工業(yè)設(shè)計英語2635

1、26 With different office factions campaigning, often simultaneously, for both warmer and coldertemperatures, and employees jockeying for cubicle position, office administrators need the wisdom ofSolomon to prevent civil war and keep the work place functioning day after day. Employee energylevels, jo

2、b turnover , absenteeism, job satisfaction all these factors add up a companysproductivity, and all are inextricably bound up in employeesoffice design. Most of the thousands ofopenplan offices in this country are based on the assumption of averages: average needs, averagetasks and, if taken to its

3、logical end, average people. Yet, because these averages are distilled tothe point of uselessness, a significant percentage of office workers remain dissatisfied with theirsurroundings.與不同的辦公室派別競選活動，常常同時，較正常溫暖及較冷的溫度和隔間群雄逐鹿的雇員，辦公室管理員需要防止內(nèi)戰(zhàn)和保持運作一天又一天的工作地方所羅門的智慧。雇員能量水平、 工作營業(yè)額、 曠工、 工作滿意度所有這些因素加起來一家公司的生產(chǎn)

4、效率，和所有不可分割的聯(lián)系 employees'office 設(shè)計中綁定。成千上萬的 openplan 辦事處在這個國家的大多數(shù)基于平均值的假設(shè)： 平均需要、 平均任務(wù)和，如果采取其邏輯終點，一般人。然而，這些平均值蒸餾水點不起作用，因為辦公室工作人員的很大一部分仍不滿意他們的環(huán)境。The problem is compounded by the fact that many open office systems have been rendereddysfunctional by constant configuration; although cubicle panels are

5、 often designed for flexiblerelocation, lighting and duct work usually are not. Today, the major thrust of state of the artoffice design technology has been in the direction of personalized office environments. By givingcontrol of environmental factors, such as lighting and air flow, to individual w

6、orkers in their ownwork spaces, companies are hoping to avoid the standard pitfalls of open office systems.問題的復(fù)雜的是，許多開放式辦公系統(tǒng)呈現(xiàn)功能失調(diào)的常量配置 ；雖然隔間板往往針對靈活搬遷，照明和風(fēng)管工作通常不是。今天，先進的辦公室設(shè)計技術(shù)的主要目的已個性化的辦公環(huán)境的方向。通過他們自己的工作空間中，個別工人給環(huán)境因素，例如照明和空氣流動，控制，公司希望避免公開辦公系統(tǒng)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的陷阱。Volker Hartkopf, professor of architecture and dire

7、ctor of the Center for Building Performanceand Diagnostics at Carnegie Mellon University, and Vivian Loftness, associate professor ofarchitecture, have done intensive studies of open offices and new“intelligent offices. ”According toHartkipf,“most buildings simply do not meet the standards we think

8、they do. ”As an example,Hartkopf cites the case of the Place de la Chaudiere, a Canadian government building in Ottawa whereconstant growth and reconfiguration of office panels made the HVAC systems less and less capableuntil they were totally inadequate in providing thermal comfort and good air qua

9、lity. In response to thebuildings growing insufficiencies, the employees staged a walk out, demanding better physicalworking conditions. Hartkopf and Loftnesss research has focused on buildings primarily in Japanand West Germany in which individual control of office functions have, to varying degree

10、s, beengiven over to workers. For example, at the Umeda Center in Osaka, distributed heat pumps were usedrather than a standard central heating system; 12 pumps were installed per floor, one for every four orfive work stations. Heating and cooling could thus be controlled by a collective decision of

11、 themembers of any particular cluster of work stations.福爾克 · 哈特科普夫教授的體系結(jié)構(gòu)和建筑性能和卡內(nèi)基 · 梅隆大學(xué)和薇薇安洛夫特尼斯，副教授的體系結(jié)構(gòu)，在診斷研究中心主任做了深入的研究開放辦公室和新的"智能辦公室。""Hartkipf，根據(jù)以大多數(shù)建筑只是不符合我們認(rèn)為他們做的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。"作為一個例子，哈特科普夫引述紹迪耶地方德拉爾，加拿大政府在渥太華凡不斷增長與重構(gòu)的辦公室事務(wù)委員會作出暖通空調(diào)系統(tǒng)越來越少能夠直到它們完全不足提供熱舒適和空氣質(zhì)素良好建設(shè)的情況。響應(yīng)這座大樓

