TranslationofScientificandTechnologicalText

1、Translation of Scientific and Technological TextsOutline Introduction Lexical Characteristics and Translation Syntax Characteristics and Translation Text Characteristics and Translation Introduction Definition of Scientific and Technological Text 一切和科學(xué)技術(shù)有關(guān)的文本，包括科技論文，科技著作，科技報(bào)告，科技情報(bào)，科技實(shí)用手冊(cè)（儀器、儀表、機(jī)械等的結(jié)

2、構(gòu)描述和操作規(guī)程），科普讀物等。 History of Its Translation (1)明末清初 原因： 學(xué)術(shù)傳教代表人物： 徐光啟，李之藻，李天經(jīng) 利瑪竇，湯若望 ，南懷仁代表譯著： 幾何原本(2)晚清時(shí)期:原因： 師夷長(zhǎng)技以制夷代表人物： 李善蘭、徐壽、華衡芳、嚴(yán)復(fù)代表譯著： Evolution and Ethics and Other Essays （by Huxley 赫胥黎）天演論 An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations（by Adam Smith 亞當(dāng)斯密）原富 The Study of S

3、ociology （by Spencer 斯賓塞爾） 群學(xué)肄言O(shè)n Liberty （by John Mill 約翰米勒）群已權(quán)界論History of Politics（ by Jenks 甄克思）社會(huì)通詮The Spirit of Laws （by Montesquieu孟德斯鳩）法意(3) 改革開放以來Lexical Characteristics and Translation 特點(diǎn)： E：詞義單一的專業(yè)術(shù)語,有專業(yè)色彩的普通 詞匯，新詞多，有時(shí)使用縮略詞。 C：詞義單一的專業(yè)術(shù)語，有時(shí)使用縮略詞。 翻譯1. 專業(yè)術(shù)語：通過查閱字典、搜尋網(wǎng)絡(luò)、查找相關(guān)的國家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)（各類專業(yè)技術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)GB）

4、按約定俗成的術(shù)語來翻譯 anemia, acrophobia, tsunami 貧血，恐高癥，海嘯 2非專業(yè)術(shù)語 In the electrolysis, we must make use of a cell. 在電解過程中，必須使用（電解槽）。 In the human body, there are a large number of cells. 人體中有大量（細(xì)胞）。 2普通詞匯或詞匯組合專業(yè)化the Plough 北斗星Please charge a gun with powder. 請(qǐng)用用火藥填滿炮。（填充，load）Electros are negatively charged

5、with electricity. 電子帶負(fù)電荷。(給充電) Although all petroleum is composedessentially of a number of hydrocarbons, they are present in varying proportions in each deposit and the properties of each deposit have to be valued.雖然石油是由各種談情化合物組成，但這些碳?xì)浠衔镆圆煌谋壤嬖谟诟鞣N礦床礦床中，因此，必須對(duì)各種礦床的特點(diǎn)做出評(píng)價(jià)。blue gas, mild steel, 水煤氣，

6、低碳鋼（軟鋼）suspending liquid，zinc plate 懸浮液，白鐵皮（鍍鋅鐵皮）3. 新詞音譯音譯 Herz, joule, Vitamin, penicillin 赫茲，焦耳，維他命（維生素），盤尼西林（青霉素）形譯形譯 I-column, T-square, cross-pipe, u-bend, twist drill 工字柱， 丁字尺，十字管，馬蹄彎頭，麻花鉆意譯意譯 詞綴: antimatter，antipollution, antiparticle 反物質(zhì)，反污染，反粒子 futurology，planetology, anthropology 未來學(xué)，太陽系星體

7、學(xué)，人類學(xué) 合成: water-lock, hot-press, soilless cultivation, copyelectron 水閘， 熱壓，無土栽培，電子復(fù)寫（技術(shù)） 混成: smog, medicare, escalift 煙霧，醫(yī)療保健，自動(dòng)電梯音譯加意譯音譯加意譯 The Vistula, Pumi, 維斯杜拉河，普米族 Morse code 莫爾斯電碼新造字新造字 oxygen, fluorine 氧，氟4. 縮略詞 laser: light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation DNA: Deoxypentose

