專業(yè)英語帶譯文

1、精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上數(shù)字拉丁或希臘前綴烷烴烷基烯烴醇醛中文譯名從左至右alkanealkylalkenealcoholaldehyde烷烴、烷基、烯烴、醇、醛onemono-methanemethylmethanolmethyl aldehyde甲烷、甲基、甲醇、甲醛twodi-bi-ethaneethylethene,ethyleneethanolethyl aldehyde,ethanal乙烷、乙基、乙烯、乙醇、乙醛threetri-propanepropylpropenepropanolpropylaldehyde丙fourtetra-Quadri-butanebutylbuten

2、ebutanolbutyladehyde丁fivepent(a)-pentanepentylpentenepentanolpentanal戊sixhex(a)-hexanehexylhexenehexanolhexanal己sevenhept(a)-heptaneheptylhepteneheptanolheptanal,heptyl aldehyde庚eightoct(a)-octaneoctylocteneoctanoloctyl aldehyde辛ninenon(a)-nonanenonylnonenenonanolnonyl aldehyde壬tendec(a)-decanedecyl

3、decenedecanoldecyl aldehyde,decanal癸它們能與其它有機化合物自由地混合并能溶于多種有機溶劑中。They will mix freely with other organic compounds and are often soluble in organic solvents.氧的兩對電子可以與兩個不直接相連的碳共用而形成單鍵。The two pairs of electrons of oxygen may be shared with two separate carbons forming only single bond(C-O-C)。帶負(fù)電的物體所含的

4、電子比質(zhì)子多。(復(fù)數(shù)不明顯）A body with a negative charge possesses more electrons than protons.當(dāng)然，當(dāng)酸失去質(zhì)子時，堿必須接收質(zhì)子。因此，酸與堿的反應(yīng)是一個質(zhì)子轉(zhuǎn)移的反應(yīng)，這種反應(yīng)一般稱為中和反應(yīng)。Of course，when an acid loses a proton，a base must be in presence to accept it . Thus，an acid and a base react in a proton transfer reaction. this reaction is generall

5、y known as a neutralization reaction.本文將重點介紹一些近期發(fā)展的有關(guān)原料和成品加工的新技術(shù)。This article will highlight someof the latest developments in new technologies for raw materials and finished product processing.要使溶質(zhì)在較好的程度上分離，就需要用分餾技術(shù)。Separation of solutes from each other to any important eztent requires the fraction

6、ation techniques of distillation.在發(fā)現(xiàn)電子之前，曾假定看不見的電流是從帶正電的物體流往帶負(fù)電的物體。Before electrons were discovered，it was assumed that the invisible f1uid of electricity flowed from the positive to the negative object.水銀的貯藏量并不豐富，分布也不廣。Mercury is by no means abundant nor widely distributed.苯環(huán)上的甲基使甲苯非常容易硝化。 (v.adv.)

7、The methyl group on the benzene ring greatly facilitates the nitration of toluene.鹽可以通過用金屬置換酸中的氫來制取。（prep.v.）Salts may be formed by the replacement of hydrogen from an acid with a metal.石油便于使用是顯而易見的。Petroleum convenience in use is evident.隨著越來越多的鋅原子溶解，鋅極板上充滿了電子，使它變得越來越負(fù)。The zinc plate becomes more a

8、nd more negatively charged with electrons，as more atoms of zinc dissolve.與無機化合物不同，有機化合物分子間吸引力較弱，因此，有機化合物通常容易揮發(fā)且熔點較低。In contrast to inorganic compounds，the molecular attraction of organic compounds is weak，so organic compounds are usually volatile and possess low melting points.有機化合物不溶于水，因為水沒有將它們的分子分

9、離成離子的傾向 (主語賓語)Organic compounds are not soluble in water because there is no tendency for water to separate their molecules into ions.烷烴的熔點起初很不規(guī)則，但隨著分子的增大，則有些穩(wěn)步上升的趨勢。(謂語賓語)The melting point of alkanes are rather irregular at first，but tend to rise somewhat steadily as the molecules become larger.在最簡

