英語作文輔導(dǎo)

1、句號句號 Period .用以表示一個句子的結(jié)束用以表示一個句子的結(jié)束:Hockey(曲棍球曲棍球) is a popular sport in Canada.用在縮寫中用在縮寫中:Dr. Bethune was a Canadian who worked in China.It is 4:00 p.m. (post meridiem) in New York right now.標(biāo)點符號的用法問號問號 Question Mark ?在句子的結(jié)尾使用問號表示是直接疑問在句子的結(jié)尾使用問號表示是直接疑問句：句：How many provinces are there in Canada?注意：在

2、間接疑問句結(jié)尾不要加問號：注意：在間接疑問句結(jié)尾不要加問號：*The teacher asked the class a question?*Do not ask me why?嘆號嘆號 Exclamation Mark !在句子的結(jié)尾使用嘆號表示驚訝、興奮在句子的結(jié)尾使用嘆號表示驚訝、興奮等情緒：等情緒：We won the Stanley Cup!The forest is on fire! 逗號逗號 Comma ,用于獨立成份后，插入語前后及句子中的停頓：用于獨立成份后，插入語前后及句子中的停頓：Therefore, we should write a letter to the pri

3、me minister.在直接引語中引出說話人：在直接引語中引出說話人：“I can come today, she said, but not tomorrow.”排列三個或以上的名詞：排列三個或以上的名詞：Ontario(安大略湖安大略湖), Quebec, and B.C. (British Columbia加拿大不列顛哥倫比亞省加拿大不列顛哥倫比亞省) are the three biggest provinces.引出非限定性定語從句引出非限定性定語從句Emily Carr, who was born in 1871, was a great painter.引導(dǎo)主從復(fù)合句：引導(dǎo)主從

4、復(fù)合句：Since you know English, you should translate this paper.Note:逗號不能連接兩個分句，除非和逗號不能連接兩個分句，除非和and一起使用：一起使用：The festival is very popular, and people from all over the world visit each year.如果有三個或有一個以上的分句相互并列，且只有如果有三個或有一個以上的分句相互并列，且只有最后一個分句前面有最后一個分句前面有and或或or，在這些分句之間，包，在這些分句之間，包括最后兩個分句之間，都需要用逗號：括最后兩個分句

5、之間，都需要用逗號：Prices fell, interest rates fell, and employment figures rose.這類句子中的逗號稱為連續(xù)逗號這類句子中的逗號稱為連續(xù)逗號(serial comma)逗號逗號 Comma ,撇號撇號 Apostrophe 表示屬格表示屬格:This is Davids computer.These are the players things. (things that belong to the player)（Note: 對于復(fù)數(shù)形式的名詞，只加對于復(fù)數(shù)形式的名詞，只加）縮略形式：縮略形式：I dont know how to

6、fix it.引號引號Quotation Marks 直接引出某人說的話：直接引出某人說的話：The prime minister said, “We will win the election.”I can come today, she said, but not tomorrow.冒號冒號Colon :冒號后面的內(nèi)容是說明冒號前面的內(nèi)容，或者是滿冒號后面的內(nèi)容是說明冒號前面的內(nèi)容，或者是滿足所提出的要求，有足所提出的要求，有“如下如下”或或“即即”的含義：的含義：Ive just had some good news: Ive been offered a job in a law fi

7、rm. (說明部分是個分句，可以把這個說明部分是個分句，可以把這個分句看成是前面那個分句中名詞短語的同位語。分句看成是前面那個分句中名詞短語的同位語。)There are three positions in hockey: goalie, defence, and forward. 曲棍球曲棍球: 守門員守門員，后衛(wèi)，后衛(wèi)，前鋒前鋒冒號后面為正式列舉事物，相當(dāng)于冒號后面為正式列舉事物，相當(dāng)于for example, eg, namely的用法：的用法：Please send the stipulated items: your birth certificate, your passport