8、-Nucleic Acid CD: compact disk DVD: digital video disk 科技部-中華人民共和國科學(xué)技術(shù)部 基金委-國家自然科學(xué)基金委員會(huì)Syntax Characteristics and Translation 1. 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài) 科技英語：一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)來表示無時(shí)間性的科技英語：一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)來表示無時(shí)間性的 一般敘述一般敘述 科技漢語：動(dòng)詞本身無時(shí)間性，根據(jù)需要添科技漢語：動(dòng)詞本身無時(shí)間性，根據(jù)需要添 加相應(yīng)地時(shí)間副詞，時(shí)態(tài)助詞加相應(yīng)地時(shí)間副詞，時(shí)態(tài)助詞 ， 語氣助詞語氣助詞 Tooth decay reverses completely t

9、hanks to early treatment. 早期治療齲齒（會(huì)完全治愈的）是可以完全治愈的。早期治療齲齒（會(huì)完全治愈的）是可以完全治愈的。 These substances futher speed up the decay process. 這些物質(zhì)（會(huì)）進(jìn)一步加速腐爛過程。這些物質(zhì)（會(huì)）進(jìn)一步加速腐爛過程。 As the disease progresses, the large muscles also grow steadily weaker. Without treatment, the patient becomes paralyzed, has great difficul

10、ty breathing, and eventually dies. 隨著病情發(fā)展，大肌肉會(huì)逐漸衰竭，不經(jīng)治療，病隨著病情發(fā)展，大肌肉會(huì)逐漸衰竭，不經(jīng)治療，病人就會(huì)癱瘓，呼吸會(huì)發(fā)生困難，最終將導(dǎo)致死亡。人就會(huì)癱瘓，呼吸會(huì)發(fā)生困難，最終將導(dǎo)致死亡。 2. E: 多使用被動(dòng)語態(tài)多使用被動(dòng)語態(tài) C: 少使用被動(dòng)語態(tài)少使用被動(dòng)語態(tài) （1）直接用受事者作主語，轉(zhuǎn)換成漢語的主動(dòng)語態(tài)，）直接用受事者作主語，轉(zhuǎn)換成漢語的主動(dòng)語態(tài)，即被動(dòng)隱含句即被動(dòng)隱含句 Atomic energy is now being used as a new source of energy. 原子能現(xiàn)在用作一種新能源。 Super

11、conductivity was first discovered by the Holland physicist Kamelingh-Onnes in 1911. 超導(dǎo)現(xiàn)象是荷蘭物理學(xué)家卡曼林昂尼斯于1911年首次發(fā)現(xiàn)的。 The power supply of this motor plant is provided by an atomic generator. 這個(gè)汽車制造廠的動(dòng)力是由一臺(tái)原子能發(fā)電機(jī)提供的。 The design is based on a cylindrical configuration and is optimized by means of the nume

12、rical model. 該設(shè)計(jì)依據(jù)圓柱形結(jié)構(gòu)，并運(yùn)用數(shù)學(xué)模型來優(yōu)化。 A convex lens can be used to concentrate the suns rays and thus burn a hole in a piece of paper. 凸透鏡可以用來聚集太陽光，將一張紙片燒穿一個(gè)洞。（2）使用施事者作主語，轉(zhuǎn)換成主動(dòng)語態(tài)）使用施事者作主語，轉(zhuǎn)換成主動(dòng)語態(tài) The Ozone Hole often get confused in the popular press and by the general public with the problem of globa

13、l warming. While there is a connection because ozone contributes to the greenhouse effect, the Ozone Hole is a separate issue. 媒體和大眾經(jīng)常把臭氧層空洞和全球變暖問題混為一談。盡管二者有聯(lián)系，因?yàn)槌粞鯇訒?huì)導(dǎo)致溫室效應(yīng)，但臭氧層空洞卻是另外一個(gè)問題。 （3）使用泛主語，如）使用泛主語，如“人們?nèi)藗儭?，譯成主動(dòng)句，譯成主動(dòng)句 Agreement has been reached on the control of industrial production of many

