初中英語(yǔ)閱讀理解之主旨大意day2

1、 初中 閱讀理解 主旨題及 解題技巧How to grasp the main idea of a passage-in reading?主旨大意題主旨大意題 正確理解文章的正確理解文章的“主旨大意主旨大意”是閱讀技能之是閱讀技能之二。要求在閱讀和理解全文的基礎(chǔ)上，對(duì)文二。要求在閱讀和理解全文的基礎(chǔ)上，對(duì)文章作出歸納、概括或評(píng)價(jià)。這也是英語(yǔ)閱讀章作出歸納、概括或評(píng)價(jià)。這也是英語(yǔ)閱讀理解中常見(jiàn)的一類題型，大多是要求判斷文理解中常見(jiàn)的一類題型，大多是要求判斷文章的標(biāo)題或各段大意。章的標(biāo)題或各段大意。閱讀中主旨大意題的題型分類閱讀中主旨大意題的題型分類主旨題主旨題標(biāo)題類標(biāo)題類文章主旨文章主旨段落主旨

2、段落主旨1. 標(biāo)題類試題常見(jiàn)的題干形式標(biāo)題類試題常見(jiàn)的題干形式 (1) The best title for this passage is . (2) The suitable headline for this passage may be (3) The title that best expresses the idea of the passage is . (4) Which of the following can be the best title of this passage?(體現(xiàn)概括性體現(xiàn)概括性, 避免遠(yuǎn)離主題避免遠(yuǎn)離主題)2. 文章主旨類試題常見(jiàn)的題干形式文章主旨類試

3、題常見(jiàn)的題干形式 (1) What is the passage mainly about? (2) The passage talks about . (3) The passage tells us that . (4) This passage mainly deals with . (5) Whats the main idea / topic of the passage?(體現(xiàn)全面性體現(xiàn)全面性, 避免以偏概全避免以偏概全)3. 段落主旨類試題常見(jiàn)的題干形式段落主旨類試題常見(jiàn)的題干形式 (1) The main idea of the second paragraph probabl

4、y is that . (2) What is the last paragraph chiefly concerned with? (3) Which of the following can best summarize Paragraph one? (4) Whats the main idea discussed in the first paragraph?(體現(xiàn)針對(duì)性體現(xiàn)針對(duì)性, 避免張冠李戴避免張冠李戴)關(guān)鍵關(guān)鍵-主題句主題句主題句：凡表述段落（或短文）主旨大意的句子。主題句：凡表述段落（或短文）主旨大意的句子。三個(gè)特點(diǎn)：三個(gè)特點(diǎn)：（1）總領(lǐng)性強(qiáng)，概括性強(qiáng)）總領(lǐng)性強(qiáng)，概括性強(qiáng)（2

5、）結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單，不用難句）結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單，不用難句（3）其他句子解釋、支撐或擴(kuò)展主題句，起服從、）其他句子解釋、支撐或擴(kuò)展主題句，起服從、論證、補(bǔ)充的作用論證、補(bǔ)充的作用Types Of Paragraph StructuresThe position of the topicAt the beginningAt the endIn the middleNo clear topic sentence English is clearly an international language. It is spoken by pilots and airport control operators on a

6、ll the airways of the world. Over 70 percent of the worlds radio programs are in English. 主題句在段首或篇首主題句在段首或篇首 例例2： If you buy some well-made clothes, you can save money because they can last longer. They look good even after they have been washed many times. Sometimes some clothes cost more money, bu

7、t it does not mean that they are always better made, or they always fit better. In other words, some less expensive clothes look and fit better than more expensive clothes. Q:The passage is mainly about_. A. well-made clothes B. more expensive clothes C.clothes that are not very expensive but look a

8、nd fit better D. clothes that are expensive and well-made 主題句在段末或篇末主題句在段末或篇末 例例3：In spite of the fact that cars from Germany and Japan are flooding the American market, Ford, General Motors and Chrysler are employing more workers than ever before. The flood of cheaper foreign cars has not cast Ameri

9、can autoworkers their jobs as some experts predicted. Ford operates as far as Asia, and General Motors is considered Australians biggest employer. Yet General Motors has its huge American work force and employs hundreds of people every day to meet the needs of an insatiable(不能滿足的）不能滿足的）society.Quest

