上海電力學(xué)院自動化專業(yè)英語句子

1、A: 1:A feedback system is often better able to cope with unexpected disturbances and uncertainties about the system s dynamic behavior. 一個反饋系統(tǒng)經(jīng)常能更好的應(yīng)付不期望的 擾動作用以及系統(tǒng)動態(tài)性能的不確定性,/However ,it need not be true that closed-loop control is always superior to open-loop control .然而, 閉環(huán)控制并不一定總是優(yōu) 于開環(huán)控制,/When the

2、 measured output has errors which are sufficiently large ,and when unexpected disturbances are relatively unimportant ,closed-loop control can have a performance which is inferior to open-loop control.當(dāng)輸出的測量誤差足夠大或不 期望的擾動無關(guān)緊要時,閉環(huán)控制的性能就會比開環(huán)控制的 差2:An analog-to-digital converter(ADC is used to convert a

3、 continuously variable signal to a corresponding digital form which can take any one of a fixed number of possible binary values. 一模擬 -數(shù)字轉(zhuǎn)換器(ADC 用來將連續(xù)變換信號編 程相應(yīng)的數(shù)字量,這數(shù)字量可是可能的二進(jìn)制數(shù)值中的一固 定值。3:A new phase in robot applications has been opened with the development of “ intelligent robot ” . 一個機(jī)器人應(yīng)用的新局 面隨著

4、“智能機(jī)器人”的發(fā)展而已近打開。4:An example is the speed control system of a turbine-generator set in a power station ,whose main purpose is to maintain the generator speed as nearly constant as possible 。電廠渦輪發(fā)電 機(jī)組就是一個例子,它的主要目的是維持發(fā)電機(jī)的轉(zhuǎn)速盡可 能的接近于恒值。5:An example of this type of sensors would be a vision sensor uses t

5、o locate and identify objects and position of the robot itself ,combined with a tactile sensor used to detect the distribution of force and pressure ,and determine torque ,weight ,center of mass and compliance of the material it handles . 這類傳感器的一例是視覺傳感器,用于對物體和機(jī) 器人本身的定位和辨別;并結(jié)合觸覺傳感器用于探測力和壓 力的分布和確定力矩,質(zhì)

6、量,重心,按所抓取的材料決定握 持 力 。 /The hand-eye coordination for general-purpose manipulation will be extremely powerful in the industrial world .這種用于通用的手眼配合操作在工業(yè)界將會變得極為有效 力。6:A robot , once properly programmed ,will not put a chip in the wrong place .一旦適當(dāng)?shù)鼐幊?機(jī)器人就不會將芯片發(fā)錯 地方。C: 1:Care must be taken when connecti

7、ng logic circuits to ensure that their logic levels and current ratings are compatible連接邏輯電路時,必須小心翼翼,以保證它們的邏輯電平和 電流額定值是兼容的。 /The output voltages produced by a logic circuit are normally specified in terms of the worst case values when sourcing or sinking the maximum rated currents.由 邏輯電路產(chǎn)生的輸出電壓通以拉出或

8、灌入最大額定電流時, 按最弱情況下數(shù)值說定義。2:Consider the armature-controlled D.C .motor shown schematically in Fig.25.1. 圖 25.1是電樞控制的直流電機(jī)。 /Such motors are fairly common components in systems of interest to control engineers . 這種電機(jī)是控制工程師在系統(tǒng) 中應(yīng)用的比較普遍的元件。 /The torque m(t developed by the motor and hence its angular velo

9、city w(t (or in some applications ,its angular position are controlled by varying the voltage v(t applied to the armature winding . 可以靠改變電樞 繞組上的電壓 v (t 去控制電機(jī)的轉(zhuǎn)矩 m (t ,從而控制角速度 w (t ( 在某些應(yīng)用中為角位移 。 /The stator (field winding is connected to a constant voltage source ,so that the current and hence the m

10、agnetic flux f in the field winding are approximately constant .定子(磁場繞組接到恒壓電源上, 因此其電流所產(chǎn)生的磁場中的磁通 f 是接近于常數(shù)的。 D: 1:Denoting the mass moment of inertia of the armature as J ,and assuming that there is an externally applied load torquemL(t and a viscous friction torque Cw(t opposing the motion ,we may wr