14、 halocarbons until the year 2030. 人們已經(jīng)達(dá)成協(xié)議，在2030年之前控制工業(yè)制造出的多種鹵化碳。 A method is presented to evaluate the mechanical properties of thin-film materials. 人們提出一種新方法來評(píng)價(jià)薄膜材料的機(jī)械性能。 Electric energy is known as the most widely used form of energy in industry. 眾所周知，電能是工業(yè)是使用最廣泛的一種能。 A gap is left at a joint of

15、a railway to allow the rail to expand when it gets hot. 在鐵軌的接頭處留下空隙，使鐵軌受熱時(shí)可以膨脹。（無主句）（4）It muse be admitted that these modern iron and steel works have played an important part in building our heavy industry. 必須承認(rèn)這些現(xiàn)代化的鋼鐵廠為我們的重工業(yè)建設(shè)發(fā)揮了重要作用。 It can be prophesied that titanium materials will be used inc

16、reasingly in aerospace and in other industrial products. 可以預(yù)言，鈦材料在航天航空和其他工業(yè)產(chǎn)品終會(huì)得到越來越廣泛的應(yīng)用。 It結(jié)構(gòu)可以譯成結(jié)構(gòu)可以譯成“據(jù)說據(jù)說”、 “據(jù)報(bào)道據(jù)報(bào)道”“”“表表明明”“”“承認(rèn)承認(rèn)”等等 （5）Much of the dry land of today was once covered with water. 今天的陸地曾有很大面積被水覆蓋。 如果漢語的被動(dòng)表達(dá)沒有不幸的含義，可以如果漢語的被動(dòng)表達(dá)沒有不幸的含義，可以譯為漢語的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)譯為漢語的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu) 3. E：多用名詞化結(jié)構(gòu) C：多使用動(dòng)詞 The

17、 generation of heat by friction 摩擦生熱 The standardization of the series 系列的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化You can rectify the fault if you insert a slash.Rectification of the fault can be achieved by inserting a slash.We can normally regulate the temperature by using an air conditioner.Normal regulation of the temperature can b

18、e achieved by the application of an airconditioner.（1） The scaling exponents of the equations are obtained in both the weak-and strong-coupling regions, which are well consistent with the corresponding experiment and simulation results. 各個(gè)方程的標(biāo)度指數(shù)可以在弱耦合和強(qiáng)耦合區(qū)中獲得，并與相應(yīng)的試驗(yàn)和模擬結(jié)果一致。 This paper introduces t

19、he significance of surface and interface growth dynamics in non-equilibrium statistical physics. 本文介紹了表面界面生長(zhǎng)動(dòng)力學(xué)在非平衡統(tǒng)計(jì)物理學(xué)中的意義。 英語的名詞結(jié)構(gòu)翻譯成漢語的名詞英語的名詞結(jié)構(gòu)翻譯成漢語的名詞（3） The effectiveness of the electronic computer lies in its great speed and accuracy in calculation. 電子計(jì)算機(jī)之所以效率高，是由于其運(yùn)算速度快而且計(jì)算準(zhǔn)確。 本工藝具有造型速度快、生產(chǎn)

20、效率高、工藝性能優(yōu)良等優(yōu)點(diǎn)，引起世界鑄造者的關(guān)注。 This technology has the advantages of great moulding speed, high production efficiency and excellent technological performance, therefore it has drawn the attention of people in foundry business all over the world. 主謂結(jié)構(gòu)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)（2） Power generation 發(fā)電 The uses of certain acids c