10、單的化學(xué)電池內(nèi)，電解液是硫酸的水溶液。(狀語定語)In the simplest chemical cell the electrolyte is a solution of sulfiaxic acid in water.原油中各種烴的沸點不同。The different hydrocarbons in crude oil boil at different temperatures.因此，可以將吸收過程簡單地分為兩類：物理過程和化學(xué)過程。Absorption processes are therefore conveniently divided into two groups: phys

11、ical process and chemical process.也許有人已經(jīng)對有機化學(xué)所涉及的物質(zhì)有所了解，但是他可能還不知道有機化學(xué)觸及我們?nèi)粘Ｉ钜堰_(dá)到一個什么樣的程度。One may already have some idea of the material with which organic chemistry deals，but he may not know the extent to which organic chemistry touches on our everyday life.無數(shù)的有機物，在缺氧的情況下，受熱、壓力和時間的影響而轉(zhuǎn)化為沉積的礦物燃料一煤、石油

12、和天然氣。 (原序)In the absence of oxygen，untold numbers of organisms were transformed by heat，pressure，and time into deposits of fossil-fuels一coal，petroleum and natural gas.黃銅和青銅是兩個廣泛使用的銅合金。Two widely used alloys of copper are brass and bronze.磁能產(chǎn)生電流這一發(fā)現(xiàn)在電學(xué)上是非常重要的。The discovery that electric current can b

13、e produced by magnetism is extremely important in the field of electricity.要制備將細(xì)小粉粒適當(dāng)分散在液體或膏體中的產(chǎn)品，如著色化妝品，需要潤濕劑。Wetting agents are required to prepare proper dispersion of fine particle powders in liquids/pastes such as color makeup.水吸收氮氧化物形成硝酸。The oxides of nitrogen are absorbed in water to give nit

14、ric acid. 一般來說，每當(dāng)進(jìn)行了一次化學(xué)反應(yīng)并分離出反應(yīng)產(chǎn)物后，就必須測定其結(jié)構(gòu)。In general structure must be determined every time a chemical reaction is carried out and a reaction product isolated.至于鹽，它們也能通過用金屬置換酸中的氫制取。As for salts，they may also be formed by the replacement of hydrogen from an acid with a metal.如果推測產(chǎn)物是一個已知的化合物，那就可以用

15、物理方法將它與已知物進(jìn)行比較以 確定它們的一致性。If the product is suspected of being a compound already known，it is then physically compared with the known material to establish its identity.伯醇的和緩氧化生成醛，而醛能進(jìn)一步氧化生成有機酸。Mild oxidation of a primary alcohol gives an aldehyde which may be further oxidized to an organic acid.蒸發(fā)的目

16、的是濃縮由非揮發(fā)性溶質(zhì)和揮發(fā)性溶劑所組成的溶液。The objective of evaporation is to concentrate a solution consisting of a nonvolatile solute and a volatile solvent.我們稱這種鋅原子為帶有兩個正電荷的鋅離子Zn2+。We call such a zinc atom an ion with a double positive charge，Zn2+.用其它元素或基團取代氫原子而形成的苯的異構(gòu)體的數(shù)目與脂肪烴所預(yù)期的數(shù)目不相吻合。The number of benzene isomer

17、s formed on replacing hydrogen atoms by other elements or groups does not correspond to that expected for the aliphatic hydrocarbons.根據(jù)這些新的定義，酸是一類含氫的物質(zhì)，在其分子中與氫相連的鍵可以斷裂，因而可失去氫離子。According to these new definitions an acid is any hydrogen containing species in which the bond holding the hydrogen can be

18、 broken so that the hydrogen ion can be lost.此外，還會發(fā)生異構(gòu)化過程，從而導(dǎo)致其它相當(dāng)復(fù)雜的反應(yīng)發(fā)生。Besides，isomerazation processes may also take place which in turn heads to other fairly complicated reactions.像玻璃這樣的材料，雖然可見光和紅外線很容易通過，但波長較長的射線卻常常被它全部反射或吸收。Materials，such as glass，which allow the visible rays and the infrared r

19、ay to pass through readily，often reflect or absorb longer rays completely.氧的兩對電子可以單獨與一個碳原子共用而形成雙鍵或與兩個不直接相連的碳或一個碳和一個氫共用而形成單鍵。The two pairs of electrons of oxygen may be shared with. one carbon alone forming a double bond （C=O），or with two separate carbons (-C-O-C-) or with one carbon and one hydrogen