11、ite 設(shè)電樞的轉(zhuǎn)動慣量為 J , 外加負(fù)載轉(zhuǎn)矩 為 mL (t ,摩擦轉(zhuǎn)矩為 Cw(t,兩者都是阻礙運(yùn)動的,于是得 E: 1:Every time the interface is used to read a transducer ,the same operations must be carried out to convert the input number into a more convenient form.接口總是用于讀取傳感器的值, 同時還要將輸入數(shù)值轉(zhuǎn)換成更容易的形式。F: 1:Fig1.4 shows volt-ampere curves for a metal fi

12、lament lamp ,V1( , and for a carbonfilament lamp V2( ,圖 1.4中的曲線 V1( 和 V2( 分別表示 -金屬絲燈泡和碳絲燈泡 的伏 -安特性曲線, /As is seen , the relation between the voltage and the current in each lamp is other than linear . 如圖 所示每個燈泡的電流和電壓之間的關(guān)系并不是線性的, /The resistance of the metal-filament lamp increases ,and that of the c

13、arbon-filament lamp decreases with increase of current.隨著電 流的增加,金屬絲燈泡的電阻是增加的,而碳絲燈泡的電阻 是減少的。2:Figure 21.1 shows a common application of automatic control found in many industrial plants.圖 21.1顯示出了在許多工業(yè)工 廠所見到的常用的自動控制應(yīng)用。 3:Fig.37.1 is a general representation of an open-loop control system . 圖 37.1是對開

14、環(huán)控制系統(tǒng)的一般性表示。 /The input or control u(t isselected based on the goals for the system and all available a priori knowledge about the system .輸入變量或控制作用 u (t 是根據(jù)本系統(tǒng)的目標(biāo)以及所有可獲取的先驗知識而選定的。 /The input is in no way influenced by the output of the system ,represented by y(t . 輸入變量絕不會受到 y(t 所表示 的系統(tǒng)輸出變量的影響。 /If

15、unexpected disturbances act upon an open-loop system ,or if its behavior is not completely understood ,then the output will not behave precisely as expected .如果有不期望的擾動作用在開環(huán)系統(tǒng)上,或者如果 其行為不能完全掌握的話,則該系統(tǒng)的輸出就不會完全如預(yù) 期般動作。4:Finally ,the computer interprets or understands what the image represents in terms of

16、 knowledge about the scene and gives the robot a symbolic description of its environment .最后, 計算機(jī)能就場景的辨別,理解圖像所表示的含義或作出解 釋,并使機(jī)器人用符號對環(huán)境的描述。5:For every process there must be final actuator that regulates the supply of energy or material to the process and changes the measurement signal . 對每一過程,均必須由最終的控

17、制器來 調(diào)節(jié)過程中能量或材料的供給量,并且改變測量值。 /Most often this is in some kind of valve , but it might also be a belt or motor speed ,louver position ,and so on .最常見的是由某種閥來完成,但這也可能是一條皮帶,或者是馬達(dá)速度,口徑位 置等等。6:For example ,many transducers have variable resistance which must be converted to a voltage by a special circuit.

18、舉例 來說,許多傳感器具有電阻變換,這必須由一專門電路轉(zhuǎn)換 成電壓。 /This process of converting the transducer output into a voltage signal which can be connected to the rest of the system is called signal conditioning. 這種將傳感器輸出轉(zhuǎn)換成電壓信 號,并與系統(tǒng)的其它電路相連接的過程,稱為信號調(diào)整。 7:For negative feedback to exist ,either A or B must be a negative quant

19、ity to give the loop phase inversion , and the return difference is always (1+AB for negative feedback .為了 形成反饋, A 或 B 必須為負(fù)量以使得環(huán)路形成倒向,因而對 于負(fù)反饋深度恒等于(1+ab .H: 1:However ,this advantage is more than outweighed by the disadvantages of open-loop control and the inherent advantages of feedback systems . 然

20、而, 這一優(yōu)點(diǎn)比不上開環(huán)控制的缺點(diǎn) 和 反 饋 系 統(tǒng) 的 固 有 優(yōu) 點(diǎn) 。 /First ,in many cases the implementation of the open-loop control suggested above would require a very sophisticated (and hence expensive computing device to determine the inputs required to counteract the predicted disturbance effects .首先,在許多情況下,實現(xiàn)上面所提到的開環(huán)控制需