8、, and the correct fee.分號分號Semicolon ; 將兩個相關(guān)的句子連接起來（作用相當(dāng)將兩個相關(guān)的句子連接起來（作用相當(dāng)于并列連詞于并列連詞and）:The festival is very popular; people from all over the world visit each year.(=The festival is very popular, and people from all over the world visit each year.) 破折號破折號Dash 前后留空格前后留空格破折號后面的句子是對之前句子的總結(jié)破折號后面的句子是對之前句

9、子的總結(jié)：Mild, wet, and cloudy these are the characteristics of weather in Qingdao.放在句子中間加入額外的注釋放在句子中間加入額外的注釋：The children Pierre, Laura, and Ashley went to the store. Most Canadians but not all voted in the last election.表示某人在說話過程中被打斷表示某人在說話過程中被打斷The woman said, I want to ask when the earthquake began

10、to shake the room.連字符連字符Hyphen -前后不空格前后不空格連接兩個單詞連接兩個單詞sweet-smellingfire-resistant連接前綴連接前綴anti-warnon-smoker 在數(shù)字中使用在數(shù)字中使用one-quartertwenty-threebackv文章的基本要素文章的基本要素v 詞、句子和段落詞、句子和段落v一、選詞一、選詞v二、造句二、造句v三、組段三、組段v標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：意義清晰，形象生動，語法正確，符標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：意義清晰，形象生動，語法正確，符合表達(dá)習(xí)慣。下面我們分析句子中用詞不當(dāng)合表達(dá)習(xí)慣。下面我們分析句子中用詞不當(dāng)?shù)睦樱旱睦樱簐A. When

11、he was at school, he won first reward for good behavior.v句中用句中用reward（酬勞）詞不達(dá)意，應(yīng)該為（酬勞）詞不達(dá)意，應(yīng)該為prize（獎勵，獎金）。（獎勵，獎金）。vB. It would be carrying a risk to let the child go to school by himself.v carrying應(yīng)改為應(yīng)改為running，因為，因為run a risk（冒險）冒險）是固定搭配。是固定搭配。v注意詞的正確用法：注意詞的正確用法：v*The factory discharged so much was

12、te water that needed to be dealt with.vThe factory discharged so much waste water that needed to be disposed of.v比較：比較：vThere are so many problems to deal with.vWe have to dispose of this pile of old papers and magazines.v我們得把這堆舊報紙和雜志處理掉。我們得把這堆舊報紙和雜志處理掉。backv三個條件：三個條件：v完整性完整性v連貫性連貫性v清晰度清晰度v1. 完整性完整性

13、(unity)，即意思的完整性和結(jié)構(gòu)的即意思的完整性和結(jié)構(gòu)的完整性。完整性。v（1）意思的完整性是指一個句子應(yīng)該表達(dá)一意思的完整性是指一個句子應(yīng)該表達(dá)一個完整的意思。個完整的意思。請看下面的句子：請看下面的句子：v意思不完整：意思不完整：Bikes are so popular in China.v修改后：修改后：Bikes are so popular in China that almost every family has at least one.v（2）結(jié)構(gòu)的完整性指句子在結(jié)構(gòu)方面沒有缺結(jié)構(gòu)的完整性指句子在結(jié)構(gòu)方面沒有缺損。損。請看句子請看句子：殘缺句殘缺句vB. 殘缺句殘缺句: I

14、 think the film is poor. Even though so many people enjoy it. I think the film is poor, even though so many people enjoy it.v為了使句子保持完整性，還必須避免：為了使句子保持完整性，還必須避免：vA. Run-on Sentence（串句）：（串句）：v特點：串句是指誤將兩個串在一起的句子當(dāng)特點：串句是指誤將兩個串在一起的句子當(dāng)成一個句子，有的用逗號隔開，有的的什么成一個句子，有的用逗號隔開，有的的什么標(biāo)點符號都沒有使用。標(biāo)點符號都沒有使用。vHe does not sp

