并列的句子，前倒后不倒 Not only does he know French, but also he is expert at it. neithernor連接并列的句子，前后都倒裝 Neither do I know it, nor do I care about it. sothat, suchthat中的so或such及修飾的成分放于句首時(shí)前倒后不倒 So busy is he that he can not go on a holiday. as引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ) Child as he is, he has learned a lot. so, neither或

54、nor表示前句內(nèi)容也適用于另外的人或事。 He can play the piano. So can i. 用于表示祝愿的祈使句中 May you be in good health! 省略if的虛擬條件 Were I you, I would not do it in this way.虛擬語(yǔ)氣類(lèi)別 用法 例句 If引導(dǎo)的條件從句 與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反 從句動(dòng)詞：過(guò)去式（be用were）主句動(dòng)詞：should/would/could/might+動(dòng)詞原形 If he were here, he would help us. 與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反 從句動(dòng)詞：had+過(guò)去分詞主句動(dòng)詞：should/woul

55、d/could/might+have+過(guò)去分詞 If I had been free, I would have visited you. 與將來(lái)事實(shí)相反 從句動(dòng)詞：過(guò)去式 / should+動(dòng)詞原形 / were+不定式主句動(dòng)詞should/would/could/might+動(dòng)詞原形 If it should rain tomorrow, we would not go camping. 其它狀語(yǔ)從句 as if引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句中動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去式或過(guò)去完成式 They are talking as if they had been friends for years. in order that

56、 / so that引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句中動(dòng)詞用can / could / may / might / would等+動(dòng)詞原形 Turn on the light so that we can see it clearly. 賓語(yǔ)從句 demand, suggest, order, insist后接的從句中動(dòng)詞為should+動(dòng)詞原形 He suggested that we not change our mind. wish后的從句中分別用過(guò)去式，過(guò)去完成式和should/would+動(dòng)詞原形表示與現(xiàn)在，過(guò)去和將來(lái)情況相反 I wish I could be a pop singer.主語(yǔ)從句 在

57、It is necessary / important / strange that, It is suggested / demanded / ordered / requested that 等從句中，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用should+動(dòng)詞原形 It is strange that such a person should be our friends. 其它句型中 It is time that句型中動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去式或should+動(dòng)詞原形 Its high time that we left. would rather所接的從句中動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去式或者過(guò)去完成式 I would rather you stayed at home now. If only句型