中國文化英語教程復習課件綜合版

1、Review Outline for "English Introduction to Chinese Culture Course" Overview & Introduction:See the picture on the right, and describe them in English.Video: This is China BBC: Wild ChinaFull Name of China: PRC-People's Republic of ChinaNational Flag: the red five-star flagParty in

2、 power:CPC-Communist Party of ChinaCPPCC-Chinese People's Political Consultative ConferenceNational EmblemKey words:Forbidden City/ Imperial Palace;Temple of Heaven;Summer Palace;Ming Tombs;The world-renowned Badaling section of the Great Wall;to be added more.Enjoy videos:NBC北京奧運會片頭北京歡迎你Geograp

3、hyLocationSoutheast Asia , the Pacific Ocean, the worlds third largest country. 9.6 million square kilometers, 18,000 kilometers, a rooster. northern end: Mohe, Heilongjiang Province, south: Zengmu Anshawest: Pamirseast: the conjunction of the Heilongjiang (Amur) River and the Wusuli (Ussuri) River.

4、BoundaryEast: KoreaNorth: MongaliaNortheast: RussiaNorthwest: Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, TajikistanWest & Southwest: Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Nepal, BhutanSouth: Myanmar, Laos, Vietnam Marine-side neighbors include eight countries - North Korea, Korea, Japan, Philippines, Brunei, Indon

5、esia, Malaysia and Vietnam.TopographyTerrain -The vast land expanses of China include plateaus, plains, basins, foothills, and mountains.Ladder topography ( 4 steps of a staircase) -First Step: Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, with an average elevation of about 4,000 metres. The highest peak：Mt. Everest (Mt.

6、Qomolangma)The second step: large basins and plateaus, most of which are 1,000 - 2,000 meters high.-the Inner Mongolia Plateau; the Loess Plateau; the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau; the Tarim Basin; the Junggar Basin; the Sichuan Basin. Enjoy the following pictures.The third step: the foothills and lower m

7、ountains, with altitudes of over 500 meters.The fourth step: along the sea; a continental shelf.Rivers and LakesMore than 50,000 rivers have drainage areas that exceed 100 square kilometers; more than 1,500 exceed 1,000 square kilometers. Famous rivers The Yangtze, the longest in China and even in A

8、sia, is the third-longest in the world. The Yellow River, 'Mother River of the Chinese People', is just behind the Yangtze, both flowing into the Pacific Ocean. LakesMiddle-Lower Yangtze Plain and Qinghai-Tibet Plateau most Lakes here -In southeast China, most lakes are fresh water. Poyang L

9、ake,Dongting Lake, Taihu Lake and Hongze Lake are all fresh water lakes. -Qinghai Lake, the largest ,a beautiful natural salt-water lake. Nam Co Lake, saltwater lakeMan-made Canals: the Grand Canal between Beijing and Hangzhou.ClimateTemperature (from south to north): Equatorial- tropical-subtropica

10、l-warm-temperate-temperate-cold-temperate zones.Precipitation: gradully declines from the southestern to the northestern inland area.An Outline HistoryChinese people: the descendants of Yan and Huang.Three Sovereigns:Fuxi (伏羲) Nüwa (女媧) Shennong (神農(nóng)) Yao: Lunar calendarShun: a man with great vi

11、rtuesYu the Great: conquering the floods; founder of Xia DynastyQin Shi Huang: the first emperor of ChinaAdministrative DivisionsA three-tier system: provinces, counties, townships.23 provinces; 5 autonomous regions;4 municipalities directly under the control of the Central Government; 2 special adm

12、inistrative regions (SARsPopulationHuge; No.1 in the world;Unevenly distributed; populations density;The policy of “ family planning” or “one child policy”Birth rate; mortality rateEthnic Groups56 ethnic groups: Han nationality and other 55 minority ethnic groups;Political SystemFundamental law: The