20、 forming only single bonds (-C-O-H).這種反應(yīng)經(jīng)常是用某一濃度的硝酸、硫酸的混酸來處理烴，在某一適合于特定的硝化反應(yīng)的溫度下進(jìn)行的。It is frequently carried out by treading the hydrocarbon with a mixture of nitric acid and sulphuric acid of certain concentration at some temperature suitable for the particular nitration.在平衡時，這兩個（反應(yīng)）速率相等，銅離子仍與氨分子反應(yīng)生

21、成絡(luò)合物，同時絡(luò)合物仍在分解，但單位時間內(nèi)分解的銅氨絡(luò)離子正好與生成的銅氨絡(luò)離子一樣多。At equilibrium，these two rate are equal;cupric ion is still reacting with ammonia molecules to form the complex，and the complex is still decomposing，but just as much cupric ammonia complex is being decomposed in unit time as is being formed.伴隨一個體系的狀態(tài)變化而放出的

22、熱量q，不僅決定于體系的初始狀態(tài)和最終狀態(tài)，而且還取決于體系變化所取的途徑，特別是取決于該體系在變化過程中所作的功。為了闡明上述結(jié)論，讓我們考慮一種由理想氣體樣品組成的體系，它的初始溫度T及壓力p1下，最后處在同一溫度T及較小壓力p2下。To illustrate the conclusion that the heat evolution accompanying a change in state of a system is not determined by the initial and final states alone but depends also on the path，

23、and in particular on the work done by the system during the change，let us consider a system composed of a sample of a perfect gas，initially at temperature T and pressure p1 and finally at the same temperature T and smaller pressure p2.1. On descending a group in the periodic table such as lithium, s

24、odium, potassium , rubidium, caesium. The size of the atoms increases due to the effect of extra shells of electrons being added; this outweighs the effect of increased nuclear charge. 在周期表中同族從上到下例如鋰、鈉、鉀、銣和銫，由于增加額外電子層的影響，原子的半徑遞增；這個影響超過了增加核電荷所起的作用。2. Metallic oxides and hydroxides are basic since the

25、y ionize, and give hydroxyl ions. 金屬的氧化物和氫氧化物是堿性的，因為它們能電離而產(chǎn)生氫氧根離子.3. However, this generalization dose not hold for the d block, and particularly for the central groups of transition elements (Cr, Mn,Fe,Co,Ni) where basicity and the ability to form simple ions decreases on the descending the group.

26、不過這個規(guī)律不適用于d區(qū)元素，特別是中間族的過渡元素（Cr、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni），因為它們的堿性和生成簡單離子的能力在族中自上而下遞降.4. They form strongly basic oxides and hydroxides, and they react with oxyacides to give stable salts such as carbonates ,nitrates and sulphates. 它們生成強堿性氧化物和氫氧化物，并且它們同含氧酸反應(yīng)生成穩(wěn)定的鹽如碳酸鹽、硝酸鹽和硫酸鹽.5. Whenever this is fond, the species i

27、n the middle (Cu+ in this case ) disproportionates, that is it behaves as both a self-oxidizing and a self-reducing agent because it is energetically favourable for the following two changes to occur together. 當(dāng)存在這種情況時，處于中間的物質(zhì)(本例中的Cu+)便會發(fā)生岐化反應(yīng)，即它能起自身氧化劑和自身還原劑的作用，因為下列的兩種變化同時發(fā)生在能量上是有利的.6. Because of t

28、he tremendous number of organic compounds known, and of many more being synthesized daily, the study of organic chemistry is not the study of individual compounds ,it is the study of groups or families of compounds all closely related to each other. 因為已知的有機化合物的數(shù)目極大，而且還在逐日合成更多的品種，所以有機化學(xué)不是研究單個的化合物，而是把

29、彼此密切關(guān)聯(lián)的化合物按類或族來研究.7. Again, the solution of this problem would be impossible were it not for the fact that the chemical properties of a family of compounds are documented, thus making it possible to predict the chemical properties of any member of the family, even though a particular member may not