10、ion: Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the paragraphA. GM is one of the largest car producers.B. Ford operates not only in the U.S.A., but also in Asia.C. The foreign cars have not taken away the jobs of American autoworkers.D. The flood of the cheaper foreign cars is

11、 terrible for American autoworkers.take sth. away of sb.和和 cast sb. sth. 的意思相似的意思相似主題句在段中或篇中主題句在段中或篇中 Handshaking, though a European practice is often seen in big cities of China. Nobody knows exactly when the practice started in Europe. It is said that long long ago in Europe when people met, they

12、showed their unarmed(無(wú)武器的無(wú)武器的) hands to each other as a sign of goodwill. As time went on and trade in cities grew rapidly, people in cities began to clap each others hands to make a deal or to reach an agreement. This practice was later changed into shaking hands among friends on meeting or leaving

13、 each other. “Lets shake (hands) on it” sometimes means agreement reached.無(wú)主題句無(wú)主題句The paragraph mainly tells us _. A. where handshaking was first practicedB. how handshaking came aboutC. about the relationship between handshaking and tradeD. about the practice of handshaking both in Europe and in Ch

14、ina 解題解題技巧技巧技巧一：識(shí)別文體技巧一：識(shí)別文體技巧二：技巧二： 找關(guān)聯(lián)詞找關(guān)聯(lián)詞技巧三技巧三: 抓線索抓線索技巧四技巧四: 找高頻詞找高頻詞技巧一：識(shí)別文體技巧一：識(shí)別文體新聞報(bào)道新聞報(bào)道導(dǎo)語(yǔ)提攜全文導(dǎo)語(yǔ)提攜全文議論文議論文 總總-分分-總總（論點(diǎn)論據(jù)結(jié)論）（論點(diǎn)論據(jù)結(jié)論）說(shuō)明文說(shuō)明文主題句主題句（首中尾）（首中尾）記敘文記敘文記敘文六要素記敘文六要素 Smoking cigarettes is harmful to your health. Experiments show that cigarette smoking can cause cancer. Besides the m

15、ost serious and terrible disease(illness), cancer, cigarette smoking also can cause other health problems. For example, it can give one a “smokers cough”. Finally, studies have shown it is easy for cigarette smokers to catch colds. Whether you get an unimportant cold or terrible killer, cancer, smok

16、ing is harmful. Is it worth it?議論文議論文總總-分分-總總What is the main idea ?A. cigarette smoking can cause cancer.B. smoking can cause the most serious and terrible disease (illness).C. smoking also can cause other health problems.D. smoking is harmful. D If you were planning to buy a television set, the fo

17、llowing advertisement would certainly draw your attention: “Color TV. Only 79. Two days sale. Hurry.” However, when you go to the store ready to buy. You may discover that they are sold out. But the shop assistant is quick to tell you that he has another model. A much better set which is “just right

18、 for you” It costs 395. This sales method is called “bait and switch”. Buyers are baited with a sales advertisement, and then they are switched to another more expensive one. Buying things on sale needs careful consideration of the goods and the reason for the sale. The paragraph could be entitled _

19、. A. Buying A TV Set B. A Selling Method C. Buyer Beware D. TV On Sale Mrs Turners telephone number was 3463;the number of the cinema in her town was 3464, people often made a mistake and telephoned her when they actually wanted the cinema. One evening the telephone bell rang and Mrs Turner answered

20、 it . A tired mans voice came over the telephone: ”At what time does your last film begin?” ”Im sorry”, said Mrs Turner, “but you have the wrong number. This is not the cinema.” “Oh, It began twenty minutes ago, ”said the man.” Im sorry about that. Well, goodbye.” Mrs Turner was very surprised, so s

21、he told her husband. He laughed and said,” No, that wasnt a mistake. The mans wife wanted to go to the cinema, but he was feeling tired, so he telephoned the cinema. His wife heard him, but she didnt hear you. Now they will stay at home this evening, and the husband will be happy!”Why was Mrs Turner

22、 surprised? Because the tired man _.A.wanted the cinema but called a wrong number. B.Asked her a silly question which she refused to answer C.Said something that had nothing to do with her answer. D.Was angry with himself for having made a mistake. c Often no one looks more guilty than the innocent.