13、 Constitution of the Peoples Republic of ChinaHighest organ of state power: the NPC (National Peoples Congress); NPC and its Standing Committee have the rights of legislation, decision, supervision, election and removalParties: Communist party; eight democratic parties.Executive body: the State Coun

14、cilChinese Philosophya collective designation for various schools of thoughts, among which the Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism are the most influential in Chinese culture.One of the three philosophy systems in the world. (the other two: Western and Indian philosophy)Origin: Xia, Shang, and Zhou dy

15、nasties. Yi Jing ("the Book of Changes)prosperity: the Spring and Autumn Period; the Warring States Period. "A hundred schools of thought contend" (百家爭鳴The Development of Ancient Chinese PhilosophyThe Philosophy in Pre-Qin times先秦子學The orthodox Philosophy during the Han Dynasty (兩漢經(jīng)學M

16、etaphysics during the Wei and Jin Dynasties (魏晉玄學The Buddhist Philosophy during the Sui and Tang Dynasties (隋唐佛學Neo-Confucianism in Song and Ming Dynasties (宋明理學Application Philosophy in the Ming and Qing Dunasties (明清實學The Philosophy in Pre-Qin timesHundred schools of thoughts (諸子百家Main representat

17、ions:Confucianism(儒家); Taoism (道家); Mohism (墨家); Legalism (法家); School of Yin-yang(陰陽家); Logicians名家); School of Agriculture (農(nóng)家); School of Diplomacy (縱橫家); The Miscellaneous School (雜家); School of "Minor-talks" (小說家); School of the Military (兵家Most influential: Confucianism(儒家); Taoism (

18、道家); Mohism (墨家); Legalism (法家)Confucianism：Confucius MenciusConfucianism：The Analects (Lun YuSome well known Confucian quotes:"To know your faults and be able to change is the greatest virtue." (“知錯能改，善莫大焉”"What you do not wish for yourself, do not do to others." “己所不欲，勿施于人”&quo

19、t;Knowledge is recognizing what you know and what you don't." “知之為知之，不知為不知，是知也”"Reviewing the day's lessons. Isn't it joyful? Friends come from far. Isn't it delightful? One has never been angry at other's misunderstanding. Isn't he a respectable man?"“學而時習之，不亦

20、說乎？有朋自遠方來，不亦樂乎?人不知而不慍，不亦君子乎？”Confucian Thoughts on Heaven and Humanity"Heaven does not speak in words. It speaks through the rotation of the four seasons and the growth of all living things. ("天何言哉？四時行焉，百物生焉，天何言哉？“Confucian "Heaven " also had a certain sacred element, which was r

21、elated to it being the source of life. Thus Confucius required people to hold Heaven in awe. -天人合一的哲學基礎(chǔ)。Confucian "Heaven " was not a a supernatural, personified deity, but was the world of ever-generating life. Thus human should take to heart the purpose of Heaven by cherishing life. &quo

22、t;ignorant and disrespectful of one's heavenly mission"(不知天命而不畏- “He who offends against Heaven has none to whom he can pray" ("獲罪于天，無所禱也” Question: What's the significance and enlightenment of this belief to our modern society? (Respect other creature's life; protect out

23、nature)Confucius on People: ren (仁 and li 禮ren: Love of people. (仁者愛人); Universal love (“泛愛眾，而親仁”Some translate it as "benevolence".To love all should begin with loving one's parents. "Filial piety 孝 and fraternal duty (悌are the essence of ren. The Doctrine of the Mean (中庸 quotes:

24、"The greatest love for people is the love for one's parents."(仁者，人也，親親為大“Children should not travel far while their parents are alive. If they have no choice but to do so, they must retain some restraint"(父母在，不遠游，游必有方Li: rituals, traditions and norms in social life.Confucius place