12、的日益增長不足，雇員上演一走，苛刻的物理更好的工作條件。哈特科普夫和洛夫特尼斯的研究重點主要在日本、 西德的建筑物，在單獨控件的功能，在不同的程度，給了工人的辦公室。例如，在大阪梅田中心，分布式的熱泵用而不是標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的中央供暖系統(tǒng) ；每層，一個用于每個四個或五個工作地點安裝了 12 泵。因此可以由集體決定的工作地點的任何特定群集的成員控制加熱和冷卻。In addition, workers at the Umeda Center were given individual control of overhead lighting intheir particular areas with an o

13、n / off button on their computer keyboards. According to loftness, astrong workerscouncil in Germany has helped raise building standards there to a much higher levelthan in many other industrial nations. In response to the problem of people getting too far removedfrom natural light and air, Germany

14、has adopted a voluntary standard stating that a worker should bestationed no more than seven meters ( 23ft. ) from a window. The Germans have also pioneered the useof raised floor ducting, by which air can be routed from the floor rather than the ceiling,allowing forgreater air circulation此外，在梅田中心工作

15、者受到單個控件在其特定領(lǐng)域具有架空照明的開 / 關(guān)在他們的計算機鍵盤上的按鈕。洛夫特尼斯，在德國的強 workers'council 有助提高建筑標(biāo)準(zhǔn)那里要比其他許多工業(yè)國家程度更高。響應(yīng)問題的人變得太遠從自然光線和空氣，德國從窗口中通過了自愿標(biāo)準(zhǔn)說明一個工人應(yīng)被派駐不超過七米 (23 英尺）。德國人也已率先架空的地板導(dǎo)熱，其中空氣可以從地板，而不是天花板，路由的使用允許擁有空氣流通In most U. S. Systems, the diffusion of air takes place through ceiling; the result of thismethod, says

16、 Hartkopf, is that“there is good mixing of air at the ceiling level, but not appropriatemixing at the ground level where partitions can create pockets of stale air. ”In the planning of theColonial Insurance building in Cologne, workers were actually consulted on their specific needs anddesires for t

17、heir offices. The workers requested operable windows, and indeed their wish wasgranted; the Colonial building, which houses 2, 000 people, became one of the first largecontemporary office buildings where operable windows were an original, intentional feature, a systemwas installed in the building th

18、at monitors the outside climate and suggests either leaving thewindows closed or open for maximum comfort. Other building features included raised floorair ducting panels that allow air distribution to be channeled and controlled through every cubicle.The floor panels are interchangeable and can be

19、moved as work stations are reconfigured.在大多數(shù)的美國系統(tǒng)的空氣擴散會發(fā)生通過天花板 ；這種方法，結(jié)果說哈特科普夫，是空氣的 有良好混合的天花板一級空氣但不是適當(dāng)混合在地面水平分區(qū)可以在其中創(chuàng)建口袋的污濁。"殖民地保險業(yè)在科隆建設(shè)規(guī)劃中的工人其實諮詢的具體需要和他們的辦公室的欲望。工人要求可操作的 windows，并確實被授予他們的愿望 ；殖民地建筑，哪些房子 2，000 人，成為第一大現(xiàn)代辦公室建筑物可操作性 windows 在哪兒原始的、 蓄意的功能之一，它監(jiān)視外部氣候表明要么離開窗戶關(guān)閉或開啟的最大安慰的建筑中安裝了系統(tǒng)。包含其他建筑功能

20、，允許通過每隔間的傳遞和控制空氣分布的架空的地板空氣管道面板。層面板可互換，如工作地點將重新配置可以移動。Overhead light fixtures, individually controlled from each cubicle, were designed so that they,too, can be moved. American workers need not worry that we are falling too far behind in new officetechnologies. Johnson Controls, leading supplier of i