15、eak too rapidly, his voice is loud, it can be heard by everyone in the classroom.v修改后修改后: He does not speak too rapidly and his voice is so loud that it can be heard by everyone in the classroom.vB. 融洽句融洽句: vIt was raining hard, they could not work in the field.v修改后修改后:vIt was raining hard, so they

16、could not work in the field.vAs It was raining hard, they could not work in the field.vIt was raining hard; they could not work in the field.vIt was raining hard. They could not work in the field.vIt was raining so hard that they could not work in the field.backv2. 連貫性連貫性（coherence）即句子之間的連貫和句）即句子之間的

17、連貫和句子各部分之間的連貫。子各部分之間的連貫。v結(jié)構(gòu)不平行：結(jié)構(gòu)不平行：v(誤誤) I wrote to him, but my letter was not answered.v(正正) I wrote to him, but he didnt answer my letter.v(誤誤) Our new car not only is more economical but also it is more comfortable than our old one.v(正正) Our new car is not only more economical but also more com

18、fortable than our old one.v動詞的不定式、分詞、動名詞的邏輯主語不一動詞的不定式、分詞、動名詞的邏輯主語不一致：致：v例例1: To succeed in a scientific research project, persistence is needed.v修改后：修改后：To succeed in a scientific research project, one needs to be persistent.v例例2：On squeezing onto the bus, my wallet was lost.v修改后：修改后： On squeezing o

19、nto the bus, I lost my wallet.v代詞所指的意思模棱兩可代詞所指的意思模棱兩可:v She told my sister that she is wrong.v修改后修改后: She admitted that she was wrong and said so to my sister.v修飾語位置不對修飾語位置不對:v（誤）（誤） I have interesting something to tell you.v（正）（正）I have something interesting to tell you.v（誤）（誤）I nearly earned a hun

20、dred dollars last week.v（正）（正）I earned nearly a hundred dollars last week.v（誤）（誤） v（正）（正）v（誤）（誤） v（正）（正）back3.清晰度（清晰度（clarity）：）：突出句子的主要突出句子的主要意思；正確運(yùn)用修飾語；注意修飾語的位意思；正確運(yùn)用修飾語；注意修飾語的位置；正確使用標(biāo)點符號。置；正確使用標(biāo)點符號。主要意思不突出：主要意思不突出：They were just turning the corner, when they heard the noise of a shot.修改后：修改后：Just

21、 as they were turning the corner, they heard the noise of a shot.注意：句子要表達(dá)的主要信息應(yīng)放在復(fù)合注意：句子要表達(dá)的主要信息應(yīng)放在復(fù)合句的主句中句的主句中back組段組段v一、一、段落和段落的組成段落和段落的組成v二、二、過渡詞過渡詞 (transitional words)二、段落和段落的組成二、段落和段落的組成v（一）（一） 段落的寫作步驟段落的寫作步驟v（二）（二） 段落擴(kuò)展段落擴(kuò)展（一）段落的寫作步驟（一）段落的寫作步驟首先首先要思考這一段落的中心思想，用一要思考這一段落的中心思想，用一個完整的句子表達(dá)出來個完整的句子

22、表達(dá)出來 (主題句主題句) , 然后然后收集能夠證明和解釋這個中心思想的細(xì)收集能夠證明和解釋這個中心思想的細(xì)節(jié)和例子。節(jié)和例子。最后最后按邏輯順序組織安排好按邏輯順序組織安排好這些材料，這樣就有了一個段落的粗略這些材料，這樣就有了一個段落的粗略草案。草案。四級作文一般都是說明文或議論文，其四級作文一般都是說明文或議論文，其段落最常見的框架模式如流程所示段落最常見的框架模式如流程所示 :Topic Sentence （主題句）主題句） Supporting Sentence (主要擴(kuò)展句主要擴(kuò)展句1) Supporting Sentence (次要擴(kuò)展句次要擴(kuò)展句1) Supporting Se

