初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法歸納：代詞

1、初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法歸納：代詞代詞（pron.）代替名詞，兼有名詞和形容詞的作用（一）代詞的類(lèi)別相互代詞 each other,one another指示代詞 this,that,these,those不定彳t詞（不指明特定的人或事物的代詞）each,every,both,all,either,neither,none,no,one,（a）few,（a）little,some,any,many,much,ot her,another復(fù)合不定代詞 everybody,somebody,anybody,nobody,everyone,someone,anyone,noone,every-thing,som

2、ething,anything,nothing疑問(wèn)代詞 what,who,whom,which,whose直接代詞 疑問(wèn)代詞都可作連接代詞，引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句。表語(yǔ)從句等。關(guān)系代詞 who,whom,whose,that,which用引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。（二）代詞的用法1 .人稱代詞、物主代詞、反身代詞、相互代詞和指示代詞的用法（1）人稱代詞有主格和賓格之分，主格用來(lái)作主語(yǔ)，賓格用來(lái)作動(dòng)詞或介詞的賓語(yǔ)等。eg. She gave me a red apple.她給了我一個(gè)紅蘋(píng)果：（She作主語(yǔ)，me作動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)）Kath is near him.凱西靠近他。（介tnear的賓語(yǔ)）2 .物主代詞有形容詞性物主

3、代詞和名詞性物主代詞之分。形容詞性物主代詞位于名詞前：their school,his backpack名詞性物主代詞相當(dāng)干一個(gè)名詞，在句中可作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)等，后面不能再接名詞。egIt isn ' mypen. f Mine（=mypen） is missing.（ 作主語(yǔ)）I left my pen at home. You can use hers（=herpen）,（作賓語(yǔ)）“of名詞性物主代詞”屬雙重所有格的一種形式。eg.a cat of hers 她的一條狗,a friend of yours 你的一個(gè)朋友3 .反身代詞反身代詞在句中可作同位語(yǔ)，起強(qiáng)調(diào)作用，也可作動(dòng)詞或介詞

4、的賓語(yǔ)。eg.A few days later,I myself had to go to Paris.（作同位語(yǔ)）She bought herself a new bag.（作動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)）He' s not worried about himself.（ 作介詞賓語(yǔ)）帶有反身代詞的常用短語(yǔ)。teach oneself 自學(xué)help oneself to隨便吃些 吧say to oneself自言 自語(yǔ)。learn by oneself 自學(xué)一enjoy oneself 過(guò)得愉快leave one by oneself把某人單獨(dú)留下hurt oneself 傷了自己dress onese

5、lf 自己穿衣服come to oneself 蘇醒過(guò)來(lái)4 .相互代詞表示相互關(guān)系，可用作動(dòng)詞或介詞的賓語(yǔ)，用法區(qū)別不大。eg. For years, the two sisters looked after one another(each other) 。 多年來(lái)姐妹倆互 相照顧。We should learn from each other.我們應(yīng)當(dāng)互相學(xué)習(xí)?？梢杂酶癖硎舅嘘P(guān)系：each other ' s, one anothers互相的，彼此的eg.They are looking at each other ' s pictures們相互看對(duì)方的照片。5 .指示代

6、詞指示代詞有單復(fù)數(shù)之分，既可指物，也可用于介紹人。eg. This is an apple tree,and that is an orange tree.這是棵蘋(píng)果樹(shù)， 那是棵桔子樹(shù)。These are my friends,and that is my sister.這些是我朋友，那個(gè)是我姐姐。指示代詞可用來(lái)指上文中提到的事情：eg.Steve had a bad cold.This/That was why he didn ' t come to school yesterday.2.不定代詞(1)each,every,both,all,either,neither,no,non

7、e 的用法each每個(gè)/各個(gè)”強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)體)，用于兩者或兩者以上。eg.Two girls came and l gave an apple to each.來(lái)了倆姑娘，我給她們每人一個(gè)蘋(píng)果。Each of them has a nice ring.她們每人有一枚漂亮的戒指。every每個(gè)/各個(gè)"強(qiáng)調(diào)全體),用于兩者以上。every常作形容詞用。eg.Every day is important to us.每天對(duì)我們都很重要。He has read every book(all the books) On the subject.他閱讀了 所有有關(guān)這個(gè)主題的書(shū)。both表示兩者 都”強(qiáng)

8、調(diào)全體)。eg.Her parents are both doctors.她父母者 B 是醫(yī)生。Both of them are doctors. 他倆都是醫(yī)生。They both like potatoes. 他倆喜歡吃土豆。all全'體/大家/一切”用于三者以上，也可接不可數(shù)名詞。eg.That ' s all for today.今天至U止匕為止。All of us are from China. 我們都來(lái)自中國(guó)。All the food is delicious.所有的食物都很好吃。either兩者之一”,用于兩者(強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)體)。eg.The two coats are

9、cheap,so you can choose either of them.那兩件夕卜套不貴，你可以隨便挑一件。neither兩個(gè)都不"，用于否定兩者。eg. Neither Of the books is/are so interesting.那兩本書(shū)沒(méi)一本好看的。no（=not any/not a）沒(méi)'有'可接可數(shù)名詞單復(fù)數(shù)，也可接不可數(shù)名詞。eg.I have no brothers Or sisters.我沒(méi)有兄弟姐妹。A clock has no mouth,but it can talk.鐘表沒(méi)有嘴，但能說(shuō)話。There is no fire witho