21、要一臺非常完善的(因而很費(fèi)錢的計 算裝置,一邊用它算出抵消預(yù)估擾動影響所需的輸入量。 /Second , a feedback system turns out to be inherently far less sensitive to the accuracy with which a mathematical model of the system has been determined.其次,反饋系統(tǒng)對數(shù)學(xué)模型的 精度并不是很敏感。I: 1:If all elemental equations are for all time ,then the system isa continuo

22、us time system . 如果所有的基礎(chǔ)方程都定義整個 時間過程,那么,該系統(tǒng)也是連續(xù)時間系統(tǒng)。 /If ,as in sampling or digital systems ,some elemental equations are defined or used only at discrete points in time ,a discrete-time system is the result . 而假如,在采樣問題或數(shù)字系統(tǒng)中常見 這種情況,有些基礎(chǔ)方程僅定義于,或僅能應(yīng)用于離散的時 間點(diǎn)上, 這就導(dǎo)致了離散時間系統(tǒng)。 /Continuous-time system are

23、 described by differential equation ,discrete-time systems by difference equation.連續(xù)時間系統(tǒng)用微分方程描述,而離散時 間系統(tǒng)則用于差分方程描述。2:If all elemental equations are linear ,so is the system .如果所 有的基礎(chǔ)方程都是線性的,那么該系統(tǒng)也是如些。 /If one or more elemental equations are nonlinear ,as is the case for a diode ,then the overall syst

24、em is nonlinear .如果一個或多個基 礎(chǔ)方程是非線性的,例如在應(yīng)用二極管的場合,那么整個系統(tǒng)也就成了非線性的的。 /When all elemental equations can be described by a set of constant parameter values ,as in the familiar RLC circuit ,the system is said to be stationary or time-invariant or constant coefficient .當(dāng)所有的基礎(chǔ)方程都能 用一組定常參數(shù)值來描述, 正如熟知的 RLC 電路的情況

25、, 就 稱該系統(tǒng)是穩(wěn)態(tài)的, 或時不變的, 或常系數(shù)的。 /If one or more parameters ,or the very form of elemental equation ,vary in a known fashion with time ,the system is said to be time-varying .如果有一個或多個參數(shù),甚至連基礎(chǔ)方程本身都以一種已知 方式隨時間而變化,則此系統(tǒng)就稱為時變系統(tǒng)。 /Finally ,if there are no external inputs and the system behavior is determined e

26、ntirely by its initial conditions ,the system is said to be homogeneous or unforced . 最后, 如果沒有外部輸入信號, 系統(tǒng)的行為完全由自已的初始條件確定,該系統(tǒng)就稱為齊次 或 非 強(qiáng) 迫 系 統(tǒng) 。 /With forcing functions acting ,a nonhomogeneous system must be considered .有強(qiáng)迫函數(shù)作用 于上的,則系統(tǒng)必須作為非齊次的來考慮。3:In each case ,the input circuit of the amplifier can

27、 be represented by an equivalent passive impendence Zi defined as the ratio of Vi/Ii or admittance Yi ,defined as Ii/vi. 在每種情況 下, 放大器的輸入回路都可以用一個等值無源阻抗 Zi (Zi 是 vi 與 Ii 的比值 or 等值導(dǎo)納 Yi (Yi 是 Ii 與 Vi 比值 來表示。4:In practice ,a RTD may be used with as much as 500 feet of three-conductor cable without creat

28、ing a perceptible error .實踐 中,熱電阻探測器可使用至多 500英尺的三導(dǎo)線電纜,而不 會產(chǎn)生任一可察覺的誤差。5: In the process plant ,it is impractical to locate the control instruments out in the place near the process .在過程工廠中, 將 控制儀器安裝在室外靠近過程的地方是不現(xiàn)實的。6:In this case the signal conditioning section must convert the incoming signal to a fo

29、rm which can be connected directly to the next part of the interface ,the input/output section of the microcomputer itself. 這種情況下,信號調(diào)理單元必須將輸入 信號變換成為另一信號,也可直接與接口的下一部分,即微 計算機(jī)本身的輸入輸出單元相連接。7:It is assumed in each case that the forward-path amplifier of a negative feedback system is unilateral ,so that s

30、ignals can pass from input or output ,but not in the reverse direction from output to input ,and the only feedback path is through the network B。 而有種情況下,均假定負(fù)反饋網(wǎng)絡(luò)中的放大器是單向的。于 是信號只能從輸入端到輸出端,而不能反方向傳遞。于是唯 一的反饋路徑即通過網(wǎng)絡(luò) B 。8:It is hoped that these will not only give the reader some familiarity with the proc