23、ntence (次要擴(kuò)展句次要擴(kuò)展句2) Supporting Sentence (主要擴(kuò)展句主要擴(kuò)展句2) Supporting Sentence (次要擴(kuò)展句次要擴(kuò)展句1) Supporting Sentence(次要擴(kuò)展句次要擴(kuò)展句2)Concluding Sentence（結(jié)尾句）結(jié)尾句）例如例如Wherever one lives in the city or in the country, there are some good reasons for owing a car (topic sentence ). First, cars provide the most conve

24、nient form of transportation ( development sentence1). Second, a car is a comfortable way to travel, especially in the winter time (development sentence2). 例如例如 Finally, a driver is usually safe in his car when he is out at night ( development sentence3). Therefore, many people favor owning a car (c

25、oncluding sentence).Back v段落的組成段落的組成v主題句主題句 ( topic sentence ) 擴(kuò)展句擴(kuò)展句 ( development sentence ) 結(jié)論句結(jié)論句 ( concluding sentence )（二）段落擴(kuò)展（二）段落擴(kuò)展主題句主題句主題句主題句就是提出段落主題，它是一個段就是提出段落主題，它是一個段落的中心，要求全段其他所有的文字都落的中心，要求全段其他所有的文字都圍繞它展開。它指出了這段內(nèi)容的主導(dǎo)圍繞它展開。它指出了這段內(nèi)容的主導(dǎo)思想。主題句既可以用在段落的開始或思想。主題句既可以用在段落的開始或中間中間, , 也可以用在段落的末尾也

26、可以用在段落的末尾, ,盡量盡量放置放置于一個段落的開始于一個段落的開始, , 這既有助于組織材這既有助于組織材料料, , 也可以使文章結(jié)構(gòu)清楚。寫好段落也可以使文章結(jié)構(gòu)清楚。寫好段落的主題句是寫好作文的關(guān)鍵。的主題句是寫好作文的關(guān)鍵。1一個好的主題句首先應(yīng)該緊扣文章一個好的主題句首先應(yīng)該緊扣文章的中心思想的中心思想, 把該段落的內(nèi)容限定在文把該段落的內(nèi)容限定在文章的中心內(nèi)容之內(nèi)章的中心內(nèi)容之內(nèi)。例如例如: pollution是一個比較大的題目，是一個比較大的題目，一篇一篇100多字的短文根本不可能容納它多字的短文根本不可能容納它的全部內(nèi)容，但是，通過各個段落的主的全部內(nèi)容，但是，通過各個段落

27、的主題句把內(nèi)容限定在一定的范圍之內(nèi)，各題句把內(nèi)容限定在一定的范圍之內(nèi)，各段的主題句都是該段落的第一句。我們段的主題句都是該段落的第一句。我們不難看出，文中三個段落的主題句都緊不難看出，文中三個段落的主題句都緊扣文章的標(biāo)題，并很好地限定了段落的扣文章的標(biāo)題，并很好地限定了段落的內(nèi)容。內(nèi)容。例文例文： pollution污染對人類有害污染對人類有害為防止污染，近年來采取了一些措施。為防止污染，近年來采取了一些措施。然而，污染問題尚未完全解決。然而，污染問題尚未完全解決。 Pollution is harmful to human beings. Polluted water causes many

28、 kinds of diseases even take mans life. Dirty air and poisonous gas cause stinging eyes and running nose. Pollutants erode metal and buildings. Measures have been taken to control pollution. In recent years, legislative steps have been introduced to control pollution. Rivers are being cleaned, air i

29、s purified, and pollutants are being trapped（用防氣閥（用防氣閥堵?。┒伦。?before they are poured out of chimneys. However, pollution problems have not been completely solved. Some factories are still using air as a dumping place for wastes. Some lakes are still dirty and the dirty water causes fishes to die. Qui

30、te a few chimneys are still pouring smoke into the air and noise pollution remains serious. All these problems are waiting to be solved.（文章通過列舉法論證各段主題句。）（文章通過列舉法論證各段主題句。）2. 好的段落主題句必須完整好的段落主題句必須完整，即能表達(dá)即能表達(dá)一個完整的思想，該段落將圍繞這一主一個完整的思想，該段落將圍繞這一主題句逐步展開，或定義，或論述，或分題句逐步展開，或定義，或論述，或分類類,或解釋，或舉例說明。因此，段落或解釋，或舉例說明。