10、ut some smoke. 有火就有煙。none '沒(méi)有一個(gè)人/物”用于否定三者或三者以上的可數(shù)名詞eg.None Of them has/have been to Japan.他們都沒(méi)去過(guò)日本。I like none of the books.這些書(shū)我全都不喜歡。neither和none表示完全否定；all,both,each 和every（含every的復(fù)合詞）等與not連 用時(shí)表示部分否定。eg.I don ' t know all of you我不完全認(rèn)識(shí)你們。Not everyone Of us know how to go there.不是我們每個(gè)人都知道怎樣去那

11、兒。（2）one,ones 和 no one 的用法one用來(lái)代替前面剛提到的一個(gè)東西或一個(gè)人，以免重復(fù)；復(fù)數(shù)ones用來(lái)代替前面提到的一些物或一些人；no one表示否定。eg.Would you please pass me the science book?給我遞過(guò)那本科學(xué)方面的書(shū)好嗎？一 Which one?哪一本？一 The one on my shelf. 我書(shū)架上的那本。No one has traveled farther than to the moon.沒(méi)有人旅行遠(yuǎn)過(guò)月球。（3）（a）few,（a）little;many,much;some,any 的用法many（+復(fù)數(shù)名

12、詞）,much（+不可數(shù)名詞）表示許多/很多”。eg.Many Of the students come from England.那些學(xué)生許多是從英國(guó)來(lái)的。Tha nks,it ' s too much for me謝謝,我承受不起。few（+復(fù)數(shù)名詞）,little（+不可數(shù)名詞）表示 沒(méi)多/很少”表否定）。eg,There were few people in the street last night.昨晚街上沒(méi)什么人。I am very worried that l have little time to finish the job.我擔(dān)心，我?guī)缀鯖](méi)有時(shí)間完成這份工作了。a

13、 few（+復(fù)數(shù)名詞）,a little（+不可數(shù)名詞）表示 有一些/有幾個(gè)”表肯定）。eg.I call see a few cakes and a little bread inthe fridge.我看至 U冰箱里有幾塊蛋糕和些面包。注意：quite a few 表示 相當(dāng)多”eg.There are quite a few students over there.那兒有相當(dāng)多的學(xué)生。some（+復(fù)數(shù)名詞/不可數(shù)名詞）,any（+復(fù)數(shù)名詞/不可數(shù)名詞）表示有一些/有幾個(gè)“表 肯定）。eg.There are some birds in the tree.樹(shù)上有些鳥(niǎo)。There is so

14、me water in the bottle.瓶里有些水。I don ' t have any brothers Of sisters. 我沒(méi)有Is there any tea in the cup?杯子里有茶嗎？some.some 一般用于肯定句，但在表示請(qǐng)求、建議。反問(wèn)等的疑問(wèn)句中，多用eg : Would you like some beer?你要不要來(lái)點(diǎn)啤酒嗎 ？Why didn' t you buy some sweets?(You should have bought )你怎么沒(méi)買(mǎi)點(diǎn)糖果 ？any 一般用于疑問(wèn)句和否定句及條件從句eg.There isn '

15、 t any wate門(mén)eft沒(méi)有乘U下一點(diǎn)水。If you have any questions, put up your hands.please. 如果有問(wèn)題，請(qǐng)舉手。some+單數(shù)名詞表示某一個(gè)“，any+l數(shù)名詞表示 隨便哪一個(gè)”或任何一個(gè)”。eg.I ' ll catch up with you some day 有天我會(huì)趕上你的。Come any day you like.你哪天來(lái)都行。Tom is taller than any other student in his class.湯姆比他班上其他任何一個(gè)學(xué)生都高。 one ,other, others, the ot

16、hers ,another等的用法1.0 onethe other表示兩個(gè)人或兩件東西中的工個(gè)另一個(gè)”eg.Mr Smith has two daughters.0ne is a teacher,the other is a nurse.2.one another表示不定數(shù)目中的&個(gè)“與男一個(gè)eg. I don ' t want this One, please give me another.3.one the others強(qiáng)調(diào)在一定范圍中的工個(gè)”與其余的”。eg. In Our school One Of the teachers is American,the Other

17、s are Chinese.4. OOO somethe ohers表示許多人或物，不在一定范圍中的 &部分”與其余的全部”。eg.Some students are reading,the others are drawing pictures. others=other+ 名詞;the others=the Other+ 名詞。eg.Some students like traveling,others(other students) like watching TV at home.another表示再/又”時(shí)既可接單數(shù)名詞，也可接數(shù)詞+復(fù)數(shù)名詞。eg. He will be a

18、ble to finish his work in another two hours.再過(guò)兩個(gè)小時(shí)他就能完成他的工作。(4)復(fù)合不定代詞的用法復(fù)合不定代詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。eg.Someone is knocking at the door.有人在敲門(mén)修飾復(fù)合不定代詞的形容詞或其它詞要放在其后，即定語(yǔ)后置。eg.There is something important On today ' s newspaper. 今天的報(bào)紙有些重要新聞。復(fù)合不定代詞變否定句時(shí)，要否定主語(yǔ)：eg.Something is wrong.(變?yōu)榉穸ň?Something isn '

19、t wrong.作昔誤)Nothing is wrong.( 正確) Somebody,someone,something一般用于肯定句;anybody,anyone,anything 一般用于否定句、疑問(wèn)句及條件句。eg.There is something new in the park. 公園里有些新的景點(diǎn)。Do you have anything interesting to tell us?你有什么有趣的事要告訴我們嗎？當(dāng)somebody,someone 等用于疑問(wèn)句時(shí)，表示肯定、請(qǐng)求、建議或反問(wèn);anybody,anyone 等用在肯定句中表示 任何人”。eg.Is someone coming this afternoon?今天下午有客人來(lái)嗎 ?Anyone can make mistakes.任何人者B可能犯錯(cuò)誤。3 .疑問(wèn)代詞的用法。who/whom 誰(shuí)(指人)。作主語(yǔ)