2003年考研英語試題及答案

1、精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上2003年全國碩士研究生入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試英語試題Section IIUse of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Teachers need to be aware of the emotional, intellectual, and physical changes that young adults experie

2、nce. And they also need to give serious to how they can best such changes. Growing bodies need movement and , but not just in ways that emphasize competition. they are adjusting to their new bodies and a whole host of new intellectual and emotional challenges, teenagers are especially self-conscious

3、 and need the that comes from achieving success and knowing that their accomplishments are by others. However, the typical teenage lifestyle is already filled with so much competition that it would be to plan activities in which there are more winners than losers, , publishing newsletters with many

4、student-written book reviews, student artwork, and sponsoring book discussion clubs. A variety of small clubs can provide opportunities for leadership, as well as for practice in successful dynamics. Making friends is extremely important to teenagers, and many shy students need the of some kind of o

5、rganization with a supportive adult visible in the background.In these activities, it is important to remember that the young teens have attention spans. A variety of activities should be organized participants can remain active as long as they want and then go on to else without feeling guilty and

6、without letting the other participants . This does not mean that adults must accept irresponsibility. , they can help students acquire a sense of commitment by for roles that are within their and their attention spans and by having clearly stated rules.21.A thoughtB ideaC opinionD advice22.A strengt

7、henB accommodateC stimulateD enhance23.A careB nutritionC exerciseD leisure24.A IfB AlthoughC WhereasD Because25.A assistanceB guidanceC confidenceD tolerance26.A claimedB admiredC ignoredD surpassed27.A improperB riskyC fairD wise28.A in effectB as a resultC for exampleD in a sense29.A displayingB

8、describingC creatingD exchanging30.A durableB excessiveC surplusD multiple31.A groupB individualC personnelD corporation32.A consentB insuranceC admissionD security33.A particularlyB barelyC definitelyD rarely34.A similarB longC differentD short35.A if onlyB now thatC so thatD even if36.A everything

9、B anythingC nothingD something37.A offB downC outD alone38.A On the contraryB On the averageC On the wholeD On the other hand39.A makingB standingC planningD taking40.A capabilitiesB responsibilitiesC proficiencyD efficiencySection IIIReading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four tex

10、ts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1 (40 points)Text 1Wild Bill Donovan would have loved the Internet. The American spymaster who built the Office of Strategic Services in the World War II and later laid the roots for the CIA was fasc

11、inated with information. Donovan believed in using whatever tools came to hand in the “great game” of espionage - spying as a “profession.” These days the Net, which has already re-made such everyday pastimes as buying books and sending mail, is reshaping Donovans vocation as well.The latest revolut

12、ion isnt simply a matter of gentlemen reading other gentlemens e-mail. That kind of electronic spying has been going on for decades. In the past three or four years, the World Wide Web has given birth to a whole industry of point-and-click spying. The spooks call it “open-source intelligence,” and a

13、s the Net grows, it is becoming increasingly influential. In 1995 the CIA held a contest to see who could compile the most data about Burundi. The winner, by a large margin, was a tiny Virginia company called Open Source Solutions, whose clear advantage was its mastery of the electronic world.Among

14、the firms making the biggest splash in this new world is Straitford, Inc., a private intelligence-analysis firm based in Austin, Texas. Straitford makes money by selling the results of spying (covering nations from Chile to Russia) to corporations like energy-services firm McDermott International. M

15、any of its predictions are available online at .Straitford president George Friedman says he sees the online world as a kind of mutually reinforcing tool for both information collection and distribution, a spymasters dream. Last week his firm was busy vacuuming up data bits from the far corners of t

16、he world and predicting a crisis in Ukraine. “As soon as that report runs, well suddenly get 500 new Internet sign-ups from Ukraine,” says Friedman, a former political science professor. “And well hear back from some of them.” Open-source spying does have its risks, of course, since it can be diffic

17、ult to tell good information from bad. Thats where Straitford earns its keep.Friedman relies on a lean staff of 20 in Austin. Several of his staff members have military-intelligence backgrounds. He sees the firms outsider status as the key to its success. Straitfords briefs dont sound like the usual

18、 Washington back-and-forthing, whereby agencies avoid dramatic declarations on the chance they might be wrong. Straitford, says Friedman, takes pride in its independent voice.41.The emergence of the Net has _.A received support from fans like DonovanB remolded the intelligence servicesC restored man

19、y common pastimesD revived spying as a profession42.Donovans story is mentioned in the text to _.A introduce the topic of online spyingB show how he fought for the U.S.C give an episode of the information warD honor his unique services to the CIA43.The phrase “making the biggest splash” (Line 1, Par