31、因此，段落主題句中必須包含段落的主旨，必須包主題句中必須包含段落的主旨，必須包含一個等待發(fā)展的思想。含一個等待發(fā)展的思想。3. 一個好的段落主題句應(yīng)該具有一定的一個好的段落主題句應(yīng)該具有一定的限定性限定性，它應(yīng)該限定該段落的內(nèi)容不至它應(yīng)該限定該段落的內(nèi)容不至于偏離全文的中心內(nèi)容，于偏離全文的中心內(nèi)容， 而且，一個而且，一個段落的容量是很有限的，如果主題句限段落的容量是很有限的，如果主題句限定的范圍太寬，定的范圍太寬， 主題句的內(nèi)容就無法主題句的內(nèi)容就無法在該段落內(nèi)得以闡述清楚。在該段落內(nèi)得以闡述清楚。例如例如：Cheating on the Campus為題的作文為題的作文, 用用Cheati

32、ng is popular, 或者或者Cheating is bad或者或者Cheating is understandable就過就過于籠統(tǒng)了于籠統(tǒng)了, Cheating指的是什么指的是什么? 即便是在大即便是在大學(xué)校園里學(xué)校園里, cheating可以表現(xiàn)在考試可以表現(xiàn)在考試, 愛情愛情, 圖圖書館等各個方面書館等各個方面, 不確定具體的范圍不確定具體的范圍, 主題句主題句就形同虛設(shè)就形同虛設(shè), 等于還是停留在題目上。等于還是停留在題目上。因此因此, 一個好的主題句一個好的主題句, 不僅要表達(dá)作者的態(tài)度不僅要表達(dá)作者的態(tài)度, 還還需要根據(jù)內(nèi)容和字?jǐn)?shù)方面的要求需要根據(jù)內(nèi)容和字?jǐn)?shù)方面的要求,

33、對題目的范對題目的范圍進(jìn)行控制和確定圍進(jìn)行控制和確定。 例如例如: Cheating on the exam is popular on the campus today because of academic and professional pressures.4. 主題句也不能太具體主題句也不能太具體, 如果主題句太如果主題句太具體具體, 作者就無法在文字上加以展開。作者就無法在文字上加以展開。例如例如:American food is tasteless and greasy because Americans use too many canned, frozen, and prep

34、ackaged foods and because everything is fried in oil or butter.上述句子作主題句顯然不合適上述句子作主題句顯然不合適, 因為它因為它講述得太具體了講述得太具體了, 最好應(yīng)改為最好應(yīng)改為:American food is tasteless and greasy.5. 我們在設(shè)計我們在設(shè)計主題句時還應(yīng)該注意不要主題句時還應(yīng)該注意不要把太多不相關(guān)的觀點包括在一個主題句把太多不相關(guān)的觀點包括在一個主題句中中， 否則，整個段落就會缺乏統(tǒng)一性。否則，整個段落就會缺乏統(tǒng)一性。例如例如:Shanghai is famous for its tem

35、perate climate, its large population, and its rapid industrial development.上句包括了三個方面的內(nèi)容，難以在一上句包括了三個方面的內(nèi)容，難以在一個段落中同時講述，因此，最好只是取個段落中同時講述，因此，最好只是取其中之一，三個觀點放在三個段落中論其中之一，三個觀點放在三個段落中論述。述。6. 寫主題句一般是將提示句翻譯出來，但是如果寫主題句一般是將提示句翻譯出來，但是如果要求句是英語就可以把它擴(kuò)充成主題句。要求句是英語就可以把它擴(kuò)充成主題句。例如例如這樣的一篇作文：這樣的一篇作文： Good Health （1）Impo