31、ess of model-building but also satisfyhim that linear differential equations are ,in fact ,reasonable models for a wide range of real systems .希望這些工作不單是 使讀者熟悉模型建立的過程,而且也使大家確信,線性微分 方程是各種實際系統(tǒng)的合理模型。I: 9:It is usually possible to vary the set value in such a system by manual adjustment of a control knob

32、 or by means of an auxiliary automatic control system. 通過手動調(diào)節(jié)控制旋鈕或 者用輔助的自動控制系統(tǒng)可以改變這個設(shè)定值。10:It should be understood that any division of control engineering into “ regulators ” , ” servo-mechanisms ” and “ process-control systems” is very artificial and is really due to historic rather that logical r

33、easons , A process-control systems is often a regular .我們應(yīng)該了解到 :把控制工程分成調(diào)節(jié)器、伺 服機(jī)構(gòu)與過程控制系統(tǒng)是由人為因素造成的,這是由于歷史 上的原因而不是邏輯上的原因。過程控制系統(tǒng)通常是一個調(diào) 節(jié)器。 /However ,a complicated process-control systems may possibly contain devices which could be defined as servo-mechanisms .The following are examples of control proble

34、ms usually classified as process control。 然而一個復(fù)雜的 過程控制系統(tǒng)可能包含好幾個被稱作伺服機(jī)構(gòu)的裝置。 11:Its standard range is from 4 to 20mA DC for the currentsignal or from 1 to 5V DC for the voltage signal .其標(biāo)準(zhǔn)范圍對 電流來說是 4-20mA DC,對電壓力信號來說是 1-5V DC。 M: 1:Measurement must be made to indicate the current value of the variable

35、 controller by the loop . 必須具有測量環(huán)節(jié),以 指示被測回路所控制的變量當(dāng)前值。 /Common measurement used in industry include flow rate, pressure , level, temperature ,analytical measurement (such as pH ,ORP and conductivity ,and many others particular to special industries. 在工業(yè)中所使用的常規(guī)測量包括流量,壓力,物位,溫度, 分析測量參數(shù),如 PH 值, ORP 和電導(dǎo)率

36、,以及許多其他 特殊工業(yè)中的特殊參數(shù)。2: More precisely ,it is approximately proportional to the product of the field density and the current ,some nonlinearity being introduced by the distortion of the stator field due to the flux generated by the armature current .This so-called “ armature reaction ” is kept small b

37、y carefully motor design .更確切的說 , 轉(zhuǎn)矩接近正比于場強(qiáng)與電流的乘積。電樞電流產(chǎn)生的磁通使 定子磁場畸變, 所以產(chǎn)生了某些非線性, 這叫做 “電樞反應(yīng)” 。 在經(jīng)周密設(shè)計的典籍中,這種電樞反應(yīng)可以很小。3:Most classical control techniques were developed for linear constant coefficient systems with one input and one output (perhaps a few input and outputs .大多數(shù)經(jīng)典控制技術(shù)都是帶有一個輸入、一個輸出(也可有數(shù)個輸

38、入和輸出的線性、 常 系 數(shù) 系 統(tǒng) 而 發(fā) 展 起 來 的 。 /The language of classical techniques is the Laplace or z-transform and transfer function . 經(jīng)典技術(shù)的表達(dá)語言室拉普拉斯或者 z 變換以及傳遞函數(shù)。 /When nonlinearities and time variations are present ,the very basic for these classical techniques is removed .一旦出現(xiàn)非線 性和時變性,經(jīng)典技術(shù)最根本的基礎(chǔ)就不復(fù)存在了。 /So

39、me successful techniques such as phase-plane methods ,describing functions ,and other ad hoc methods ,have been developed to alleviate this shortcoming . 諸如相平面方法、 描述函數(shù)法和其 它有關(guān)方法這樣一些很成功的技術(shù)能夠得以發(fā)展的原因就 是為了彌補(bǔ)這一短處。 /However ,the greatest success has been limited to low-order systems . 然而經(jīng)典控制理論的最大成功 也是局限于低階