21、an cause the jamming of the valves. 使用某種酸會(huì)堵塞閥門。 Clinical observations of disease-versus-disease interactions have led to an understanding of the mechanisms of several diseases. 臨床觀察疾病之間相互爭(zhēng)鋒的作用，讓人們了解了幾種疾病類型的病理機(jī)制。 英語的名詞結(jié)構(gòu)翻譯成漢語的動(dòng)賓詞組英語的名詞結(jié)構(gòu)翻譯成漢語的動(dòng)賓詞組 Even the dissolution in water cannot enable common sa

22、lt to change its chemical properties. 即使我們將普通食鹽溶于水，也不能改變其化學(xué)性質(zhì)。（4） 尤其是推廣了高產(chǎn)水稻，擴(kuò)大了灌溉面積，大大增加了化肥和殺蟲劑的用量，使得農(nóng)作物產(chǎn)量大幅度提高。 In particular, the introduction of high-yield rice in combination with expanded irrigation and a massive increase in the use of fertilizers and pesticides has significantly improved crop

23、 yields. crop yields have been significantly improved with the introduction of high-yield rice in combination with expanded irrigation and a massive increase in the use of fertilizers and pesticides in particular. C-E: 連動(dòng)式，就轉(zhuǎn)化成名詞結(jié)構(gòu)連動(dòng)式，就轉(zhuǎn)化成名詞結(jié)構(gòu)4. E：復(fù)合句（非謂語動(dòng)詞短語、平行結(jié)構(gòu)、邏輯性定語、并列句、主從復(fù)合句），空間搭架，注重形合。 C：復(fù)合句（流

24、散型短句），注重意合。（1）語法分析）語法分析 Knowledge, in any art or science, being always the fruit of observation, study, or practice, gives, in proportion to its extent and usefulness, the possessor a just claim to respect. 在任何藝術(shù)和科學(xué)中，由于知識(shí)總是觀察研究或是實(shí)踐的成果，知識(shí)所有者應(yīng)該受到尊敬，所受尊敬的程度，則同其知識(shí)的廣度和深度以及其實(shí)際應(yīng)用價(jià)值成正比。（2）專業(yè)知識(shí)分析）專業(yè)知識(shí)分析 科技英語

25、注重邏輯性，多用分詞連接成分科技英語注重邏輯性，多用分詞連接成分 假設(shè)，假定 Supposing that, Assuming that, Provided that Inorganic chemistry is linked closely to geology, mineralogy and metallurgy; organic chemistry to physiology, biochemistry, and biology in general. 無機(jī)化學(xué)與地質(zhì)學(xué)、礦物學(xué)和冶金學(xué)有密切的關(guān)系，無機(jī)化學(xué)與地質(zhì)學(xué)、礦物學(xué)和冶金學(xué)有密切的關(guān)系，而有機(jī)化學(xué)則與生理學(xué)、生物化學(xué)以及普通生物學(xué)

26、而有機(jī)化學(xué)則與生理學(xué)、生物化學(xué)以及普通生物學(xué)都有密切的關(guān)系。都有密切的關(guān)系。（3）狀語性分詞結(jié)構(gòu) The solar wind grossly distorts the earths magnetic field, dragging it out to a long tail. 太陽風(fēng)使地球磁場(chǎng)的形狀發(fā)生很大變化，將它向外拉牽，扯出一條長(zhǎng)尾。 With the right combination of these dimensions, all six circles will overlap, opening a window in the center to let in a beam o

27、f radio signals from an extraterrestrial civilization. 在將這些平面進(jìn)行正確的組合以后，共計(jì)六個(gè)圓周將依次重疊，從而在中心部分形成窗口，可是地外文化的射電信號(hào)光束通過窗口攝入。 譯成動(dòng)詞并列式分句，同一個(gè)主語下，使用兩個(gè)或者兩個(gè)以上的并列動(dòng)詞。（4）狀語性分詞結(jié)構(gòu) Scientists have pursued variations of this idea for almost 40 years, suggesting sound waves, gravity waves, and several other kinds of waves