30、be a known compound. 此外，如果不具備以下的事實，解決這個問題是不可能的。即一族化合物的化學(xué)性質(zhì)已獲確認(rèn)，因此能夠預(yù)見這一族中任一化合物的化學(xué)性質(zhì)，包括此族中尚不知道的化合物的化學(xué)性質(zhì).8. The molecular is therefore established as that multiple of the empirical formula which most closely coincides with determined molecular weight. 因此取與測得的分子量最接近吻合的實驗式的倍數(shù)來確定分子式.9. The assimilation o

31、f knowledge in any field is greatly facilitated by principle that are sufficiently broad and general to allow the viewing of each new fact not as an isolated event but as a segment to be fitted into an overall pattern. 原則或原理對于任何領(lǐng)域知識的汲取都具有很大的促進(jìn)作用，因為它們非常廣泛而普遍，能把每個新的事實看作是和整體相適應(yīng)的一個部分，而不是作為孤立的事件.10. They

32、 are said to be conformational isomers (also called conformers or rotamers ); any particular twist form is called conformation. 它們叫做構(gòu)象異構(gòu)體（也叫做異象體conformer或旋轉(zhuǎn)體rotamer）；任何特定的扭轉(zhuǎn)形式，叫做一種構(gòu)象.11. There is ,in other words ,rapid rotation around the CC bond, and for most purposes ethane can be considered as a

33、rapidly equilibrating mixture of molecules in eclipsed and staggered conformations along with the infinite number of additional conformations falling between these extremes. 換句話說，圍繞CC鍵旋轉(zhuǎn)的速度很快，并且在大多數(shù)情況下，乙烷都可看作是，在重疊構(gòu)象和交叉構(gòu)象以及在這兩個極端構(gòu)象之間的無數(shù)其他構(gòu)象中，迅速平衡的分子混合物.12. Structure (b) and (c), on the other hand, ar

34、e stereoisomers, differing from each other only in the spatial arrangement of the atoms within the molecule. 另一方面，結(jié)構(gòu)(b)和(c)是立體異構(gòu)體，彼此的差別只是分子內(nèi)原子的空間排列不同.13. In fact, only by considering benzene to be a resonance hybrid comprising at least a pair of cyclothexatriene resonance structures (called Kekule s

35、tructures ) can we come at all close to an accurate picture of the real molecule. 事實上，只有把苯看作是至少由一對環(huán)己三烯共振結(jié)構(gòu)（叫做Kekule結(jié)構(gòu)）組成的共振雜化體，我們才能全面接近真實分子的精確圖象.14. We again stress the idea that benzene, represented as a resonance hybrid of two Kekule structures (and other resonance structures), should not be imagi

36、ned to be in one Kekule form one moment and in the other Kekule form the next, oscillating, between the two. 我們還要強調(diào)以下概念：表現(xiàn)為兩個Kekule結(jié)構(gòu)（以及其它共振結(jié)構(gòu)）的共振雜化體的苯，不應(yīng)設(shè)想為在這一瞬間是一種Kekule式，下一瞬間又是另一Kekule式這樣地在二者間振動.15. Since hydrocarbons may contain primary, secondary, or tertiary hydrogens, the same classes of alco

37、hols are capable of existence . 既然烴類含有伯、仲或叔氫原子，那么醇也同樣含有伯、仲、叔醇.16. This difference can be readily accounted for on the greater electro negativity of oxygen, which polarizes the OH bond . 這種差別很容易用氧的電負(fù)性較大因而它極化了OH鍵進(jìn)行解釋.17. This intermediate may lose water and may form the carbonium ion intermediate , RC

38、H2+, which combines with Cl to form the observed products. 這個中間體可失去水分子，形成中間體正碳離子RCH2+，后者與Cl結(jié)合形成上述的產(chǎn)物.18. As a result of polarization of the carbonyl group COC+=O-, aldehydes and ketones have a marked tendency to add nucleophilic species (lewis acids) to carbonyly oxygen: the reaction are classed as

39、1,2-nucleophilic addition . 由于羰基極化（ COC+O-）的結(jié)果，醛和酮具有將親核試劑（路易斯堿）加成到其羰基碳上的顯著傾向，接著親電試劑（路易斯酸）再加到羰基氧上；這種反應(yīng)歸類為1,2-親核加成反應(yīng).19. Reactions of this type provide useful intermediates in synthesis sequences and the reader who takes time out at this point to consider the ramifications that are possible with vario