21、nstalled control systems for nonresidentialbuildings, has developed Personal Environments, one of the most sophisticated personalized officesystems in the world. Developed by a consortium of researchers, manufacturers and designers,Personal Environments may well set the standard as the prototypical

22、office of the future. In thePersonal Environments system, conditioned air, electrical wiring and telecommunications cables arerouted through the vertical partitions between offices and through a raised floor . 頭頂上方的燈固定裝置，分別從每個隔間，控制了設(shè)計，以便它們，也可以移動。美國的工人也不用擔(dān)心我們落后太遠辦公室開發(fā)的新技術(shù)。江森，對于非建筑，安裝的控制系統(tǒng)的領(lǐng)先供應(yīng)商開發(fā)了個人的

23、環(huán)境、 最先進的個性化的辦公系統(tǒng)，在世界中的一個。研究人員、 制造商和設(shè)計師的聯(lián)合開發(fā)，個人環(huán)境可能設(shè)置標(biāo)準(zhǔn)作為未來的原型的辦公室。在個人環(huán)境系統(tǒng)中，空調(diào)、 電氣布線和電訊電纜路由通過辦公室之間的垂直分區(qū)和地板。The raised floor system, similar to the one used in the Colonial building, was provided by TateAccess Floor; the temperature, volume and direction of air can be individually controlled by simple

24、mechanisms in each work station. For additional comfort, Personal Environments also includes Aztecradiant heat panels, installed under the desks to provide warmth to the lower half of the body.ESPAC, Inc. , an electronics corporation that supplies energy conservation products for industrialand insti

25、tutional buildings, provided several pieces for the Personal Environments package. First,“white noise”generators were installed to help employees cope with irritating office acoustics.架空的地板系統(tǒng)，類似于用于殖民地建筑，是由泰特訪問層 ； 提供溫度、 卷和方向的空氣可以通過簡單的機制，在每個工作地點單獨控制。對于更感舒適，個人環(huán)境還包括提供較低的溫暖的身體一半課桌下安裝的阿茲臺克輻射熱板。工業(yè)和公共機構(gòu)的建筑物

26、的能源節(jié)約產(chǎn)品供應(yīng)商電子公司 ESPAC，Inc.提供個人環(huán)境包幾件。第一，"白噪聲"發(fā)電機安裝幫助員工應(yīng)付刺激性辦公室聲學(xué)。The device, which has a tone and volume control for adjusting the type of“white noise” itgenerates, helps restore a bit of the privacy inherently lacking in open office situations. And,addressing the visual issues of office des

27、ign as well as the aural ones. Espac also provided tasklighting controls that are both individually operated and energy efficient. ESPACs third contributionto Personal Environments is perhaps the most ingenious: an occupancy sensor with an infra reddetection device that actually senses the presence

28、of an occupant in a cubicle.該設(shè)備已調(diào)整的"白噪聲"，它將生成類型語調(diào)和音量控制，幫助恢復(fù)有點本身就缺乏在打開 office 的情況下的私隱。和處理辦公室設(shè)計，以及是聽力的視覺問題。Espac 還提供了被兩個單獨操作的任務(wù)照明控制和能源使用效率。ESPAC 的第三個人環(huán)境貢獻或許是最巧妙： 入住傳感器與實際感官的乘員在隔間存在的紅檢測設(shè)備。The sensor detects when a worker has left his or her area and switches the controls back to themost energ

29、y efficient levels; when the employee returns, the sensor resets the controls to thepre selected levels. Thus, no excess energy is poured into areas that are not occupied. It will beinteresting to watch the developments of personalized office systems as we head to the end of thecentury. Productivity

30、 in the office is, of course, harder to measure in a quantifiable way thanproductivity in the factory. However, in Germany, where workers have relatively higher expectationsfor their work environments, attention to their needs in open office settings seems to have contributed, at least in part, to t