40、系統(tǒng)中。 /The state variable approach of modern control theory provides a uniform and power-varying or constant coefficients . 現(xiàn)代控制理論的狀態(tài)變量法提供了一 種統(tǒng)一、高效的方法來描述具有任意階次、線性或非線性、 時變或常系數(shù)的各種系統(tǒng)。 /It provides an ideal formulation for computer implementation and is responsible for much of the progress in optimizatio

41、n theory .它也為計算機(jī)處理提供了一 種理想的表示方法,并引起了許多方面最優(yōu)化理論的進(jìn)展。 4:Most practical circuits may be classed as linear .Therefore ,astudy into the properties and analysis of linear circuits is of both theoretical and applied interest. 大多數(shù)實際電路可歸類為線性 電路。因此,對線性電路性能和線性電路分析的研究就具有 理論和實踐的雙重意義。N: 1:Negative feedback also inc

42、reases the frequency bandwidth of the amplifier to which it is applied , because the gainbandwidth product of a linear amplifier is a constant , and negative feedback reduces the effective gain. 由于線性放大器 的增益帶寬積是個常數(shù),而負(fù)反饋的運(yùn)用減小了有效增益, 因此,負(fù)反饋還能拓寬運(yùn)用了負(fù)反饋的放大器的頻帶寬度。 2: Negative feedback occurs when a portion

43、of the output signal of an amplifier is fed back and subtracted from the input signal, causing a reduction in the effective input signal. 所謂負(fù)反饋是 指輸出信號的一部分被送回輸入端,與輸入信號相減,從而 削弱了有效輸入信號, /The most important effect of this is to make the overall amplifier gain almost immune to changes in the amplifier un

44、it gain, and dependent almost entirely on the feedback network components. 負(fù)反饋的最重要作用在于使放 大器總增益不至于因基本放大器增益的改變而變化,其總增 益的大小完全取決于反饋網(wǎng)絡(luò)的元件參數(shù)。3: Now ,another type of electrical signal ,which is becoming common , is the digital or discrete signal .當(dāng)今,另一種電信號形式變得越來越常用,就是數(shù)字或者是離散信號。O: 1:One additional distincti

45、on not shown in Fig.38.1 could be made between large-scale system and small-scale system . 圖 38.1中沒有表示出來的另一種分類是大規(guī)模系統(tǒng)與小規(guī)模系 統(tǒng)。 /The degree of difficulty in analysis varies greatly among these system classification . 不同系統(tǒng)類型,對其進(jìn)行分析難 度相差很大。 /These differences have motivated different methods of approach

46、. 這些差別已經(jīng)促進(jìn)了不同的方法的發(fā) 展。 /Modern control theory provides one of the most general approaches .現(xiàn)代控制理論提供了一種最一般性的方法。 2:One of the conductors is common to both sides of the bridge while the other two connect one to each side of the bridge . 三 導(dǎo)線中,其中一根對電橋兩臂是相同的,而其它兩根連在電 橋 的 兩 臂 上 。 /Any change in cable tempe

47、rature will be cancelled as both sides of the bridge are changed a like amount .由于兩橋臂的變化是一樣的,所以電纜上的任何溫度變化就 會被抵消。3:Operational amplifiers with very high gains are readily available , making the application of negative feedback on a large scale practical and inexpensive. 高增益的運(yùn)算放大器是 容易得到的,這便使負(fù)反饋的使用現(xiàn)實而經(jīng)

48、濟(jì)。4:Output interface take a similar form (Fig.18.2 ,the obviousdifference being that here the flow of information is in the opposite direction. it is passed from the program to the outside world .輸出接口采用相似的形式(圖 18.2 , 明顯的差別在于 信息流的方向相反,是從程序到外部世界。S: 1:Several factors provided the stimulus for the devel

49、opment of modern control theory :(1The necessity of dealing with more realistic models of systems .(2The shift in emphasis towards optimal control and optimal system design .(3The continuing developments in digital computer technology .(4The shortcomings of previous approaches .(5A recognition of th

50、e applicability of well-know methods in other fields of knowledge .有幾個因素激勵了現(xiàn)代控制理論的發(fā)展:(1處理 更加真實的系統(tǒng)模型的必要性 .(2研究重點(diǎn)朝向最優(yōu)控制和 最有系統(tǒng)設(shè)計的轉(zhuǎn)移 .(3數(shù)字計算機(jī)技術(shù)的不斷發(fā)展 (4原 有方法的短缺 .(5對于將熟知方法在其它知識領(lǐng)域中應(yīng)用的 廣泛認(rèn)同2. Should there be an uncompensated variation in the reference junction temperature ,there will be a corresponding cha