40、us combinations of aldehydes, ketones, and carbon mucleophiles is ready to play the game of “paper synthesis “ . 這種類型的反應(yīng)提供了合成程序中有用的中間體，讀者在這方面只要花些時間考慮醛、酮和親核試劑的各種可能的化合所出現(xiàn)的結(jié)果，就易于玩一場“紙上合成”的游戲.20. Esters are reduced by lithium tetrahydridoaluminate to primary alcohols corresponding to the acid from which

41、 the ester is derived. 酯被氫化鋰鋁（LiAlH4 ）還原為相應(yīng)于形成酯的羧酸的伯醇.21. The acid chlorides are named according to the corresponding carboxylic acid, the suffix-oic being replace by oyl; thus ethanoic acid forms the acid chloride, ethanoyl chloride. 酰氯按相應(yīng)的羧酸來命名，詞尾酸（oic）換成酰（oyl）；例如ethanoic acid(乙酸)所形成的酰氯是ethanoyl c

42、hloride(乙酰氯).22. Acid chlorides can be reduced by catalytic hydrogenation or, more conveniently in the laboratory, by lithium tetrahydridoaluminate. 酰氯可用催化加氫還原，或者在實驗室中更方便地用氫化鋰鋁還原.23. Acid chloride enters into a substitution reaction with aromatic compounds to form ketones. 酰氯與芳香族化合物發(fā)生取代反應(yīng)生成酮24. Even

43、 though it is not all unusual to find synthetic polymers having relative average molecular weights greater than 1，000，000 and naturally occurring polymers having relative molecular weights of several million，it was not until the middle of the 1920一1934 decade that naturally occurring substances such

44、 as rubber，cellulose，and the protein，as well as certain synthetic materials，already well known，were considered macromolecules. 雖然，發(fā)現(xiàn)平均相對分子質(zhì)量大于1,000,000的合成聚合物和相對分子質(zhì)量為幾百萬的天然聚合物并非奇異之事，但是直到192030年的中期，天然存在的物質(zhì)如橡膠、纖維和蛋白質(zhì)以及某些眾所周知的合成物質(zhì)，才被認(rèn)為是大分子.25. For example，addition polymerization reactions may occur by a

45、 chain reaction mechanism or by a stepwise addition mechanism. 例如，加成聚合反應(yīng)可以按連鎖反應(yīng)機理進(jìn)行或分步加成機理進(jìn)行.26. In a titration，the test substance (analyte)reacts with a reagent added as a solution of known concentration. This is referred to as a standard solution，and it is generally added from a buret. The added s

46、olution is called the titrant. 在滴定（titration）中，試驗物質(zhì)（被分析物質(zhì)）與作為已知濃度的溶液加入的試劑（稱為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)溶液）反應(yīng)。通常標(biāo)準(zhǔn)溶液是由滴定管加入的，所加入的溶液稱為滴定劑（titrant）.27. The reaction should be stoichiometric. 反應(yīng)應(yīng)是化學(xué)計量的28. The point at which an equivalent or stoichiometric amount of titrant is added is called the equivalence point. 所加滴定劑的量是等當(dāng)量或化

47、學(xué)計量的點稱為等當(dāng)點（equivalence point）.29. A standard solution is prepared by dissolving an accurately weighed quantity of a highly pure material called a primary standard and diluting to an accurately known volume in a volumetric flask. 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)溶液的制備是溶解一個準(zhǔn)確稱量的高純物質(zhì)，它被稱為基準(zhǔn)物（primary standard），并在容量瓶中準(zhǔn)確地沖稀至已知體積.30. We

48、 shall use molarity for volumetric calculations. 對于容量法的計算，我們將使用摩爾濃度（molarity）.31. This is because with four figures，it would have become the key number with an uncertainty of about one past per thousand compared to 1$7.fi with an uncertainty of about half that. 這是因為若Na2CO3分子量用四位數(shù)字它將成為引入大約有千分之一的誤差的關(guān)鍵

49、數(shù)，該誤差比187.6的誤差大約一倍.32. The basic data of chemical kinetics are the concentrations of the reactants and products at different times. 化學(xué)反應(yīng)動力學(xué)的基礎(chǔ)數(shù)據(jù)是指不同時間內(nèi)反應(yīng)物和產(chǎn)物的濃度33. Gas phase reactions，for instance，are often carried out in a vessel held in contact with substantial block of metal，and liquid phase reac