20、agraph 3) most probably means _.A causing the biggest troubleB exerting the greatest effortC achieving the greatest successD enjoying the widest popularity44.It can be learned from Paragraph 4 that _.A Straitfords prediction about Ukraine has proved trueB Straitford guarantees the truthfulness of it

21、s informationC Straitfords business is characterized by unpredictabilityD Straitford is able to provide fairly reliable information45.Straitford is most proud of its _.A official statusB nonconformist imageC efficient staffD military backgroundText 2To paraphrase 18th-century statesman Edmund Burke,

22、 “all that is needed for the triumph of a misguided cause is that good people do nothing.” One such cause now seeks to end biomedical research because of the theory that animals have rights ruling out their use in research. Scientists need to respond forcefully to animal rights advocates, whose argu

23、ments are confusing the public and thereby threatening advances in health knowledge and care. Leaders of the animal rights movement target biomedical research because it depends on public funding, and few people understand the process of health care research. Hearing allegations of cruelty to animal

24、s in research settings, many are perplexed that anyone would deliberately harm an animal.For example, a grandmotherly woman staffing an animal rights booth at a recent street fair was distributing a brochure that encouraged readers not to use anything that comes from or is tested in animalsno meat,

25、no fur, no medicines. Asked if she opposed immunizations, she wanted to know if vaccines come from animal research. When assured that they do, she replied, “Then I would have to say yes.” Asked what will happen when epidemics return, she said, “Dont worry, scientists will find some way of using comp

26、uters.” Such well-meaning people just dont understand.Scientists must communicate their message to the public in a compassionate, understandable way - in human terms, not in the language of molecular biology. We need to make clear the connection between animal research and a grandmothers hip replace

27、ment, a fathers bypass operation, a babys vaccinations, and even a pets shots. To those who are unaware that animal research was needed to produce these treatments, as well as new treatments and vaccines, animal research seems wasteful at best and cruel at worst.Much can be done. Scientists could “a

28、dopt” middle school classes and present their own research. They should be quick to respond to letters to the editor, lest animal rights misinformation go unchallenged and acquire a deceptive appearance of truth. Research institutions could be opened to tours, to show that laboratory animals receive

29、 humane care. Finally, because the ultimate stakeholders are patients, the health research community should actively recruit to its cause not only well-known personalities such as Stephen Cooper, who has made courageous statements about the value of animal research, but all who receive medical treat

30、ment. If good people do nothing, there is a real possibility that an uninformed citizenry will extinguish the precious embers of medical progress.46.The author begins his article with Edmund Burkes words to _.A call on scientists to take some actionsB criticize the misguided cause of animal rightsC

31、warn of the doom of biomedical researchD show the triumph of the animal rights movement47.Misled people tend to think that using an animal in research is _.A cruel but naturalB inhuman and unacceptableC inevitable but viciousD pointless and wasteful48.The example of the grandmotherly woman is used t

32、o show the publics _.A discontent with animal researchB ignorance about medical scienceC indifference to epidemicsD anxiety about animal rights49.The author believes that, in face of the challenge from animal rights advocates, scientists should _.A communicate more with the publicB employ hi-tech me

33、ans in researchC feel no shame for their causeD strive to develop new cures50.From the text we learn that Stephen Cooper is _.A a well-known humanistB a medical practitionerC an enthusiast in animal rightsD a supporter of animal researchText 3In recent years, railroads have been combining with each

34、other, merging into supersystems, causing heightened concerns about monopoly. As recently as 1995, the top four railroads accounted for under 70 percent of the total ton-miles moved by rails. Next year, after a series of mergers is completed, just four railroads will control well over 90 percent of

35、all the freight moved by major rail carriers.Supporters of the new supersystems argue that these mergers will allow for substantial cost reductions and better coordinated service. Any threat of monopoly, they argue, is removed by fierce competition from trucks. But many shippers complain that for he

36、avy bulk commodities traveling long distances, such as coal, chemicals, and grain, trucking is too costly and the railroads therefore have them by the throat.The vast consolidation within the rail industry means that most shippers are served by only one rail company. Railroads typically charge such

37、“captive” shippers 20 to 30 percent more than they do when another railroad is competing for the business. Shippers who feel they are being overcharged have the right to appeal to the federal governments Surface Transportation Board for rate relief, but the process is expensive, time-consuming, and

38、will work only in truly extreme cases.Railroads justify rate discrimination against captive shippers on the grounds that in the long run it reduces everyones cost. If railroads charged all customers the same average rate, they argue, shippers who have the option of switching to trucks or other forms

39、 of transportation would do so, leaving remaining customers to shoulder the cost of keeping up the line. Its a theory to which many economists subscribe, but in practice it often leaves railroads in the position of determining which companies will flourish and which will fail. “Do we really want rai