36、rtance of good health（2）Ways to keep fit （3）My own practice 這樣的作文的要求句就可以擴(kuò)展成主題句。擴(kuò)展這樣的作文的要求句就可以擴(kuò)展成主題句。擴(kuò)展后三段的主題句分別為：后三段的主題句分別為： It is very important to have good health. (將名詞將名詞importance變成形容詞變成形容詞important)There are four ways to keep fit for me.(用用there be句型句型)My own practices are the following.（采用采用原

37、詞）原詞）7. 已經(jīng)給出主題句的已經(jīng)給出主題句的就不要重抄一遍了就不要重抄一遍了,緊接著緊接著往下擴(kuò)展。怎么擴(kuò)展呢？往下擴(kuò)展。怎么擴(kuò)展呢？請看例文：請看例文： The Game I Like Best The game I like best is playing football. As a school pupil, I used to play it with my classmates after school everyday. Now as a college student, I still play it whenever I can find time although I

38、am busy with my studies. Furthermore, I never miss any important match shown on TV. Sometimes, I get up even at the middle of the night in order to watch an international game. (描述描述法法) Playing games requires both a good physical body and real skill. To begin with, to play football well, you should

39、be very strong and have a lot of muscles. Then you should be skillful in tackling the ball, bringing it along, passing it to and catching it from others and, above all, scoring a goal. In short, it is physical strength and skill that make a good football player.（列舉法）列舉法） Playing games brings me many

40、 benefits. First, it can train my mind and teach me to think quickly. Second, by playing football, I learn to persevere when faced with difficulties. However, the most important benefit of all is that playing football can cultivate my spirit of teamwork. For all these reasons, I enjoy playing footba

41、ll very much.（列舉法、轉(zhuǎn)折法）列舉法、轉(zhuǎn)折法）back擴(kuò)展方法擴(kuò)展方法下面我們著重講一講常見的擴(kuò)展方法：下面我們著重講一講常見的擴(kuò)展方法：第一種：第一種：列舉法列舉法( (Listing)Listing)。列舉法是列舉法是一種最為常見的段落發(fā)展方法一種最為常見的段落發(fā)展方法, , 用這種用這種方法發(fā)展段落方法發(fā)展段落, , 首先要寫出主題句首先要寫出主題句, , 然然后列舉一系列的論據(jù)對主題句所陳述的后列舉一系列的論據(jù)對主題句所陳述的主題內(nèi)容進(jìn)行陳述和解釋主題內(nèi)容進(jìn)行陳述和解釋, , 列舉的順序列舉的順序可以按照各點內(nèi)容的相對重要性可以按照各點內(nèi)容的相對重要性, , 時間時間的先

42、后或地理位置的遠(yuǎn)近等關(guān)系來進(jìn)行。的先后或地理位置的遠(yuǎn)近等關(guān)系來進(jìn)行。線索是：線索是：主題主題句句firstfirst擴(kuò)展句擴(kuò)展句secondsecond擴(kuò)擴(kuò)展句展句etcetc擴(kuò)展句連接詞結(jié)論句擴(kuò)展句連接詞結(jié)論句例如:(Topic sentence) Advertisement can be beneficial to people. (Argument 1)First, it is informative and can help people buy and sell goods. (Argument 2) Second, it can widen peoples knowledge, a

43、nd make people more experienced. (Argument 3)Finally, people can enjoy themselves in watching those funny and interesting advertisement programs.列舉常用的表達(dá)方法有列舉常用的表達(dá)方法有:A.三點法：三點法：1) First Second Third 2) Firstly Secondly Thirdly Lastly (Finally)3) First of all, to begin with; next, then, besides, in ad

44、dition, whats more, moreover, furthermore; most important of all, last but not the least, finally, eventually, etcB.兩點法兩點法：用于較短的段落，只陳述兩點。常用關(guān)用于較短的段落，只陳述兩點。常用關(guān)聯(lián)詞語有：聯(lián)詞語有：1. For one thing, For another, 2. In the first place, In the second place, 3. On the one hand, On the other hand, 第二種：第二種： 舉例法舉例法( (E