31、heir booming economy. Perhaps with continued testing andmodification, advanced office systems will not be incongruous with the“ bottom line”preoccupation of American businesses.傳感器檢測到當(dāng)一名工人已經(jīng)離開他或她區(qū)和交換機控件回大部分能量效率高水平 ；當(dāng)雇員返回時，傳感器將控件重置為選定的前水平。因此，沒有多余的能量被倒入不被占領(lǐng)的地區(qū)。很值得看的個性化的辦公系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展，我們沖到了世紀(jì)的末尾。在辦公室工作效率，當(dāng)然是、

32、 更加努力來測量可量化的方式比在工廠的生產(chǎn)效率。然而，在德國，工人有較高的 expectationsfor 他們的工作環(huán)境，注意其需要在打開 office 設(shè)置似乎作出了貢獻，至少在部分中，為迅速發(fā)展的經(jīng)濟。也許不斷進行測試和修改，先進的辦公系統(tǒng)將不合乎"底線"美國企業(yè)關(guān)注的問題。Lesson 35 How Much Do We Need? Materials knowledge第 35 我們需要多少課嗎？ 材料知識The information super highway has paved the way to a wealth of information forde

33、signer s. Computerized databases, the Internet and the availability of“ virtual libraries"on - line provide resources on ceavailable to only the largest corpora tions.But while technology has changed the way designers work, many still rely on old habits;especially in the selection of materials

34、and processing technology. Material specifications are almostan afterthought or“someone elses task, " in part because we prefer to work on the intangiblequalities of a product.數(shù)據(jù)超級公路的設(shè)計器的 · 計算機化數(shù)據(jù)庫的可用性和互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的信息豐富鋪平了道路"虛擬圖書館"上-線上，只有最大的語料庫羅湖區(qū) ceavailable 提供了資源。但雖然科技已經(jīng)改變方式，設(shè)計師，很多人仍然依賴

35、于舊習(xí)慣 ；特別是在材料和加工工藝的選擇。材料規(guī)格部分是好像事后修補或"其他人的任務(wù)，"，因為我們喜歡的工作產(chǎn)品的無形的品質(zhì)。The marketplace demands more. Today, the material often becomes the product. We know thatmaterials can help to differentiate our products character, add value, enhance performance andmake the difference between success and fail

36、ure. In a world where new processes and new materialskeep appearing in a sea of acronyms coined to define endless combinations, we need to constantlychallenge ourselves. We need to take more risks, do more research, explore more alternatives andlearn how to optimize our selections.市場上要求更多。今天，這種材料往往成

37、為了產(chǎn)品。我們知道材料可以有助于區(qū)分我們產(chǎn)品的字符、 增值、 增強的性能和使成功和失敗的區(qū)別。在新工藝和新材料不斷出現(xiàn)的首字母縮寫詞定義無休止的組合創(chuàng)造了海洋中的世界，我們需要不斷地挑戰(zhàn)自我。我們需要采取更多的風(fēng)險、 做更多的研究、 探索更多的選擇和學(xué)習(xí)如何優(yōu)化我們的選擇。We know what we want, we just have trouble asking the right questions to find the correctanswers and resources. Take the following examples:·“Whats so great a

38、bout this material, and why is it so gummy? " I remember an industrialdesigner asking this question as he proceeded to explain that he required a material that was bothstiff and flexible in certain circumstances.我們知道我們想要什么，我們只需要提出正確的問題，找到正確的答案和資源的麻煩。看下面的例子： ·"什么是關(guān)于這種材料，那么大，為什么是這樣蔓？&qu

39、ot;我記得要問，他邊說邊解釋他需要一種物質(zhì)是僵硬和靈活，在某些情況下，一個工業(yè)設(shè)計師。“Can you help specify a material without modifying our design? " A well - known designcompany insisted on modeling a computer housing with zero draft on all four sides, regardless ofcost. Needless to say, the manufacturer eventually discontinued the p