40、lroads to be the arbiters of who wins and who loses in the marketplace?” asks Martin Bercovici, a Washington lawyer who frequently represents shippers.Many captive shippers also worry they will soon be hit with a round of huge rate increases. The railroad industry as a whole, despite its brightening

41、 fortunes, still does not earn enough to cover the cost of the capital it must invest to keep up with its surging traffic. Yet railroads continue to borrow billions to acquire one another, with Wall Street cheering them on. Consider the $10.2 billion bid by Norfolk Southern and CSX to acquire Conrai

42、l this year. Conrails net railway operating income in 1996 was just $427 million, less than half of the carrying costs of the transaction. Whos going to pay for the rest of the bill? Many captive shippers fear that they will, as Norfolk Southern and CSX increase their grip on the market.51.According

43、 to those who support mergers, railway monopoly is unlikely because _.A cost reduction is based on competitionB services call for cross-trade coordinationC outside competitors will continue to existD shippers will have the railway by the throat52.What is many captive shippers attitude towards the co

44、nsolidation in the rail industry?A Indifferent.B Supportive.C Indignant.D Apprehensive.53.It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that _.A shippers will be charged less without a rival railroadB there will soon be only one railroad company nationwideC overcharged shippers are unlikely to appeal for rate

45、 reliefD a government board ensures fair play in railway business54.The word “arbiters” (Line 7, Paragraph 4) most probably refers to those _.A who work as coordinatorsB who function as judgesC who supervise transactionsD who determine the price55.According to the text, the cost increase in the rail

46、 industry is mainly caused by _.A the continuing acquisitionB the growing trafficC the cheering Wall StreetD the shrinking marketText 4It is said that in England death is pressing, in Canada inevitable and in California optional. Small wonder. Americans life expectancy has nearly doubled over the pa

47、st century. Failing hips can be replaced, clinical depression controlled, cataracts removed in a 30-minute surgical procedure. Such advances offer the aging population a quality of life that was unimaginable when I entered medicine 50 years ago. But not even a great health-care system can cure death

48、 - and our failure to confront that reality now threatens this greatness of ours.Death is normal; we are genetically programmed to disintegrate and perish, even under ideal conditions. We all understand that at some level, yet as medical consumers we treat death as a problem to be solved. Shielded b

49、y third-party payers from the cost of our care, we demand everything that can possibly be done for us, even if its useless. The most obvious example is late-stage cancer care. Physicians - frustrated by their inability to cure the disease and fearing loss of hope in the patient - too often offer agg

50、ressive treatment far beyond what is scientifically justified.In 1950, the U.S. spent $12.7 billion on health care. In 2002, the cost will be $1,540 billion. Anyone can see this trend is unsustainable. Yet few seem willing to try to reverse it. Some scholars conclude that a government with finite re

51、sources should simply stop paying for medical care that sustains life beyond a certain age - say 83 or so. Former Colorado governor Richard Lamm has been quoted as saying that the old and infirm “have a duty to die and get out of the way,” so that younger, healthier people can realize their potentia

52、l.I would not go that far. Energetic people now routinely work through their 60s and beyond, and remain dazzlingly productive. At 78, Viacom chairman Sumner Redstone jokingly claims to be 53. Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day OConnor is in her 70s, and former surgeon general C. Everett Koop chairs an

53、 Internet start-up in his 80s. These leaders are living proof that prevention works and that we can manage the health problems that come naturally with age. As a mere 68-year-old, I wish to age as productively as they have.Yet there are limits to what a society can spend in this pursuit. As a physic

54、ian, I know the most costly and dramatic measures may be ineffective and painful. I also know that people in Japan and Sweden, countries that spend far less on medical care, have achieved longer, healthier lives than we have. As a nation, we may be overfunding the quest for unlikely cures while unde

55、rfunding research on humbler therapies that could improve peoples lives.56.What is implied in the first sentence?A Americans are better prepared for death than other people.B Americans enjoy a higher life quality than ever before.C Americans are over-confident of their medical technology.D Americans

56、 take a vain pride in their long life expectancy.57.The author uses the example of cancer patients to show that _.A medical resources are often wastedB doctors are helpless against fatal diseasesC some treatments are too aggressiveD medical costs are becoming unaffordable58.The authors attitude towa

57、rd Richard Lamms remark is one of _.A strong disapprovalB reserved consentC slight contemptD enthusiastic support59.In contrast to the U.S., Japan and Sweden are funding their medical care _.A more flexiblyB more extravagantlyC more cautiouslyD more reasonably60.The text intends to express the idea that _.A medicine will further prolong peoples livesB life beyond a certain limit is n