28、 as the most promising carrier of coronal energy. 最有可能攜帶日冕能量的是聲波、引力波以及其他好幾種波，近四十年來，科學(xué)家們一直按照這種思路進(jìn)行研究。 譯成復(fù)合式分句，兩個(gè)主語分置于兩句中。（5）狀語性分詞結(jié)構(gòu) In Vilceks methods, the cells are grown in bottles rotated automatically, allowing a nutrient solution to bathe each of them continuously. 維爾切克的方法是讓細(xì)胞在自動(dòng)旋轉(zhuǎn)的瓶子里生長(zhǎng)，這就使每個(gè)細(xì)胞

29、都能不斷地受到營養(yǎng)液的沖洗。 譯成外位句，將句子分開，用一個(gè)代指成分（這，那，這樣，那樣，它等）代替處于外位的先行部分。（6）產(chǎn)品能值是加工產(chǎn)品所消耗的總能量，由加工過程中所用的能源、原材料、勞動(dòng)力以及能源和原材料的運(yùn)輸提供的能值組成。 Energy value of a product, being the total amount of energy consumed in the production of the product, consist of energy values contributed energy resources, raw materials and labor

30、s during the processing, as well as the energy values provided by the transportation of energy resources and raw materials. C-E 注意句子之間的語義連貫5. Protection against complete structural failure is achieved n three different ways: first, by proper selection of material, especially in high load areas, to p

31、rovide a consistent slow rate of crack propagation, and high residual strength; second, by providing such multipath structure on the airplane that the loss of anyone segment wouldnt endanger the airplane; and third, by providing readily accessible structure which can be inspected and maintained prop

32、erly.用三種方法來防止整個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)的損壞：一、適當(dāng)選用材料，特別在高荷載區(qū)的材料，要具有一致的、遲緩的裂痕擴(kuò)散速率特性以及高剩余強(qiáng)度; 二、采用多路徑結(jié)構(gòu)，使某一局部損壞不危及整個(gè)飛機(jī)；三、使結(jié)構(gòu)具有易御性，便于檢查和維修.6. Translation of numbers 增加： increase, rise, grow, go up, jump, leap, soar, shoot up, skyrocket 持平： stand at, remain at，hover around 減少： decrease, fall, reduce, down, drop, slide, slip, s

33、hrink, dip（1） Automation will help to raise the production by 30 percent. 自動(dòng)化能提高30%的產(chǎn)量。 到2003年，全世界年產(chǎn)油量預(yù)計(jì)將下降到30%. By the year 2003, the worlds annual oil output is expected to fall to 30%. 動(dòng)詞后跟具體數(shù)字時(shí)動(dòng)詞后跟具體數(shù)字時(shí),具體數(shù)字照翻，具體數(shù)字照翻，by表示幅度，表示幅度，to表示結(jié)果。表示結(jié)果。（2） The sales of industrial electronic products have mu

34、ltiplied six times. 工業(yè)電子產(chǎn)品的銷售額增加了5倍。（增加到原來的6倍） The strength of the attraction increases by four times if the distance between the original charges is halved. 如果原電荷之間的距離縮短一半，引力就會(huì)增加三倍。（增加到原來的四倍） Increase + n timesto n timesby n timesby a factor of n 增加到增加到N倍，增加了（倍，增加了（N-1）倍，比）倍，比大（大（N-1）倍）倍 The error

35、probability of the equipment was reduced by 2.5 times through technical innovation. 通過技術(shù)革新，該設(shè)備的誤差率降低了3/5。（n-1）/n The prime cost has decreased by three times as against 2004. 主要成本與2004年相比下降了2/3。 The equipment under development will reduce the error probability by a factor of 7. 正在研制的設(shè)備將使誤差減少到1/7。 Dec

36、rease + n timesto n timesby n timesby a factor of n 減少到1/N, 減少了 (N-1)/N（3） Mercury weighs more than water by about 14 times. 水銀的重量約為水的14倍。 Consequently, the impact on an unrestrained driver or passenger would be about 10 times greater than the impact on the car. 因此，不系安全帶的駕車者或者乘客所受到的撞擊力是汽車本身受到的撞擊力的約十