45、xemplificationExemplification) )。為為了闡明或支持一個觀點了闡明或支持一個觀點, , 舉例說明是一個舉例說明是一個常用而且有力的工具。在采用舉例法發(fā)展常用而且有力的工具。在采用舉例法發(fā)展段落時段落時, , 作者往往作者往往在主題句中開門見山地在主題句中開門見山地擺出自己的觀點擺出自己的觀點, , 然后舉出具體的事例來然后舉出具體的事例來對其進(jìn)行說明對其進(jìn)行說明。所舉的例子一般可按照時。所舉的例子一般可按照時間順序或重要性等來進(jìn)行安排。關(guān)鍵在于間順序或重要性等來進(jìn)行安排。關(guān)鍵在于各個實例都要于主題密切相關(guān)各個實例都要于主題密切相關(guān), , 具有具有典型典型性和說服力

46、性和說服力, , 或者能夠不斷地深入說明或者能夠不斷地深入說明, , 或反映主題各個側(cè)面?；蚍从持黝}各個側(cè)面。線索是：主題句線索是：主題句for examplefor example擴(kuò)展句擴(kuò)展句for anotherfor another擴(kuò)展句連接詞結(jié)論擴(kuò)展句連接詞結(jié)論句句例如:(The general point)Pollution is becoming more and more seriously all over the world. (example 1) For example, the poisonous gas sent off by factories and automo

47、biles has made the air unhealthy for people to breathe. (example 2) For another example, waste water keeps pouring into rivers and lakes; as a result, many water lives are dying out. (example 3) Furthermore, everywhere we go today, we can find rubbish carelessly disposed. (結(jié)論句結(jié)論句)Pollution is, in fa

48、ct, threatening our existence.舉例法常用的表達(dá)方法有舉例法常用的表達(dá)方法有: as an illustration, such as, namely, that is, like, say.1) For example 2) For instance 3) Take for example（for instance）4) To take / cite just one example,Mother love is great and selfless. To cite just one example, a thin and weak mother, as it

49、was reported, financed her child through college by selling her blood.5) is just a case in point相關(guān)的，適用的相關(guān)的，適用的 6) can serve as an example7) (Just) Consider/Look at sb., for example /instance, doing this, doing that, and doing就拿某人來說為例吧就拿某人來說為例吧, 他她做他她做，做做，做，做 8) An interesting / striking / typical ex

50、ample of is provided by the story of sb. who 有個故事是說明有個故事是說明 的有趣的有趣突出典型的例子：某人突出典型的例子：某人 應(yīng)用應(yīng)用：就拿孔繁森為例吧，他始終視人民的利：就拿孔繁森為例吧，他始終視人民的利益高于一切，他從不徇情枉法，他身體力行。益高于一切，他從不徇情枉法，他身體力行。他被視為清正廉潔的典范。他被視為清正廉潔的典范。Consider Kong Fansen, for instance, always valuing the peoples interests above everything else, never bending

51、 the law for the benefit of his relatives, and earnestly practicing what he advocates. He is seen as the mirror of honesty and uprightness.Knowledge seeking and romance hunting can not go hand in hand. A striking example of the view is provided by the story of my former desk-mate who, once thought o

52、f as the most excellent student in my class, began to steer his boat of promise希望希望into the harbor of a girls love as early as when he was still in the junior middle school. Now he is drowning himself in deep-felt regret.下一頁下一頁應(yīng)用應(yīng)用：第三種：第三種：因果法因果法( (Cause and EffectCause and Effect) )。在人類的思維活動中在人類的思維