23、 On the other hand, nobody may look more innocent than a professional criminal. And the man who knows “everything” may really only be trying to hide his own weakness. So, it is foolish to try to judge a person only by his appearance（so, therefore, thus ,in conclusion, in short,all in all , overall,

24、clearly, In fact）技巧二：技巧二： 找關(guān)聯(lián)詞找關(guān)聯(lián)詞技巧三技巧三: 從段落中從段落中歸納要點(diǎn)歸納要點(diǎn)抓大意，理清線索抓大意，理清線索. 有些文章或段落無(wú)明顯的主題句有些文章或段落無(wú)明顯的主題句, 只是暗示性地體現(xiàn)主只是暗示性地體現(xiàn)主題題. 這就要求考生在閱讀過(guò)程中根據(jù)文中所敘述的這就要求考生在閱讀過(guò)程中根據(jù)文中所敘述的事實(shí)事實(shí)或提供的或提供的線索線索來(lái)概括總結(jié)主旨大意來(lái)概括總結(jié)主旨大意 Tom studied four years at the University of Paris and decided to leave before his graduation. He

25、transferred to the University of Berlin and graduated with honors. Harvard Law School and, later, Boston College provided him with an excellent legal background. He is presently a corporation lawyer in Miami, Florida.The main idea of this paragraph is that _.A. Tom, who had studied at Paris Universi

26、ties for four years, moved to another university.B. Tom became a lawyer since his graduation from Harvard Law School and later from Boston College.C. Tom was an excellent student when he studied at Berlin university.D. Tom received an excellent education.detaildetaildetail技巧四技巧四: 從段落中從段落中尋找高頻率詞尋找高頻率

27、詞 任何一篇文章都是圍繞某個(gè)主題展開(kāi)的，因此，任何一篇文章都是圍繞某個(gè)主題展開(kāi)的，因此，許多文章中最明顯的特點(diǎn)之一是有一個(gè)反復(fù)出許多文章中最明顯的特點(diǎn)之一是有一個(gè)反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的中心詞，即現(xiàn)的中心詞，即高頻詞高頻詞，也叫做，也叫做主題詞主題詞 Eg.9A new eight-kilometer road is under construction that links the port area with motorway system. It is expected to carry 20,000 trucks and cars a day, which greatly reduces the o

28、vercrowded traffic in the center of the city.As part of the project, two four-kilometer road tunnels are being built below the central area of the city, one for traffic to the north and the other for the traffic to the south. The two tunnels are about 20 meters below the surface and are 12 meters wi

29、de, providing for two lanes of traffic in each direction. In the upper part of the tunnel two air-conditioning pipes remove the waste gas of trucks and cars and keep the quality of air inside the tunnel. The lighting is at the top of the tunnel, practically at its highest point. There will also be e

30、lectric signs at frequent intervals. They show traffic conditions ahead and can be seen clearly by drivers. The wall is made up of four main elements, which include a waterproofing covering and, on the inside of the tunnel, a concrete lining. Each tunnel is roughly round and the lower part of the tu

31、nnel is somewhat flat. The surface of the road lies on the base, which is made of concrete and steel. The drainage system, just below the road surface on one side, removes any extra liquid, particularly water. In the event of fire, the fire main, which is made of steel, pipes water to many fire hydr

32、ant stations at regular intervals along the length of the tunnel. The fire main is at the side of the tunnel and at the level of the road surface. Other systems in the tunnel will include emergency phones. The passage is mainly about _. A. the construction of a road B. the design of a road C. the co