51、nge in millivolt with a resultant error in temperature measurement .例 如參考端溫度的變化沒被補(bǔ)償,就會有相應(yīng)的毫伏電壓變 化,結(jié)果會導(dǎo)致溫度測量的誤差。3:Simple put ,robot hands-like robots legs ,or eyes ,or reasoningpowers-have long way to go before they can approach what the biological evolution has achieved over by the course of hundred

52、s of millions of years .簡單來說,機(jī)器人的手 -如同機(jī) 器人的腿,眼睛或推理能力,在接近經(jīng)過成億年生物進(jìn)化所 獲得的能力之前,還有很長時間的路要走。4:Single-loop feedback systems with the structure of Fig.27.2 are often called servomechanisms because the controller usually includes a device giving considerable power amplification.具有 圖 27.2結(jié)構(gòu)的單回路反饋系統(tǒng) , 通常稱為伺服機(jī)件

53、 , 因為這種 控制器中常常包括了一個能給出相當(dāng)大功率的放大裝置 . 5:System models can be developed by two distinct methods .系 統(tǒng) 的 模 型 可 以 通 過 兩 類 截 然 不 同 的 方 法 來 建 立 。 /Analytical modeling consists of a systematic application of basic physical laws to system components and the interconnection of these components . 解析建模是將物理學(xué)基 本定律系

54、統(tǒng)性地應(yīng)用于系統(tǒng)各組成部分及其相互之間的關(guān) 聯(lián) 關(guān) 系 進(jìn) 而 獲 取 結(jié) 果 方 法 。 /Experimental modeling ,or modeling by synthesis is the selection of mathematical relationship which seems to fit observed input-output data.經(jīng)驗 建模,或叫綜合建模,是一種通過尋找數(shù)學(xué)關(guān)系而建立模型 的方法,這種數(shù)學(xué)關(guān)系應(yīng)該能夠與輸入輸出觀測數(shù)據(jù)相配 合。T: 1:The armature voltage and external load torque are

55、inputs to the system ,If the are zero ,then clearly a knowledge of i(t and w(t at some value of t ,say t =0,is sufficient to allow the equations to be solved for all future values of time .電樞電壓和 外負(fù)載轉(zhuǎn)矩是系統(tǒng)的輸入。假設(shè)他們是零,顯然,如果知道 了某個時刻 t ,例如 t=0時的 i(t和 w(t,就可以解出方程在此 后任何時刻的數(shù)值。2:The artificial intelligence wi

56、ll enable the robot to respond to and adapt to changes in its task and in its environment ,and to reason and make decisions in reaction to those changes .人工智 能將是機(jī)器人能響應(yīng)并適應(yīng)其工作任務(wù)和環(huán)境變化,并且能 按照這些變化的反應(yīng)進(jìn)行推理和作出決定。3:The behavior of a process with respect to time defines its dynamic characteristics .Behavior n

57、ot involving time defines its static characteristics.時間過程行為顯示它的動態(tài)特征, 不含時 間的行為顯示它的靜態(tài)特征。4:The kinds of processes found in industrial plants are as varied as the materials they produce,在工廠中所見的過程種類是隨 其生產(chǎn)的材料而變的, /They range from the commonplace, such as loops to control flow rate ,to the large and comple

58、x ,such as distillation columns in the petrochemical industry . 所涉及的范圍從比較平常的,如控制流量的環(huán)路,到大型復(fù)雜的,如石化廠的蒸餾塔。 /Whether simple or complex ,they all consist of some combination of capacity resistance and dead time 。 無論是簡單還是復(fù)雜的, 它們都包 含某種容祖和遲滯時間。5:The last element of the loop is the automatic controller .Its j

59、ob is to control the measurement .環(huán)路的最后一個元件是自動控 制器, 其工作是控制測量值。 /To “ control ” means to keep the measurement at a constant ,acceptable value . “控制”意味著 將 測 量 值 保 持 在 某 一 可 接 受 的 恒 定 值 。 /All automatic controllers use the same general responses ,although the internal mechanisms and the definitions given for these responses may differ slightly from one another .所有的自動控制器都采用相 同的,普遍的響應(yīng),盡管這些響應(yīng)的內(nèi)部機(jī)理和含義各有差 異。6:T he mathematical tools require