37、倍。 larger than by n times n times larger than 是是的的N倍，比倍，比大（大（N-1）倍）倍 n times as large as larger by a factor of n Their operational cost is twice lower this year than last year. 他們今年的營運(yùn)成本比去年下降了一半。 ( 是去年的二分之一） Under high pressure the particles beneath the crust are 2000-fold more than normal. 高壓下表殼下的粒

38、子數(shù)比常壓下多1999倍。 高壓下表殼下的粒子數(shù)是常壓下的2000倍。 n times shorter than n times as short as shorter than by n times shorter by a factor of n, 是是的的1/N，比，比短了（短了（N-1）/N（4）表示倍數(shù)的動(dòng)詞）表示倍數(shù)的動(dòng)詞 double/duplicate(兩個(gè)完全一兩個(gè)完全一樣的樣的), treble/triplicate（一式三份）（一式三份）, quadruple/quadruplicate(一式四份一式四份) The output of vegetables in the

39、village was more than doubled last year. 這個(gè)村子的蔬菜產(chǎn)量比去年增加了一倍。 The total value of production of the group has quadruplicated on the basis 10 years ago. 和年前相比，這個(gè)集團(tuán)公司的總產(chǎn)值翻了兩番。 這個(gè)集團(tuán)公司的總產(chǎn)值在年前的基礎(chǔ)上增長(zhǎng)了三倍是年前的倍。（5） Signals will be issued every fourth minute. 每四分鐘發(fā)出一次信號(hào)。Every計(jì)數(shù)法：every three days=every third day

40、每三天，每隔兩天every two, every second 每隔一個(gè) every otherText Characteristic and Translation 1. 科研論文：不能出現(xiàn)第一人稱 本文討論了 is discussed in this paper. The paper deals with, discusses2. 銜接與連貫 A 銜接：cohesion 篇章的有形網(wǎng)絡(luò) 詞匯銜接 語義照應(yīng):reference 邏輯連接詞logical connectives B 連貫：coherence 篇章的無形網(wǎng)絡(luò) 原文： Although aluminum has a great a

41、ffinity （親和力）for oxygen, its corrosion（腐蝕）-resistance is relatively high. This is due to the dense impervious（不容液體、氣體等通過的） film of oxide（氧化物） which forms on the surface of the metal and prevents it from further oxidation. The corrosion-resistance can be further improved by anodizing（陽極化處理）, a treatm

42、ent which artificially thickens the natural oxide film. Since aluminum oxide is extremely hard, wear-resistance is also increased by the oxide layer; and the slightly porous（多孔的，可滲透的） nature of the surface of the film allowed it to be colored with either organic or inorganic dyes（染料）. In this respec

43、t high oxygen-affinity is an asset. 鋁對(duì)氧雖然有很大的親和力，但抗腐蝕性能較強(qiáng)，因?yàn)殇X的表面形成了一層不透氣的致密氧化膜，從而阻止鋁進(jìn)一步被氧化。這種抗腐蝕性能還可以利用陽極化處理（一種人工加厚自然氧化膜的處理方法）得到進(jìn)一步提高。由于氧化鋁特別硬，這層氧化膜也提高了材料的耐磨性能。氧化膜表面具有輕微的滲透性，所以可以 用有機(jī)染料或人造燃料著色。從這方面考慮，對(duì)氧有很強(qiáng)的親和力是鋁的一大優(yōu)點(diǎn)。 The fact that aluminum has over 50% of the specific conductivity of copper means th

44、at, weight for weight, it is a better conductor of electricity than copper. Hence it is now widely used as a current carrier in the electric “grid” system. Pure aluminum is relatively soft and weak, so that for most other engineering purposes it is used in the alloyed（合金） condition. The addition of alloying elements is made principally to improve mechanical properties, such as tensile （拉伸的）strength, hardness, rigidity（剛度） and machinability（切削性）, and sometimes to improve fluidity（流度） and other casting pro