50、tions，including flow reactions，must be carried out in an efficient thermostat. 例如，氣相反應(yīng)常常在與一個堅固金屬塊接觸的容器中進(jìn)行，而液相反應(yīng)，包括流動反應(yīng)，則必需在一個高效率的恒溫器中進(jìn)行.34. An elementary reaction step may be a reactive collision in a gas phase reaction，or a reactive encounter in solution，and is not necessarily related to the stoich

51、iometry of the overall reaction. 基元步驟可以是氣相反應(yīng)中的活性碰撞，或是溶液中的活性碰撞，而且未必與總反應(yīng)的化學(xué)計量相關(guān).35. The order with respect to some component is the power to which the concentration of that component is raised in the rate law. 反應(yīng)級數(shù)是速率定律中某一組分的濃度的冪次方.36. In some cases a rate law reflects the stoichiometry of the reactio

52、n，but it is important to recognize that this is not generally the case: the rate law is arrived at experimentally，and cannot be inferred from the reaction equation. 在一些情況下，速率定律正好反映了反應(yīng)的化學(xué)計量式。但是，重要的是要知道情況通常并不是這樣。速率定律是通過實驗得到的，不能從反應(yīng)方程式中推出.37. Therefore，a plot of the logarithm of the initial rate of chan

53、ge of concentration against the logarithm of the initial concentration of A (withB0，held constant) should be a straight line with slope a. 因此，用初始濃度變化率的對數(shù)值對物質(zhì)A（B0保持恒定）的初始濃度對數(shù)值作曲線，此曲線應(yīng)為一直線，斜率為a.38. Since the rate law are differential equations, this means that we must solve them(1.egrate them) fo

54、r the concentration functions of time. 由于速率定律是微分方程，這就意味著必須將其積分，以得到時間的濃度函數(shù).39. In many of the applications of heat transfer in chemical engineering，each of the mechanisms of conduction，convection，and radiation is involved. In the majority of heatexchanger units，the process is complicated in that the

55、heat has to pass through a number of intervening layers before it reaches the material whose temperature is to be raised and the form of the equation may be complex. 在化學(xué)工程傳熱的許多應(yīng)用中，傳導(dǎo)、對流和輻射的每種傳熱方式均包含在內(nèi)。在大多數(shù)傳熱裝置中，過程之所以復(fù)雜，是由于熱量在到達(dá)擬被升溫的物質(zhì)之前，必須通過許多中間隔層，隨之方程式的形式也可能復(fù)雜起來.40. The water removed by vaporisatio

56、n is generally carried away by air or hot gases，and the ability of these gases to pick up the water wild be determined by their temperature and humidity. in designing dryers using air，it is necessary to have available the properties of the air-water system in a convenient form. 被蒸發(fā)而除去的水分通常是靠空氣或熱氣體帶走

57、的，而這些氣體能夠帶走水分的多少將取決于其溫度和濕度。在設(shè)計采用空氣的干燥器時，必須掌握“空氣水”體系的各種性質(zhì)，而且要使它們具有便于采用的形式.41. Dew point .Temperature at which condensation will first occur when air is cooled. 露點:使空氣冷卻到最初發(fā)生凝結(jié)現(xiàn)象時的溫度42.Surfactants are substances with molecular structures consisting of a hydrophilic and a hydrophobic part. The hydropho

58、bic part is normally a hydrocarbon (linear or branched)，whereas the hydrophilic part consists of ionic or strongly polar groups，e.g.，polyglycol ether groups.表面活性劑是一類分子結(jié)構(gòu)上含有一個親水部分和一個疏水部分的物質(zhì)。通常情況下，疏水部分是碳?xì)浠衔?直鏈或支鏈)，而親水部分則是由離子或強的極性基團(例如聚乙二醇醚基團)所組成。43.Anionic surfactants;陰離子表面活性劑；Cationic surfactants;陽離子表面活性劑；Nonionic surfactants;非離子表面活性劑；Amphoteric surfactants.兩性表面活性劑。44.The products marketed today contain an average of from about 5 to 100 mol of ethylene oxide per fatty acid moiety for