世界化石能源使用情況

1、FOSSIL FUELS 85% of the worldscommercial energyCOALOILNATURAL GAS20 richest countries consume: 50% of coal 80% of natural gas 65% of oilU.S. energy consumptionM a c in to s h P IC Tim a g e fo rm a tis n o t s u p p o rte d9%COALFossilized, condensedcarbon-rich fuel10 X reserves of oil/gas, last 200

2、 years at present rateCoal minesSurface (strip) mine,Western U.S.Underground (shaft) mine,Eastern U.S.Coal cheaper,but pollutingMuch Eastern U.S. coal hashigh-sulfur content,more expensive to mineMuch Western U.S. coal haslow-sulfur content,cheaper to mineBut mining in semi-arid Westmore damaging to

3、 land.Heat value of coal typesAnthracite BituminousSubbituminousLignite51% of U.S. use in coalEnergy lost from coal10% lost ontransmission lines(stray voltage) 65% lost in power plantsEffects on health Black Lung Disease (miners) Respiratory illnesses (public)Effects on land Coal sludge releases Har

4、dpan at strip mines Mountaintop removal Huge water use Slurry pipelinesEffects on air Greenhouse gases 3/4 sulfur dioxide 1/3 nitrogen oxides 1/2 carbon dioxide Toxics Mercury UraniumAcid rainAcidity of rain pH of 6.0 Kills insects, crabs pH 5.0 Kills fish, treesSources of Nitrogen Oxides Nitrogen o

5、xides and sulfur dioxide create acid rain Tall stacks deposit fartherM acintosh P IC Tim age form atis not supportedCoal scrubbersThe future? Hydrogen fuel cellsNATURAL GASMethane, otherGases in bedrockAdvantages of natural gas Cleaner to burn Half as much CO2 as coal More efficient 10% energy lost

6、60-year supply at current rates Disadvantages of natural gas Difficult to transport Pipelines Liquified Natural Gas (LNG) tankers Can be polluting, dangerous when extracted Methane bed drilling pollutes OIL (PETROLEUM)Buried organic matter rich in hydrocarbonsOil Consumption by Sector (1998)Macintos

7、h PICTim age form atis not supportedProven oil reserves 465 billion barrels consumed 1 trillion barrels left 22 billion consumed a year 45 years to go! Party now!180022002600Global Oil Production for Resources of 1800, 2200, and 2600 Billion BarrelsMacintosh PICTimage formatis not supportedDistribut

8、ion of Estimates of Ultimately Recoverable World Crude Oil (1975-1993)Macintosh PICTimage formatis not supportedWorld Crude Oil ProductionMacintosh PICTimage formatis not supportedWorld Crude Oil Prices(economic crises in oil states)M acin to sh P IC Tim ag e fo rm atis n o t su p p o rtedGlobal tre

9、nds in oil Growing use in China (+10%/year) Japan, Europe depend on Mideast New reserves around Caspian Sea Nearly size of Saudi Arabia Increasing source of major wars, human rights abuses Kuwait oil well fires, 1991Persian Gulfand Caspian SeaOil & natural gas pipelinesU.S. trends in oil Diverse

10、 sources (not Mideast) Venezuela, Nigeria, etc. Opening domestic sources Alaska controversy Polluting technologies? Oil shale extraction Synthetic fuels (coal-to-oil)Exxon Valdez, Alaska 1989Attempts tocontain spillClean-up effortsPrince William Sound fishing industry damagedOil in Ecuador Ecuador 2

11、nd largest S. America producer 70% of exports Drilling in Amazon rainforestOpposition to oil companies Construction of roads, pipelines on Indian lands Displacement of Indians, deforestation Oil leaks into rivers larger than Valdez spillEcuador Indian occupationsTexaco withdrew 1992,Arco met demands

12、Lawsuit againstTexaco inU.S. courts, 1999Oil in Nigeria Largest producer in Africa, mainlyIn Niger DeltaNigeria had militarygovernments in 1990sEnvironmental problemsin Niger Delta regionHomeland of Ogoni, Ijaw groupsGas flaring hazards Oil spills in mangrove swampOgoni environmental protests Oil companies collude with military Many Ogoni killed by militaryOgoni leaderDr. Ken Saro-Wiwa executed in 1995Shell Oil pays,transports soldiersNigerian women protest, 2002 Protes