40、roject because of its bad economics.·“We need a material that has a medium to high level of comfort. " This request came from afurniture designer for a new office chair. The project required categorizing levels of comfort“ by theseat" of this designers parts. 您能指定一種材料，而無需修改我們的設(shè)計嗎？&quo

41、t;井-已知的設(shè)計公司堅持建模與零草案所有四個邊，而不考慮成本的計算機房屋。不用說，制造商最終停止項目由于其糟糕的經(jīng)濟。·“我們需要一到高水平的舒適已介質(zhì)的材料。"這一請求來自新的辦公椅的家具設(shè)計器。所需的項目分類級別舒適的"不靠"的此設(shè)計器部件?！癈an you help specify a material without modifying our design? " A well - known designcompany insisted on modeling a computer housing with zero draft o

42、n all four sides, regardless ofcost. Needless to say, the manufacturer eventually discontinued the project because of its bad economics.·“We need a material that has a medium to high level of comfort. " This request came from afurniture designer for a new office chair. The project required

43、 categorizing levels of comfort“ by theseat" of this designers parts.The role of education in this“ knowledge gap" cannot be discounted. Design curricula havedone little to foster the exploration of materials and production methods. On a recent tour of theBayer facility, a design student a

44、sked me the difference between a polymer and a monomer.Although this and similar questions reflect an appalling ignorance of materials, they also show anencouraging interest among students as well as professionals.您能指定一種材料，而無需修改我們的設(shè)計嗎？"井-已知的設(shè)計公司堅持建模與零草案所有四個邊，而不考慮成本的計算機房屋。不用說，制造商最終停止項目由于其糟糕的經(jīng)濟。&

45、#183;“我們需要一到高水平的舒適已介質(zhì)的材料。"這一請求來自新的辦公椅的家具設(shè)計器。所需的項目分類級別舒適的"不靠"的此設(shè)計器部件。這在教育的作用"知識鴻溝"，不打折扣。設(shè)計課程并沒有提出促進材料和生產(chǎn)方法的探索。考察最近的拜耳設(shè)施，設(shè)計學(xué)生問我聚合物和單體之間的區(qū)別。雖然這和類似的問題反映材料的令人震驚的無知，它們還會顯示鼓勵學(xué)生，以及專業(yè)人士的興趣。To address this interest, IDSA has created a Materials and Processes Special Interest Section.O

46、ur goals are to spark and nurture the natural curiosity of designers with regard to manufacturingprocesses; cultivate a better understanding of the differences, and demonstrate how we can applythem to the success of our products. We strongly believe that a basic understanding of materials andprocess

47、es should be a fundamental part of a designer s entry - level education, and we will work withIDSAs Education Committee to define the minimum requirements of such know - how a designstudent should possess upon graduation.為了解決這種興趣，IDSA 創(chuàng)造了材料及流程特別興趣組。我們的目標(biāo)是火花，培育天然好奇心的設(shè)計者制造過程 ；培養(yǎng)的差異，更好地了解并演示如何我們可以將它們應(yīng)用

48、于我們的產(chǎn)品的成功。我們堅信一個基本的了解，材料和工藝應(yīng)該設(shè)計器條目-級教育、 基礎(chǔ)的部分，我們將工作定義的最低要求的這種知道-withIDSA 的教育委員會如何設(shè)計學(xué)生應(yīng)具備畢業(yè)時。The section also has formalized an alliance with the Society of the Plastics Industry ( SPI)Structural Plastics Division ( SPD) to share communication and programs. To that end, weve agreedto host our spring

49、meeting at the annual SPI conference, scheduled for Atlanta this year. We haveexpanded our activity there to include a full days preconference. Were also working similarrelationships with the Society of Plastics Engineers Product Design and Development Division andthe American and Iron and Steel Institute.一節(jié)也已正式聯(lián)盟與社會的塑料工業(yè) (SPI) 結(jié)構(gòu)塑料司 (SPD) 共享通信和程序。為此，我們已同意主辦 SPI 年會上，亞特蘭大定于今年我們春季會議。我們已擴大我們在那里的活動，包括一整天的 preconference。我們也正在與塑料