33、nstruction of two tunnels D.the design of two tunnels 主旨大意題的解題技巧主旨大意題的解題技巧1、以原文為依據(jù)，不參雜個(gè)人意見(jiàn)，要客觀不要主觀。以原文為依據(jù)，不參雜個(gè)人意見(jiàn)，要客觀不要主觀。 要克服要克服“我認(rèn)為我認(rèn)為怎怎么樣么樣”的觀點(diǎn)。的觀點(diǎn)。2、答案是比出來(lái)的。答案不選對(duì)的，只選最好的。、答案是比出來(lái)的。答案不選對(duì)的，只選最好的。 比答案的原則是：好的比答案的原則是：好的不知道的；不知道的不知道的；不知道的不對(duì)的。不對(duì)的。3、注意絕對(duì)化的詞。、注意絕對(duì)化的詞。 如果答案選項(xiàng)中出現(xiàn)絕對(duì)化的詞，比如：如果答案選項(xiàng)中出現(xiàn)絕對(duì)化的詞，比如：a

34、ll，always，never，nothing，every 等等，除非文章當(dāng)中使用了該類詞等等，除非文章當(dāng)中使用了該類詞匯，否則，一般都要排除。匯，否則，一般都要排除。 比如，原文中出現(xiàn)了這樣一個(gè)句子：比如，原文中出現(xiàn)了這樣一個(gè)句子：Almost everyone likes the music. 答題時(shí)，要你判斷如下這個(gè)句子正誤（答題時(shí)，要你判斷如下這個(gè)句子正誤（True or False）：）：Everyone likes the music. 4、答案要避免以點(diǎn)帶面，以偏蓋全。、答案要避免以點(diǎn)帶面，以偏蓋全。 尤其是多個(gè)選項(xiàng)都有道理，難以挑選正確答案的時(shí)候，要注意選擇最符合題目要求的一個(gè)

35、。尤其是多個(gè)選項(xiàng)都有道理，難以挑選正確答案的時(shí)候，要注意選擇最符合題目要求的一個(gè)。5、 “傻瓜傻瓜”原則。原則。 文章中沒(méi)有提到的就當(dāng)時(shí)不知道，不要枉自猜測(cè)，自作聰明。一切以文章內(nèi)容為準(zhǔn)。文章中沒(méi)有提到的就當(dāng)時(shí)不知道，不要枉自猜測(cè)，自作聰明。一切以文章內(nèi)容為準(zhǔn)。 6. 主旨大意題的干擾項(xiàng)特點(diǎn)主旨大意題的干擾項(xiàng)特點(diǎn) 可能是文中某個(gè)具體事實(shí)或細(xì)節(jié)。可能是文中某個(gè)具體事實(shí)或細(xì)節(jié)。 可能是從文中某些可能是從文中某些 (不完全的不完全的) 事事 實(shí)或細(xì)節(jié)片面推出的錯(cuò)誤結(jié)論。實(shí)或細(xì)節(jié)片面推出的錯(cuò)誤結(jié)論。 可能屬非文章事實(shí)的主觀臆斷。可能屬非文章事實(shí)的主觀臆斷。F實(shí)例實(shí)例1 Joshna Bingham s

36、tudied four years at the University of Paris and decided to leave before his graduation. He changed to the University of Berlin and graduated with honors. Harvard Law School and later, Boston College provided him with an excellent legal background. He is presently a business lawyer in Miami, Florida

37、. 從以上這個(gè)段落，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)沒(méi)有一個(gè)句子可以單獨(dú)陳述該段落的從以上這個(gè)段落，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)沒(méi)有一個(gè)句子可以單獨(dú)陳述該段落的主題，那么，作者寫(xiě)這個(gè)段落的目的是什么呢？通過(guò)仔細(xì)閱讀和主題，那么，作者寫(xiě)這個(gè)段落的目的是什么呢？通過(guò)仔細(xì)閱讀和理解每個(gè)句子的意思之后，我們便可領(lǐng)悟，作者想告訴讀者的是：理解每個(gè)句子的意思之后，我們便可領(lǐng)悟，作者想告訴讀者的是：Joshna Bingham received an excellent education. 所以說(shuō)這所以說(shuō)這種文章（或段落）只能從文章的字里行間去理解作者的意圖，這種文章（或段落）只能從文章的字里行間去理解作者的意圖，這樣才能推斷出文章的主旨大意。樣才能推斷出文章的主旨大意。實(shí)例實(shí)例2 All students of geography should be able to explain a weather map exactly. Weather condition is a huge amount of information about condition at a time of observation over