25、d emphasis on li with the aim of preserving social order, stability and harmony. The Analects says, "The role of li is to maintain harmony among people." (“禮之用，和為貴”Confucius on the State of Life: the first one in Chinese history to initiate private education. 3000 disciples. 72 of them exc

26、elled in the "six arts“,i.e.,ritual禮, music樂, archery射, (carriage) driving御, calligraphy書, and mathematics數(shù). "Sage of sages".Goal of education: cultivate "persons of virtue". General principles of education: lofty ideals, great virtue, love of people, and the "six arts&

27、quot;. Of these, which one is the most important? Virtue.The highest state of life: harmony among people and harmony between people and nature.TaoismDao de jing quotes: 道可道，非常道。名可名，非常名。 無名天地之始；有名萬物之母。 寵辱假設(shè)驚，貴大患假設(shè)身。 何謂寵辱假設(shè)驚？寵為下，得之假設(shè)驚，失之假設(shè)驚，是謂寵辱假設(shè)驚。 上善假設(shè)水。水善利萬物而不爭，處眾人之所惡，故幾于道。 居善地，心善淵，與善仁，言善信，政善治，事善能，

28、動善時。夫唯不爭，故無尤。 有物混成，先天地生。寂兮寥兮，獨立而不改，周行而不殆，可以為天地母。吾不知其名，強字之曰道，強為之名曰大。大曰逝，逝曰遠，遠曰反。 故道大，天大，地大，人亦大。域中有四大，而人居其一焉。 人法地，地法天，天法道，道法自然。Laozi's philosophy: Naturalness and Non-action(自然,無為): "Great ingenuity appears to be stupidity" (大智假設(shè)愚; Non-contention(不爭：“overcoming the strong by being weak&q

29、uot;(以柔弱勝剛強); "The greatest virtue is like water"(上善假設(shè)水); ”Water nourishes everything but contends for nothing" 水善萬物而不爭 Returning to a newborn state (回到嬰兒狀態(tài)The orthodox Philosophy during the Han DynastyEmperor Wudi Dong Zhong ShuThe campaign of "banning all schools of thought exc

30、ept Confucianism“ (罷黜百家，獨尊儒術(shù)The power of the emperors are authorized by Heaven (君權(quán)神授Heaven affects human affairs and human behavior finds response in Heaven (天人感應(yīng)Human moral conduct, and the political and social upheaval, in turn, will effect changes in Heaven.Metaphysics during the Wei and Jin Dyna

31、sties"Three profound studies (三玄)" ：The Book of Changes (易經(jīng)；Lao Zi (老子); Zhuang Zi (莊子Neo-Confucianism in Song and Ming Dynastiesthe School of Principle 理學: Zhou Dunyi (周敦頤), Zhu Xi (朱熹；the School of Mind (心學): Lu Jiuyuan (陸九淵), Wang Shouren (王守仁Application philosophy in the Ming and Qing

32、DynastiesFocus on "self-examination".Stick to the application of philosophy on the state affairs.The Basic Features of Ancient Chinese PhilosophyFive stresses:Spiritual existence; Practice; Morality; Harmony; IntuitionCharacteristics of Chinese Ethics and MoralitySeeking harmony and mainta

33、ining equilibrium (平衡)Collectivism over individualismSpiritual life over material lifeChinese Religions:Indigenous Taoist religion; Religions of foreign origins: Buddhism, Islam and Christianity.The Taoist Religion“The Chinese roots are deep in Taoism. If one tries to comprehend Chinese history and

34、culture, he must first comprehend Taoism and the Taoist religion.” -Lu XunHighest belief: DaoBible: Dao De Jing by LaoziFounder: Zhang Daoling in the Eastern Han dynasty. “Religion of Five Dou of Rice” (五斗米教The Eight Taoist Immortals“When the Eight Immortals cross the sea, each demonstrates his/her