53、活動中, , 人們常常會根據(jù)人們常常會根據(jù)事物的原因推斷其結(jié)果事物的原因推斷其結(jié)果, , 或者根據(jù)某一或者根據(jù)某一結(jié)果分析其原因。寫作中的因果法正是結(jié)果分析其原因。寫作中的因果法正是這種思維方式在寫作過程中的具體體現(xiàn)。這種思維方式在寫作過程中的具體體現(xiàn)。所謂因果法所謂因果法, , 就是通過分析事物發(fā)生的就是通過分析事物發(fā)生的原因原因, ,自然地說明由此而產(chǎn)生的各種結(jié)自然地說明由此而產(chǎn)生的各種結(jié)果果, , 或者通過分析某一結(jié)果或者通過分析某一結(jié)果, , 推斷導(dǎo)致推斷導(dǎo)致這一結(jié)果的原因。這一結(jié)果的原因。線索是：主題句線索是：主題句firstfirst擴(kuò)展句擴(kuò)擴(kuò)展句擴(kuò)展句展句besidesbesid

54、es擴(kuò)展句擴(kuò)展句moreovermoreover擴(kuò)展句連接詞結(jié)論句擴(kuò)展句連接詞結(jié)論句例如:(The topic sentence) Nowadays there is often a misunderstanding between parents and child. (cause 1) The most obvious reason for this lack of communication is that they grew up at different times and therefore have different likes and dislikes for the thi

55、ngs around them. (cause 2) Also the parent is often too busy to listen patiently to the explanation of the child when there is a misunderstanding. （結(jié)論句）（結(jié)論句）Both of them take it for granted that there is a generation gap.常用原因結(jié)果句型：常用原因結(jié)果句型：表示原因的表達(dá)方式有：表示原因的表達(dá)方式有：because of, because, as, for, owing to,

56、 due to, thanks to表示結(jié)果的表達(dá)方式有：表示結(jié)果的表達(dá)方式有：so, therefore, as a result, consequently, accordingly, for this reason第四種：第四種：描寫與敘述法描寫與敘述法( (Description Description and Narration)and Narration)。 段落還可以用描述與敘述的方法來發(fā)展。段落還可以用描述與敘述的方法來發(fā)展。描寫是指作者對某人、某物或事件的感描寫是指作者對某人、某物或事件的感覺和印象覺和印象, , 而敘述則指作者對某個故事而敘述則指作者對某個故事和事件的講述。

57、描述和敘述一般按照和事件的講述。描述和敘述一般按照時時間和空間的次序間和空間的次序, , 而這種次序關(guān)系在很而這種次序關(guān)系在很大程度上體現(xiàn)在它們所特有的大程度上體現(xiàn)在它們所特有的過渡連接過渡連接詞詞上。用這種方法發(fā)展段落上。用這種方法發(fā)展段落, , 作者能夠作者能夠清楚而連貫地交代事物的本末清楚而連貫地交代事物的本末, , 從而使從而使讀者可以清晰完整地理解文章的含義。讀者可以清晰完整地理解文章的含義。例如：The first thing to do to make tea is to start boiling some water. While waiting for it to boil

58、, you get your teapot ready, making sure to put the right amount of tea leaves into it. When the water has boiled, you pour it into the pot and bring the teapot and some cups to the guests. Everyone enjoys the conversation until the tea is cool enough to drink.第五種第五種: :定義法定義法( (definition)definition

59、)就是通過對某一個事物，某一個詞或某就是通過對某一個事物，某一個詞或某一個思想等下定義來發(fā)展段落，這是擴(kuò)一個思想等下定義來發(fā)展段落，這是擴(kuò)展段落的諸多方法之一，也是寫展段落的諸多方法之一，也是寫說明文說明文常用的方法，因為說明文常常涉及到某常用的方法，因為說明文常常涉及到某一個術(shù)語、專業(yè)性詞匯或抽象的概念。一個術(shù)語、專業(yè)性詞匯或抽象的概念。例：例：例如：“Honesty is the best policy” is a well-known proverb, but it is not so easy for everyone to keep. Honesty means fairness a

60、nd uprightness in our words and deeds. It is also regarded as a very important virtue in our social behavior, and in our daily life. If you are honest to others, they will be kind to you. They will come to comfort you when you are in need of help. People always respect those who are honest and alien