35、divine power 八仙過海，各顯神通BuddhismOriginated in India in the 6 century BC. Introduced into China in the first century and flourished during the Sui and Tang dynasties.Together with Confucianism and Taoism, it constituted the foundation of Chinese culture.Great founder: Sakyamuni (釋迦牟尼and his story.The t

36、heory of samsara around the six spheres of heaven, hell and earth. (六道輪回The cornerstone of Buddhist philosophy: all life is suffering.The doctrine of Four Noble Truths (四諦): life is suffering (苦); the cause is desire (集); the answer is to quench desire (滅); the way to its end is to follow the Eight-

37、Fold Path(八正道: right knowledge(正見), right thought(正思維), right speech(正語), right behavior(正業(yè)), right livelihood(正命), right effort(正精進), right mindfulness(正念 and right concentration(正定. Buddhist TemplesBuddhist architecture: Pagoda(塔),temples, grotto(石窟)Four statues in front of the temple: the Four He

38、avenly Kings; the Statue of Maitreya (Laughing Buddha 彌勒佛The Great Buddha Hall(大雄寶殿)The Eighteen Arhats(十八羅漢)The first Buddhist templeThe famous Buddhist mountainsChinese LiteratureChinese Classical Poetry Two orthodox genres of Chinese literature: Verse and proseThe two peaks of Chinese earliest po

39、etry (verse): The Book of Songs 詩經(jīng)Poetry of the South 楚辭The Book of Songs (詩經(jīng)) a collection of 305 oldest poems from the early Western Zhou Dynasty to the middle Spring and Autumn Period. the earliest realistic literature in China. four-character (四言) lines. Three sections according to the rhythms:

40、Feng (folk ballads; Ya (dynamic hymns); Song (sacrificial songs). Writing techniques: fu (narration), bi (metaphor), xing (evocation) Cu Ci (Poetry of the South)Sorrow after Departure 離騷Ask Heaven 天問Nine Elegies 九章 Nine Songs 九歌"The Journey is long, I'll search up and down" (路漫漫其修遠兮，吾將

41、上下而求索"Long did I sigh and wipe away my tears,To see my people bowed by griefs and fears."(長太息以掩涕兮，哀民生之多艱)"For the ideal that I hold dear to my heart，Id not regret a thousand times to die"(亦余心之所善兮，雖九死其猶未悔。)Han Dynasty Literature(Hanfu and Yuefu folk songs) Hanfu: elaboration &

42、 description; poem & prose ; long essays (大賦& short essays 小賦Most outstanding hanfu writer: Jia Yi "On Faults of Qin 過秦論Lamenting Qu Yuan 吊屈原賦Master Void Rhapsody 子虛賦Rhapsody on Great Man 上林賦Yuefu folk songs:in five-character lines; the reality and life of lower-class working people; Fi

43、gurative speech and personification."Southeast the Peacock Flies" 孔雀東南飛"The Ballad of Mulan" 木蘭詩The Literature in the Wei, Jin Southern and Northern DynastiesTwo main genres:Literary criticism;Stories recording spirits & anecdotes (志人志怪小說Several masters:The "Three Caos&q

44、uot; 三曹：Cao cao-"The Sea" 觀滄海 "A short Song" 短歌行The "Seven Masters of the Jian'an Period"( 建安七子Tao Yuanming : Master of the five-character-a-line poetry and description of nature. "The Peach Blossom Spring" 桃花源記Liu Xie: "The Literary Mind and the Carv

45、ing of Dragons" 文心雕龍; in parallel prose (駢文.The Tang Poems "The Complete Anthology of Tang Poems" 全唐詩Early Tang period: The Four Literary Eminences: Wang Bo; Yang Jiong; Luo Bingwang; Lu Zhaolin(Wang Bo: Friendships across the world/ make near neighbours of far horizons (海內(nèi)存知己，天涯假設(shè)比鄰H

46、igh Tang period: Twin master poets- prosperity and stability of the society. Li Bai, the "Celestial Poet", romantic ("Thinking in the Silent Night", "Hard is the Road to Shu","Dreaming of Sightseeing in the Tianmu Mountains".Du Fu, the "Saint Poet",

47、realistic ("Three officers; Three Partings")Frontier poets: Gao shi & Cen Shen Pastoral poets: Meng Haoran & WangweiMiddle Tang Period: Social corruption of the time.Bai Juyi: Satirical and allegorical poems. " The Old Charcoal Seller" "Song of Eternal Sorrow"&q

48、uot;Song of a Pipa player".Late Tang Period: "Young Li Bai and Du Fu"-Li Shangyin and Du Mu. Nostalgia feeling. Hopeless and helpless feeling of the people.Ci in the Song DynastyA kind of poetry, but express more refined and delicate feelings with irregular meter.-Xiaoling (小令short, l

49、ess than 59 charactersZhongdiao (中調(diào) medium, 59-90 characters)Changdiao (長調(diào) long, more than 90 characters)Masters: Northern Song: Su Shi-the Powerful and Free School (豪放派 Southern Song: Lu You; Xin Qiji; Li Qingzhao Yuanqu in the Yuan DynastyFictions in the Ming and Qing DynastiesFour Famous Chinese

50、Classics of literature:"Romance of the Three Kingdoms", "Water Margin", "Journey to the West", "Dream of the Red Mansion".Other masterpieces:"Three Volumes of Words and Two Volumes of Slapping", "Strange Tales from a Scholar's Studio",

51、"The Scholars".Fictions details:A. One theme is brotherhood;B. Basic expressive technique is realism;C. The earliest full-length Chinese novel; the author is Luo Guanzhong;D. The main characters are Liu Bei, Zhuge Liang, Zhangfei and Guanyu;E. The plot centers on the rise and fall of the t

52、hree kingdoms of Wei, Shu and Wu. "Romance of the Three Kingdoms"A. It reached the pinnacle of Chinese novels; the greatest novel in Chinese literature.B. The novel is really a panorama of feudal society and has been considered an encyclopedia of Chinese literature.C. The author was born i

53、nto a noble and powerful family, which was later reduced to poverty from extreme prosperity.D. The novel describes the prosperity and decline of a large feudal family.E. The central thread of the novel is the tragic love story between Jia Baoyu and Lin Daiyu."Dream of the Red Mansions"A. I

54、t contains many descriptions of daily life of townspeople, so called the "worldly novels".B. It is composed of two anthologies of vernacular novelettes from Ming Dynasty.C. The author are Feng Menglong and Ling Mengchu.D. One part is "Lasting word to Awaken the world"."Three

55、 Volumes of Words and Two Volumes of Slapping"A. A masterpiece about deities and spirits.B. The author exposed the darkness and corruption of feudal society, criticized social realities and implicitly expressed people's different forms of resistance.C. The author is Wu Cheng'en。D. Main

56、characters are the Tang Dynasty monk, Xuan Zang, and his disciples Sun Wukong, the monkey king, Zhu Bajie, the piggy, and Sha Wujing, the sandy."Journey to the West"A . The first novel to deal with the subject of peasant revolts in China.B. The end of the story is that the rebels are defea

57、ted and accepted amnesty and surrendered to the government.C. It tells the story of the rebellion of the 108 heroes at the end of the Northern Song Dynasty.D. The author is Shi Nai'an."Water Margin"A. A collection of about 490 short stories.B. It inherits the tradition of the mystery t

58、ales in the Wei and Jin dynasties and the tales of marvels in the Tang and Song dynasties.C. The stories are mostly about love affairs between men and foxes, ghosts or demons.D. The author is Pu Songling."Strange Tales from a Scholar's Studio"A. China's first colloquial and satirical novel.B. The first openly challenge the idea of making academic studies only for the sake of taking official position. C. The novel portrays a group of feudal scholars and directs criticism at the eight-part essay and imperial examination sy